Gnana Soundari (Citadel film) - Revision history

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			{{short description\|1948 Indian film directed by F. Nagoor and Joseph Thaliath Jr and produce by Citadel Film}}
	{{for\|the [[Gemini Studios]] film released in the same year\|Gnana Soundari (Gemini film)}}		{{for\|the [[Gemini Studios]] film released in the same year\|Gnana Soundari (Gemini film)}}
	~~{{short description\|1948 Indian film directed by F. Nagoor and Joseph Thaliath Jr and produce by Citadel Film}}~~
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=November 2015}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=November 2015}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=November 2015}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=November 2015}}
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	}}		}}

	'''''Gnana Soundari''''' is a 1948 Indian [[Tamil language\|Tamil-language]] film written, produced and directed by the duo F. Nagoor and [[Joseph Thaliath Jr.]] The film stars T. R. Mahalingam, M. V. Rajamma in lead roles with D. Balasubramaniam, Sivabhagyam, Lalitha and Padmini playing supporting roles. The film revolves around Gnana Soundari, daughter of King Dharmar who is ill-treated by her stepmother Lenal. In order to get rid of her, Lenal sends her to a forest. In the process, Soundari loses both of her hands and she gets saved by prince Pilenthiran.		'''''Gnana Soundari''''' is a 1948 Indian [[Tamil language\|Tamil]]-language film written, produced and directed by the duo F. Nagoor and [[Joseph Thaliath Jr.]] The film stars T. R. Mahalingam, M. V. Rajamma in lead roles with D. Balasubramaniam, Sivabhagyam, Lalitha and Padmini playing supporting roles. The film revolves around Gnana Soundari, daughter of King Dharmar who is ill-treated by her stepmother Lenal. In order to get rid of her, Lenal sends her to a forest. In the process, Soundari loses both of her hands and she gets saved by prince Pilenthiran.

	The film was adapted from a stage play conducted by Nawab Rajamanickam which itself adapted from a Christian folk tale. The film's screenplay was written by Nanjil Nadu T. N. Rajappa. The film's soundtrack was composed by S. V. Venkatraman. Jithin Banerjee and Selvaraj handled the film's cinematography respectively. The film was edited by V. B. Nagaraj. ''Gnana Soundari'' was made with an estimated budget of ₹30,000 with a final film reel length of {{Convert\|5264\|metres\|feet}}. Development of the film began when Citadel Pictures decided to adapt the film while S. S. Vasan directing [[Gnana Soundari (Gemini film)\|another version]] of the same play at that time. The film was released on 21 May 1948 with this version being successful while the version of Vasan failed.		The film was adapted from a stage play conducted by Nawab Rajamanickam which itself adapted from a Christian folk tale. The film's screenplay was written by Nanjil Nadu T. N. Rajappa. The film's soundtrack was composed by S. V. Venkatraman. Jithin Banerjee and Selvaraj handled the film's cinematography respectively. The film was edited by V. B. Nagaraj. ''Gnana Soundari'' was made with an estimated budget of ₹30,000 with a final film reel length of {{Convert\|5264\|metres\|feet}}. Development of the film began when Citadel Pictures decided to adapt the film while S. S. Vasan directing [[Gnana Soundari (Gemini film)\|another version]] of the same play at that time. The film was released on 21 May 1948 with this version being successful while the version of Vasan failed.
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	== Release and reception ==		== Release and reception ==
	''Gnana Soundari'' was released on 21 May 1948.<ref>{{Cite news \|date=21 May 1948 \|title=Gnana Soundri \|~~page~~=8 \|work=[[The Indian Express]] \|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19480521&printsec=frontpage&hl=en}}</ref> ''The Indian Express'' wrote, "M. V. Rajamma plays the title role creditably, exciting the sympathy of the audience by her characterisation of the ingenuous princess in the very many pathetic situations that abound in the play".<ref>{{Cite news \|date=22 May 1948 \|title=Gnana Soundri \|~~page~~=8 \|work=[[The Indian Express]] \|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RMA-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZUwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3196%2C4910104}}</ref> [[Joseph Thaliath Jr.]] had to release the film on his own at Paragon theatre as part of sharing revenue basis since no distributor were willing to buy the film as they felt Vasan's version was larger in appeal. However the film of Vasan failed at box office as audience could not accept characters speaking in a Brahmin accent and this version was well received at box office. S. S. Vasan, withdrew his film from the theatres as a respect to the tremendous victory of the Citadel version.<ref name="sundari">{{Cite news \|date=22 June 2009 \|title=Gnanasundari 1961 \|work=[[The Hindu]] \|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/GNANASUNDARI-1961/article15916272.ece \|access-date=8 April 2019}}</ref>		''Gnana Soundari'' was released on 21 May 1948.<ref>{{Cite news \|date=21 May 1948 \|title=Gnana Soundri \|pages=8 \|work=[[The Indian Express]] \|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19480521&printsec=frontpage&hl=en}}</ref> ''The Indian Express'' wrote, "M. V. Rajamma plays the title role creditably, exciting the sympathy of the audience by her characterisation of the ingenuous princess in the very many pathetic situations that abound in the play".<ref>{{Cite news \|date=22 May 1948 \|title=Gnana Soundri \|pages=8 \|work=[[The Indian Express]] \|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RMA-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZUwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3196%2C4910104}}</ref> [[Joseph Thaliath Jr.]] had to release the film on his own at Paragon theatre as part of sharing revenue basis since no distributor were willing to buy the film as they felt Vasan's version was larger in appeal. However the film of Vasan failed at box office as audience could not accept characters speaking in a Brahmin accent and this version was well received at box office. S. S. Vasan, withdrew his film from the theatres as a respect to the tremendous victory of the Citadel version.<ref name="sundari">{{Cite news \|date=22 June 2009 \|title=Gnanasundari 1961 \|work=[[The Hindu]] \|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/GNANASUNDARI-1961/article15916272.ece \|access-date=8 April 2019}}</ref>

	== Notes ==		== Notes ==
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	== External links ==		== External links ==
	*{{~~youtube~~\|cQKvd6fKw7I\|Full feature film}}		*{{youTube\|cQKvd6fKw7I\|Full feature film}}
	*{{~~youtube~~\|7ju01tk1uws\|Arunothayaanandhame}} - A song sung by T. R. Mahalingam included in the original film but		*{{youTube\|7ju01tk1uws\|Arunothayaanandhame}} - A song sung by T. R. Mahalingam included in the original film but
	not available in the You Tube video copy.		not available in the You Tube video copy.

	[[Category:1948 films]]		[[Category:1948 films]]
	~~[[Category:Indian films]]~~
	~~[[Category:Tamil-language films]]~~
	[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]		[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
	[[Category:1940s Tamil-language films]]		[[Category:1940s Tamil-language films]]

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{{for|the [[Gemini Studios]] film released in the same year|Gnana Soundari (Gemini film)}}
{{short description|1948 Indian film directed by F. Nagoor and Joseph Thaliath Jr and produce by Citadel Film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gnana Soundari
| image = Gnana Soundari Citadel.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = F. Nagoor [[Joseph Thaliath Jr.]]
| producer = F. Nagoor [[Joseph Thaliath Jr.]]
| writer =
| screenplay = Nanjil Nadu T. N. Rajappa
| story = F. Nagoor [[Joseph Thaliath Jr.]]
| based_on = 
| starring = [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]] [[M. V. Rajamma]]
| music = [[S. V. Venkatraman]] M. S. Gnanamani
| cinematography = Jiten Bannerji V. Selvaraj
| editing = V. B. Nataraj
| studio = Newtone Studio
| distributor = Citadel Film Corporation Ltd.
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1948|5|21}}
| runtime = 183 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Gnana Soundari''''' is a 1948 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil-language]] film written, produced and directed by the duo F. Nagoor and [[Joseph Thaliath Jr.]] The film stars T. R. Mahalingam, M. V. Rajamma in lead roles with D. Balasubramaniam, Sivabhagyam, Lalitha and Padmini playing supporting roles. The film revolves around Gnana Soundari, daughter of King Dharmar who is ill-treated by her stepmother Lenal. In order to get rid of her, Lenal sends her to a forest. In the process, Soundari loses both of her hands and she gets saved by prince Pilenthiran.

The film was adapted from a stage play conducted by Nawab Rajamanickam which itself adapted from a Christian folk tale. The film's screenplay was written by Nanjil Nadu T. N. Rajappa. The film's soundtrack was composed by S. V. Venkatraman. Jithin Banerjee and Selvaraj handled the film's cinematography respectively. The film was edited by V. B. Nagaraj. ''Gnana Soundari'' was made with an estimated budget of ₹30,000 with a final film reel length of {{Convert|5264|metres|feet}}. Development of the film began when Citadel Pictures decided to adapt the film while S. S. Vasan directing [[Gnana Soundari (Gemini film)|another version]] of the same play at that time. The film was released on 21 May 1948 with this version being successful while the version of Vasan failed.

== Cast ==
{{Col-begin|width=60%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast
* [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]] as Pilendiran
* [[D. Balasubramaniam]] as Dharmar
* C. V. Nayagam as Simion
* P. G. Venkatesan as Michael (Oracle)
* Pulimootai Ramasami as Anthony
* Buffoon Shanmugam as Susai
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast
* [[M. V. Rajamma]] as Gnana Soundari
* P. S. Sivabhagyam as Lenal
* B. Saradambal as Bhagyam
* Baby Rajamani as Young Gnana Soundari
* P. R. Mangalam as Arogyam{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=76}}
* [[Lalitha (actress)|Lalitha]]-[[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] as Palace Dancers
{{col-end}}

== Production ==
F. Nagoor and Joseph Thaliath Jr., son of judicial officer in Trivandrum decided to produce and direct the film based on a stage play conducted by Nawab Rajamanickam which itself adapted from a Christian folk tale.{{Efn|Both Dhananjayan and Randor Guy does not mention the name of stage play and name of folk tale}}<ref name="hindu">{{Cite news |date=29 August 2008 |title=Gnanasoundari 1948 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/gnanasoundari-1948/article3023281.ece |access-date=15 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517154058/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/gnanasoundari-1948/article3023281.ece |archive-date=17 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=18 July 2010 |title=Ithaya Geetham (1950) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/ithaya-geetham-1950/article470183.ece |access-date=15 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115000025/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/Ithaya-Geetham-1950/article16256297.ece |archive-date=15 January 2017}}</ref> During the same time, S. S. Vasan announced making the [[Gnana Soundari (Gemini film)|film adaptation]] of same stage play for which he had cast M. K. Radha and Kannamba in lead roles.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=77}} S. V. Venkatraman composed the film's music and Jithin Banerjee and Selvaraj were the film's cinematographers.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=76}}

The film was edited by Nagaraj while Nagoor was the film's art director. The film's screenplay was written by NanjilNadu T. N. Rajappa.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=76}} The producers had originally chosen Bhanumathi for the titular character. However she opted out as she felt uncomfortable shooting with her hands being tied back for many scenes.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=77}} Kannada actress M. V. Rajamma was chosen for the role.<ref name="hindu" /> Makeup man Haribabu made her look young as she was elder than T. R. Mahalingam.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=77}} To develop the scenes of lead character struggling in forest, makers watched a Hollywood film on Jesus Christ and developed the scenes by getting inspired from the film.{{Efn|Dhananjayan does not mention the name of Hollywood film}} {{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=77}}

The film was made on a budget of estimated budget of ₹30,000 with Rajamma being paid ₹1500 and Mahalingam being paid ₹5000 with additional amount of 2500.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=77}} It became the first Tamil film where a song sequence presented the life of Christ on screen.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijayakumar |first=B. |date=30 March 2015 |title=Jesus: 1973 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/jesus-1973/article7046283.ece |access-date=15 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115000651/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/jesus-1973/article7046283.ece |archive-date=15 January 2017}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
As per film titles, the film's soundtrack was composed by [[S. V. Venkatraman]]. M. S. Gnanamani composed music for 3 songs. Lyrics were penned by [[Kambadasan]], Balasundara Kavi, [[Papanasam Sivan]], K. R. Sarangapani, T. N. Rajappa and [[K. D. Santhanam]].<ref name="songbook">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/sok.GnanaSoundari_F.Nagoor_JosephDaliyath_1948 |title=ஞான சௌந்தரி |publisher=Citadel Film Corporation Ltd. |year=1948 |language=ta |type=[[song book]]}}</ref> The song "Arultharum Devamatha" was well received and it is a cult classic. The song was sung by [[P. A. Periyanayaki]] and young [[Jikki]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 August 2004 |title=Her tantalising voice will live forever ... |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/08/20/stories/2004082002330400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071103231943/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/08/20/stories/2004082002330400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 November 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2019-04-08}}</ref> Songs are from the song book: The song Arunothayaanandhame penned by Papanasam Sivan was set as a Ragamaliga comprising Kambodhi, Simmendra Madhyamam and Sama ragas. Lyricist details taken from the film's credits.(See External links).

{| class="wikitable"
! No !! Songs !! Singer !! Lyrics !! Music !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Malar Poongavinile Vanthu Onraayi Koodi" || Jikki || Balasundara Kavi || M. S. Gnanamani ||
|-
| 2 || "Ullasamaga Vazhuven" || P. S. Sivabhagyam || rowspan=2|Kambadasan || rowspan=2|S. V. Venkataraman ||
|-
| 3 || "Arul Tharum Devamathave Aadhiye Inbajothiye" || Jikki, P. A. Periyanayaki|| 3:06
|-
| 4 || "Arunothayaanandhame" || T. R. Mahalingam || Papanasam Sivan || M. S. Gnanamani || 3:25
|-
| 5 || "Vettunda Kaigal Vedhanai Kodene" || P. A. Periyanayaki || K. R. Sarangapani || rowspan=9|S. V. Venkataraman || 02:04
|-
| 6 || "Mana Mohanane" || P. A. Periyanayaki, T. R. Mahalingam || rowspan=6|Kambadasan || 6:16
|-
| 7 || "Vanithamaniye Mounameno" || T. R. Mahalingam ||
|-
| 8 || "Kadhalil Kananum Inbam Melam" || P. A. Periyanayaki, T. R. Mahalingam || 2:48
|-
| 9 || "Jegamel Naan Ini Bhagyavaane" || T. R. Mahalingam || 2:59
|-
| 10 || "Vaasanaiyaana Malar" || P. R. Mangalam ||
|-
| 11 || "Kulamamani Chelvare Thalelo" || P. A. Periyanayaki, Chorus|| 2:25
|-
| 12 || "Nenjame Nee Anjadhe" || P. G. Venkatesan || T. N. Rajappa || 3:09
|-
| 13 || "Matha Nin Deva Tharisiname" || P. A. Periyanayaki || rowspan=3|Kambadasan || 3:38
|-
| 14 || "Vaazhvinil En Uyir Vadivaana" || T. R. Mahalingam || M. S. Gnanamani ||
|-
| 15 || "Jeeviya Bhagyame Santham" || P. A. Periyanayaki || rowspan=2|S. V. Venkataraman || 3:06
|-
| 16 || "Mannile Kadalil Poyi Marainthayo" || T. R. Mahalingam || K. D. Santhanam || 2:38
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Gnana Soundari'' was released on 21 May 1948.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 May 1948 |title=Gnana Soundri |page=8 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19480521&printsec=frontpage&hl=en}}</ref> ''The Indian Express'' wrote, "M. V. Rajamma plays the title role creditably, exciting the sympathy of the audience by her characterisation of the ingenuous princess in the very many pathetic situations that abound in the play".<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 May 1948 |title=Gnana Soundri |page=8 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RMA-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZUwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3196%2C4910104}}</ref> [[Joseph Thaliath Jr.]] had to release the film on his own at Paragon theatre as part of sharing revenue basis since no distributor were willing to buy the film as they felt Vasan's version was larger in appeal. However the film of Vasan failed at box office as audience could not accept characters speaking in a Brahmin accent and this version was well received at box office. S. S. Vasan, withdrew his film from the theatres as a respect to the tremendous victory of the Citadel version.<ref name="sundari">{{Cite news |date=22 June 2009 |title=Gnanasundari 1961 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/GNANASUNDARI-1961/article15916272.ece |access-date=8 April 2019}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Commons category|Gnana Soundari}}
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e07vBwAAQBAJ |title=Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931 to 2013 |publisher=Blue Ocean Publishers |year=2014 |isbn=978-93-84301-05-7 }}

== External links ==
*{{youtube|cQKvd6fKw7I|Full feature film}}
*{{youtube|7ju01tk1uws|Arunothayaanandhame}} - A song sung by T. R. Mahalingam included in the original film but
not available in the You Tube video copy.

[[Category:1948 films]]
[[Category:Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:1940s Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. V. Venkatraman]]
[[Category:Films directed by Joseph Thaliath Jr.]]
[[Category:Indian historical films]]
[[Category:1940s historical films]]
[[Category:Films about Christianity]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian folklore]]
[[Category:Portrayals of Jesus in film]]
[[Category:Portrayals of the Virgin Mary in film]]
[[Category:Marian apparitions in film]]