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	Unlike red and green algae, glaucophytes only have asexual reproduction.<ref>[https://books.google.no/books?id=Mo0hghNU39kC&pg=PA10&dq=%22Glaucophytes%22+%22Sexual+reproduction+is+unknown+in+this+group+of+plants%22&hl=no&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj0s7mQ0triAhVhi8MKHTIvD20Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=%22Glaucophytes%22%20%22Sexual%20reproduction%20is%20unknown%20in%20this%20group%20of%20plants%22&f=false Plants: A Very Short Introduction]</ref>		Unlike red and green algae, glaucophytes only have asexual reproduction.<ref>[https://books.google.no/books?id=Mo0hghNU39kC&pg=PA10&dq=%22Glaucophytes%22+%22Sexual+reproduction+is+unknown+in+this+group+of+plants%22&hl=no&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj0s7mQ0triAhVhi8MKHTIvD20Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=%22Glaucophytes%22%20%22Sexual%20reproduction%20is%20unknown%20in%20this%20group%20of%20plants%22&f=false Plants: A Very Short Introduction]</ref>

			==Characteristics==
			The [[chloroplast]]s of glaucophytes are known as 'muroplasts',<ref name="Wise—Plastid diversity">{{cite book \|last=Wise \|first=edited by Robert R.\|title=The structure and function of plastids\|year=2006\|publisher=Springer\|location=Dordrecht\|isbn=978-1-4020-4061-0\|pages=3–21\|url=http://www.uwosh.edu/biology/faculty-and-staff/faculty/wise/publications/wise-the-diversity-of-plastid\|author2=Hoober, J. Kenneth}}</ref> 'cyanoplasts', or 'cyanelles'. Unlike the chloroplasts in other organisms, they have a [[peptidoglycan]] layer, believed to be a relic of the [[endosymbiotic theory\|endosymbiotic]] origin of plastids from [[cyanobacteria]].<ref name="keeling" /><ref name="Miyagishima">{{cite journal \|doi=10.1186/1471-2229-14-57 \|pmid=24602296 \|pmc=4015805 \|title=DipM is required for peptidoglycan hydrolysis during chloroplast division \|journal=BMC Plant Biology \|volume=14 \|pages=57 \|year=2014 \|last1=Miyagishima \|first1=Shin-ya \|last2=Kabeya \|first2=Yukihiro \|last3=Sugita \|first3=Chieko \|last4=Sugita \|first4=Mamoru \|last5=Fujiwara \|first5=Takayuki }}</ref> Glaucophytes contain the photosynthetic pigment [[chlorophyll a]].<ref name="keeling" /> Along with [[red algae]]<ref name="keeling" /> and [[cyanobacteria]], they harvest light via [[phycobilisome]]s, structures consisting largely of [[phycobiliprotein]]s. The [[green algae]] and [[land plant]]s have lost that pigment.<ref name=Skuja>Skuja, A. (1948). Taxonomie des Phytoplanktons einiger Seen in Uppland, Schweden. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 9(3): 1-399.{{AlgaeBase taxon\|id=4301\|name=Glaucophyta}}</ref> Like red algae, and in contrast to green algae and plants, glaucophytes store [[carbon fixation\|fixed carbon]] in the [[cytosol]].<ref name="ball_2011">{{cite journal\|last1=Ball\|first1=S.\|last2=Colleoni\|first2=C.\|last3=Cenci\|first3=U.\|last4=Raj\|first4=J. N.\|last5=Tirtiaux\|first5=C.\|title=The evolution of glycogen and starch metabolism in eukaryotes gives molecular clues to understand the establishment of plastid endosymbiosis\|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany\|date=10 January 2011\|volume=62\|issue=6\|pages=1775–1801\|doi=10.1093/jxb/erq411\|pmid=21220783\|doi-access=free}}</ref>

			Glaucophytes have [[mitochondrion\|mitochondria]] with flat [[cristae]], and undergo open [[mitosis]] without [[centriole]]s. Motile forms have two unequal [[flagella]], which may have fine hairs and are anchored by a multilayered system of [[microtubule]]s, both of which are similar to forms found in some green algae.<ref name=Skuja/>

			==Classification==
			Phylogeny of Glaucocystophyceae.<ref>{{citation \|mode=cs1\|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_42-1 \|contribution=Glaucophyta \|title=Handbook of the Protists \|pages=1–65 \|year=2017 \|last1=Price \|first1=Dana C. \|last2=Steiner \|first2=Jürgen M. \|last3=Yoon \|first3=Hwan Su \|last4=Bhattacharya \|first4=Debashish \|last5=Löffelhardt \|first5=Wolfgang \|isbn=978-3-319-32669-6 }}</ref>
			{{Clade
			\|style= font-size:80%; line-height:80%
			\|label1='''Glaucocystophyceae'''
			\|1={{Clade
			\|label1=Cyanophoraceae
			\|1=''Cyanophora''
			\|2={{Clade
			\|label1=Gloeochaetaceae
			\|1={{Clade
			\|1=''Cyanoptyche''
			\|2=''Gloeochaete''
			}}
			\|label2=Glaucocystidaceae
			\|2={{Clade
			\|1=''Glaucocystopsis''
			\|2=''Glaucocystis''
			}}
			}}
			}}
			}}

			Only 13 species of glaucophytes are known, none of which is particularly common in nature.<ref name="keeling" /> The five included [[genus\|genera]] are:
			* '''Phylum Glaucophyta''' <small>Skuja 1948</small>
			** '''Class Glaucocystophyceae''' <small>Schaffner 1922</small> [Cyanophorophyceae]
			*** '''Order Cyanophorales''' <small>Kies & Kramer 1986</small>
			**** '''Family Cyanophoraceae''' <small>Kies & Kramer 1986</small>
			***** Genus ?''[[Peliaina]]'' <small>Pascher 1929</small>
			****** ''[[Peliaina cyanea]]'' <small>Pascher 1929</small>
			***** Genus ?''[[Strobilomonas]]'' <small>Schiller 1954</small>
			****** ''[[Strobilomonas cyaneus]]'' <small>Schiller 1954</small>
			***** Genus ''Cyanophora'' <small>Korshikov 1924</small> (is motile and lacks a cell wall)
			****** ''C. tetracyanea'' <small>Korshikov 1941</small>
			****** ''C. biloba'' <small>Kugrens et al. 1999</small>
			****** ''C. sudae'' <small>Takahashi & Nozaki 2014</small>
			****** ''C. paradoxa'' <small>Korshikov 1924</small>
			****** ''C. kugrensii'' <small>Takahashi & Nozaki 2014 </small>
			****** ''C. cuspidata'' <small>Takahashi & Nozaki 2014</small>
			*** '''Order Gloeochaetales''' <small>Kies & Kremer 1986</small>
			**** '''Family Gloeochaetaceae''' <small>Bohlin 1901 ex Skuja 1954</small>
			***** Genus ''Cyanoptyche'' <small>Pascher 1929</small> (is the least studied of the seven genera)
			****** ''[[Cyanoptyche gloeocystis]]'' <small>Pascher 1929</small>
			***** Genus ''Gloeochaete'' <small>von Lagerheim 1883</small> [''[[Schrammia]]'' <small>Dangeard 1889 non Britton & Rose 1930 non Guppy 1895</small>; ''[[Cyanochaete]]'' <small>Gobi 1916</small>] (has both motile and immotile stages, and its cell wall does not appear to be composed of cellulose)
			****** ''G. wittrockiana'' <small>von Lagerheim 1883 </small>
			*** '''Order Glaucocystales''' <small>Bessey 1907</small>
			**** '''Family Glaucocystidaceae''' <small>Bohlin 1901 ex West 1904</small>
			***** Genus ''Glaucocystopsis'' <small>Bourrelly 1961</small>
			****** ''[[Glaucocystopsis africana]]'' <small>Bourrelly 1961</small>
			***** Genus ''Glaucocystis'' <small>Itzigsohn 1868</small> (is immotile, though it retains very short [[vestigial]] flagella, and has a [[cellulose]] wall)
			****** ''G. bullosa'' <small>(Kützing 1836) Wille 1919</small>
			****** ''G. caucasica'' <small>Tarnogradskii 1957</small>
			****** ''G. cingulata'' <small>Bohlin 1897</small>
			****** ''G. duplex'' <small>Prescott 1944</small>
			****** ''G. molochinearum'' <small>Geitler</small>
			****** ''G. simplex'' <small>Tarnogradskii 1959</small>
			****** ''G. nostochinearum'' <small>Itzigsohn 1868 ex Rabenh. 1935</small>
			****** ''G. geitleri'' <small>Pringsheim 1958 ex Takahashi & Nozaki 2016</small>
			****** ''G. incrassata'' <small>(Lemmermann 1908) Takahashi & Nozaki 2016</small>
			****** ''G. miyajii'' <small>Takahashi & Nozaki 2016</small>
			****** ''G. bhattacharyae'' <small>Takahashi & Nozaki 2016</small>
			****** ''G. oocystiformis'' <small>Prescott 1944</small>

			The glaucophytes were considered before as part of family [[Oocystaceae]], in the order [[Chlorococcales]].<ref>http://cfb.unh.edu/phycokey/Choices/Glaucophyceae/GLAUCOCYSTIS/Glaucocystis_key.html</ref>

			==References==
			{{Reflist}}

			[[Category:Algal taxonomy]]
			[[Category:Archaeplastida]]

Jaesingh: Created page with "{{Short description|Division of algae}} {{Automatic taxobox | name = Glaucophyta | image = Glaucocystis sp.jpg | image_caption = ''Glaucocystis'' sp. | taxon = Glaucophyta | a..."

2021-06-09T19:39:46Z

Created page with "{{Short description|Division of algae}} {{Automatic taxobox | name = Glaucophyta | image = Glaucocystis sp.jpg | image_caption = ''Glaucocystis'' sp. | taxon = Glaucophyta | a..."

New page

{{Short description|Division of algae}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Glaucophyta
| image = Glaucocystis sp.jpg
| image_caption = ''Glaucocystis'' sp.
| taxon = Glaucophyta
| authority = Skuja 1948
| subdivision_ranks = Class
| subdivision =
* Glaucocystophyceae <small>Schaffner 1922</small>
| synonyms =
* Glaucocystophyta <small>Kies & Kremer, 1986</small>
}}

The '''glaucophytes''', also known as '''glaucocystophytes''' or '''glaucocystids''', are a small group of freshwater unicellular [[algae]],<ref name="keeling">{{cite journal | journal =[[American Journal of Botany]] | year = 2004 | volume = 91 | pages = 1481–1493 | title = Diversity and evolutionary history of plastids and their hosts | author = Patrick J. Keeling | url = http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/91/10/1481 | doi = 10.3732/ajb.91.10.1481 | issue=10 | pmid=21652304| doi-access = free }}</ref> less common today than they were during the [[Proterozoic]].<ref>[https://books.google.no/books?id=nzRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20&dq=The+glaucophytes+are+less+common+today,+during+the+Proterozoic&hl=no&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjq8ZOFhpriAhUfAhAIHUX4CdgQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=The%20glaucophytes%20are%20less%20common%20today%2C%20during%20the%20Proterozoic&f=false Evolutionary Biology: A Plant Perspective]</ref> Only 15 species have been described, but more species are likely to exist.<ref>[http://jcs.biologists.org/content/131/2/jcs203414 The monoplastidic bottleneck in algae and plant evolution | Journal of Cell Science]</ref> Together with the [[Red algae|red algae (Rhodophyta)]] and the [[green algae]] plus land plants ([[Viridiplantae]] or Chloroplastida), they form the [[Archaeplastida]]. However, the relationships among the red algae, green algae and glaucophytes are unclear,<ref name="palmer">{{cite journal | url = http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/91/10/1437 | title = The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view | author = Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis & [[Mark Wayne Chase|Mark W. Chase]] | journal =[[American Journal of Botany]] | year = 2004 | volume = 91 | pages = 1437–1445 | doi = 10.3732/ajb.91.10.1437 | issue=10 | pmid=21652302| doi-access = free }}</ref> in large part due to limited study of the glaucophytes.<ref name="Ancestor">{{cite book |title=[[The Ancestor's Tale]] |isbn=978-0544859937 |last1=Dawkins |author-link=Richard Dawkins |first1=Richard |last2=Wong |first2=Yan |year=2016 }}</ref>

The glaucophytes are of interest to biologists studying the development of [[chloroplast]]s because some studies suggest they may be similar to the original algal type that led to green plants and red algae in that they may be [[basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] Archaeplastida.<ref name="keeling" /><ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0002621 | year = 2008 | author=Eunsoo Kim & Linda E. Graham | title = EEF2 Analysis Challenges the Monophyly of Archaeplastida and Chromalveolata | volume = 3 | issue = 7 | pages = e2621 | pmid = 18612431 | pmc = 2440802 | journal = [[PLoS ONE]] | editor1-last = Redfield | editor1-first = Rosemary Jeanne | editor1-link = Rosemary Redfield}}</ref>

Unlike red and green algae, glaucophytes only have asexual reproduction.<ref>[https://books.google.no/books?id=Mo0hghNU39kC&pg=PA10&dq=%22Glaucophytes%22+%22Sexual+reproduction+is+unknown+in+this+group+of+plants%22&hl=no&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj0s7mQ0triAhVhi8MKHTIvD20Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=%22Glaucophytes%22%20%22Sexual%20reproduction%20is%20unknown%20in%20this%20group%20of%20plants%22&f=false Plants: A Very Short Introduction]</ref>

Glaucophyte - Revision history

WikiDwarf at 14:53, 10 July 2021

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