Tollystory: further refine references to improve readability further and fixed typos

2025-09-04T16:10:09Z

further refine references to improve readability further and fixed typos

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2021-03-18T03:47:08Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
|name = Goda Ravi
|image =
|image_size = 150px
|caption =
|succession =Ruler of Chera Perumal Kingdom
|reign =c. 905–c. 943 AD

|full name =
|predecessor =Goda Goda (or) Kerala Kesari
|successor =Indu Goda
|spouse =
|issue =
|house = [[Chera/Perumals_of_Makotai|Chera Perumals of Makotai]]
|religion = [[Hinduism]]
|regnal name =
|}}
'''Goda Ravi''' (''fl. c.'' 905–c. 943 AD<ref name=":33">'Changes in Land Relations during the Decline of the Cera State,' In Kesavan Veluthat and Donald R. Davis Jr. (eds), ''[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=6Uz0oQEACAAJ&dq=Irreverent+History:-+Essays+for+M.G.S.+Narayanan&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjc1oGm57HuAhUK7XMBHZvYA20Q6AEwAHoECAAQAg Irreverent History: Essays for M.G.S. Narayanan],'' Primus Books, New Delhi, 2014. 74-75.</ref>) was a [[Chera/Perumals of Makotai|Chera Perumal king]] of medieval Kerala, south India.<ref name=":1">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&dq=Perumals+of+Kerala&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiH-dbD57HuAhXIbn0KHeY5BHkQ6AEwAXoECAYQAQ Perumals of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy]'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 65-67.</ref> An inscription mentioning Goda Ravi from Nedumpuram Thali, [[Wadakkanchery]] (929-30 AD) is one of rare Chera Perumal inscriptions which give both the regnal year and another era (Kali Era or [[Kollam Era]]) at the same time.<ref name=":1" /> The Koyil or the Royal Prince during the time of Goda Ravi was certain Ravi Aditya (who was also a minister).<ref name=":0" />

The [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] relations with the Chera Perumals were consolidated during the rule of Goda Ravi. [[Vellan Kumaran]], son of the chieftain of Valluvanad, and other nobles from Kerala, are known to served under Chola prince [[Rajaditya Chola|Rajaditya]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ali|first=Daud|date=2017|title=The Death of a Friend: Companionship, Loyalty and Affiliation in Chola South India|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0257643016677455?icid=int.sj-abstract.similar-articles.1|journal=Studies in History|language=en|volume=33|pages=36–60|doi=10.1177/0257643016677455|s2cid=151486767|via=}}</ref> Temple inscriptions dated in the regnal years (15th to 30th) of Goda Ravi were discovered from Chokkur (Puthur village, near [[Koduvally]]), Nedumpuram Thali ([[Wadakkanchery]]), Avittathur, Tripparangode, Poranghattiri, Indianur (Kottakkal) and [[Thrippunithura]].<ref name=":1" /> The records mention, among other things, certain Cheraman Maha Devi (the Chera queen), the so-called Agreement of Muzhikkulam, and the chieftains of Vembanadu ([[Alappuzha]]) and Valluvanad (the later with the title 'Rayira Ravar').<ref name=":1" />

Goda Ravi was formerly identified with king [[Vijayaraga]] of the Chera Perumal dynasty.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":33" />

== Coronation year ==
Recent scholarship suggests that the regnal year and the Kali Era, mentioned at the same time, may not be the same actual year.<ref name=":33" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+Nedumpuram Thali inscription
!
!Regnal Year
(Slab I)
!Kali Era Reading
(Slab II)
!Corresponding Dates

!Jupiter in Mithuna
!Coronation Year
!Presently

accepted
|-
|A. G. Warrier
| rowspan="4" |Regnal Year 17
|'nālāyirattumuppata'
('4030')
|929 AD
|Does not agree with the position of Jupiter{{cross}}
|912 AD
|{{cross}}
|-
|Elamkulam P. N. K. Pillai
|'nālāyirattumuppat[tancu].'
('4035')
|934 AD
| rowspan="2" |Agree with the position of Jupiter {{tick}}
|917 AD
| rowspan="2" |{{cross}}
|-
|[[M. G. S. Narayanan]]
|'nālāyirattumoppata'
('done in 4000')
|900 AD
|883 AD
|-
|Present view
|'nālāyirattumuppata'
('4030') = 929 AD
|
* 922 AD (Agreement Year)
* 929 AD (Inscription Year)
|
|905 AD
|{{tick}}
|}

== Epigraphic records ==
[[File:Avittathur_Mahadeva_Temple.jpg|thumb|Avittathur Temple]]
[[File:Avittathur Shiva Temple, Thrissur.jpg|thumb|Avittathur Temple]]
''Note: Material: granite, script: Vattezhuthu with Grantha characters, and language: old Malayalam (unless otherwise stated)''
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Year
! rowspan="2" |Regnal Year
! rowspan="2" |Location
! colspan="4" |Contents
|-
!Nature
!Notes
|-
|920 AD
|15
|Chokkur inscription (Chokoor, Puthur village) - near [[Koduvally]] - single granite slab in courtyard of the ruined Chokkur Temple.
|Temple inscription
(by founder)
|
* A person known as Karkottupurathu Kadamba Kumara establishes "Kumara-Narayana-Pura Temple" by a land grant.<ref name=":0">Narayanan, M. G. S. ''[https://books.google.co.in/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&dq=Perumals+of+Kerala&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiH-dbD57HuAhXIbn0KHeY5BHkQ6AEwAXoECAYQAQ Perumals of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy Perumāḷs of Kerala].'' Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks, 2013. 438-42.</ref>
* Earliest record to refer the 'Agreement of Muzhikkulam'.<ref name=":0" />
|-
|922 AD
|17
|Nedumpuram Thali inscription, Thichoor [[Wadakkanchery]]
(Thali inscriptions of Cochin State) - two granite slabs fixed into the half wall in the entrance corridor on the left side of Nedumpuram Thali.
|Temple committee resolutions
|Dated in Kali Year 4030 (=929/30 AD).<ref name=":33" />

* Two halves of the record on two separate slabs (one with the regnal year and the other one with the date in Kali Era) were initially registered separately.<ref name=":0" />
* Council is the chieftain of Vembanadu ([[Alappuzha]]) called Goda Ravi.<ref name=":0" />
*Mentions the Nangaimar (dancing girls) of the Nedumpuram Thali.<ref name=":0" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |925 AD
| rowspan="3" |20
|[[Avittathur]] inscription I - single granite slab paved in the courtyard of the Avittathur Temple near the sopana.
|Temple committee resolutions
|
* Mentions the Cheraman Maha Devi (the Chera queen) - only record mentioning a Chera queen from Kerala.<ref name=":0" />
* Council is attended by the chieftain of Valluvanad (the Rayira Ravar).<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Avittathur inscription II - single granite slab paved in the courtyard of the Avittathur Temple to the right of the srikoyil (a few feet away from sopana).
|Temple committee resolutions
|Council is attended by the chieftain of Valluvanad (the Rayira Ravar).<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Avittathur inscription III - single granite slab paved in the courtyard of the Avittathur Temple (a few feet away from sopana).
|Temple committee resolutions
|Council is attended by the chieftain of Valluvanad (the Rayira Ravar).<ref name=":0" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |932 AD
| rowspan="3" |27
|Tripparangode inscription (originally in Sri Krishna shrine, Tripparangode Shiva Temple) - [[Triprangode]]- now in Archeological Museum, [[Trichur]].
|Temple committee resolutions
|
* Mentions the Agreement of Tavanur.<ref name=":0" />
* Council is attended by the Ala-koyil (a Chera prince).
|-
|Poranghattiri inscription ([[Chaliyar]]) - single granite slab in the courtyard of the Poranghattiri Temple.
|Temple committee resolutions
|
* Cites the Agreement of Muzhikkulam.<ref name=":0" />
* Council is attended by the Koyil and the Ala-koyil (members of the Chera royal family).<ref name=":0" />
|-
|Indianur inscription (Kottakkal) - originally at Indianur Temple - now in Department of History, [[Calicut University]].
|Temple committee resolutions
|
* A slab with inscriptions two separate Chera-Perumals on either side.<ref name=":0" />
* Council is attended by the Koyil (a Chera prince).<ref name=":0" />
|-
|935 AD
|30
|[[Thrippunithura]] inscription (originally from Santhana Gopalakrishna Temple, Thrippunithura) - now in Archeological Museum, [[Trichur]].
|Temple committee resolutions
|
* Latest regnal year Kota Ravi mentioned in the inscriptions.<ref name=":0" />
* Council is attended by Ravi Aditya, a minister and a Chera prince.<ref name=":0" />
* Kota Ravi was initially identified as the brother-in-law of Jatavarman Kulasekhara Deva.<ref name=":0" />
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|25em}}
[[Category:People of the Kodungallur Chera kingdom]]
[[Category:9th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:10th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Kodungallur Chera kings]]

Goda Ravi - Revision history

Tollystory: further refine references to improve readability further and fixed typos

>Citation bot: Alter: title, volume, pages. Add: s2cid. Formatted dashes. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by Abductive | Category:Use Indian English from January 2020 | via #UCB_Category 1303/1871