Ghulam Ali Khan - Revision history

Ayurtreatservices: refine section based on references for consistency

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← Older revision		Revision as of 07:57, 25 July 2024
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			{{Short description\|Indian painter (fl.1817–1852)}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=August 2018}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=August 2018}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=August 2018}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=August 2018}}
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	== Early life ==		== Early life ==
	Ghulam Ali Khan was born in the late eighteenth century.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal\|last=Sharma\|first=Yuthika\|title=In the Company of the Mughal Court, the Delhi Painter Ghulam Ali Khan\|url=https://www.academia.edu/9426054/In_the_Company_of_the_Mughal_Court_the_Delhi_Painter_Ghulam_Ali_Khan\|journal=W Dalrymple and Y Sharma, Eds. Princes and Painters in Mughal Delhi 1707-1857, Yale University Press\|language=en}}</ref> At this time, [[Shah Alam II]] presided over the Mughal Empire, but in 1803 the British occupied Delhi.<ref name=":12">~~Dadlani,~~ Chanchal B. ~~(2019-08-12), "Chapter 5: Mughal Architecture Between Manuscript and Print Culture", ''~~From Stone to Paper: Architecture as History in the Late Mughal Empire~~'',~~ Yale University Press~~, [[ISBN (identifier)~~\|~~ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources~~/978-0-300-25096-1\|~~<bdi>978-0-300-25096-1</bdi>]], retrieved 2021-04~~-21</ref> Khan grew up and worked in a society that included Mughal and British cultures. He was the nephew of noted Mughal painter, [[Ghulam Murtaza Khan]].<ref>{{Cite news\|last=Vakkalanka\|first=Harshini\|date=2013-02-06\|title=Art and an empire\|language=en-IN\|work=The Hindu\|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/art-and-an-empire/article4384080.ece\|access-date=2014-02-20\|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>		Ghulam Ali Khan was born in the late eighteenth century.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal\|last=Sharma\|first=Yuthika\|title=In the Company of the Mughal Court, the Delhi Painter Ghulam Ali Khan\|url=https://www.academia.edu/9426054/In_the_Company_of_the_Mughal_Court_the_Delhi_Painter_Ghulam_Ali_Khan\|journal=W Dalrymple and Y Sharma, Eds. Princes and Painters in Mughal Delhi 1707-1857, Yale University Press\|language=en}}</ref> At this time, [[Shah Alam II]] presided over the Mughal Empire, but in 1803 the British occupied Delhi.<ref name=":12">{{cite book \| first = Chanchal B. \| last = Dadlani \| title=From Stone to Paper: Architecture as History in the Late Mughal Empire \| chapter=Chapter 5: Mughal Architecture Between Manuscript and Print Culture \| publisher=Yale University Press \| year=2019 \| doi=10.37862/aaeportal.00054.009 \| isbn=978-0-300-25096-1 \| oclc=1119732043 \| publication-place=New Haven }}</ref> Khan grew up and worked in a society that included Mughal and British cultures. He was the nephew of noted Mughal painter, [[Ghulam Murtaza Khan]].<ref>{{Cite news\|last=Vakkalanka\|first=Harshini\|date=2013-02-06\|title=Art and an empire\|language=en-IN\|work=The Hindu\|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/art-and-an-empire/article4384080.ece\|access-date=2014-02-20\|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

	== Career ==		== Career ==
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	File:Thakur Dawlat Singh Among Courtiers.jpg\|Thakur Dawlat Singh among Courtiers, 1825 (David Collection)		File:Thakur Dawlat Singh Among Courtiers.jpg\|Thakur Dawlat Singh among Courtiers, 1825 (David Collection)
	File:Ghulam Ali Khan 003b.jpg\|View of the Red Fort, from Sketches of The Delhee Palace & Delhee, 1854		File:Ghulam Ali Khan 003b.jpg\|View of the Red Fort, from Sketches of The Delhee Palace & Delhee, 1854
			File:Two miniatures. ‘Kala with Saber Drawn’ and ‘Kala in Uniform’.jpg\|Kala, the Sepoy, with Saber Drawn and in Uniform. Two miniatures from the [[Fraser Album]], from the workshop of Ghulam Ali Khan Family. Delhi, 1815-1816. [[The David Collection]]
	File:Five Recruits- Ummee Chund, Indur, Goolzaree, Bukhtawur and Juhaz - Google Art Project.jpg\|Five Recruits - Ummee Chund, Indur, Goolzaree, Kukhtawur, and Juhaz; from the Fraser Album, ca. 1816 (Freer Gallery)		File:Five Recruits- Ummee Chund, Indur, Goolzaree, Bukhtawur and Juhaz - Google Art Project.jpg\|Five Recruits - Ummee Chund, Indur, Goolzaree, Kukhtawur, and Juhaz; from the Fraser Album, ca. 1816 (Freer Gallery)
	File:Akbar II (1806-37).jpg\|Portrait of Akbar II, 1827 (British Library)		File:Akbar II (1806-37).jpg\|Portrait of Akbar II, 1827 (British Library)
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	{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Ghulam Ali}}		{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Ghulam Ali}}
	[[Category:Mughal ~~painters~~]]		[[Category:Painters from the Mughal Empire]]
	[[Category:Indian male painters]]		[[Category:Indian male painters]]
	[[Category:Indian portrait painters]]		[[Category:Indian portrait painters]]
	[[Category:19th-century Indian painters]]		[[Category:19th-century Indian painters]]
			[[Category:19th-century Indian male artists]]
	[[Category:Painters from Delhi]]		[[Category:Painters from Delhi]]
			[[Category:19th-century Mughal Empire people]]

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	\| birth_date =		\| birth_date =
	\| birth_place = [[Delhi]]		\| birth_place = [[Delhi]]
	\| death_date =		\| death_date = {{circa\|19th century}}
	\| death_place = [[~~Hyderabad, Sindh\|Hyderabad~~]]		\| death_place = [[Delhi]]
	\| known_for = Topographical paintings, portraits		\| known_for = Topographical paintings, portraits
	\| style = [[Company style]]		\| style = [[Company style]]
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	* [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]] accession portraits		* [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]] accession portraits
	* [[Gulistan]]		* [[Gulistan (book)\|Gulistan]]
	* [[Delhi Book]]		* [[Delhi Book]]
	* [[Fraser Album]]		* [[Fraser Album]]

>Chris the speller: /* Early life */replaced: Life → life

2021-06-20T04:30:51Z

Early life: replaced: Life → life

New page

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2014}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Ghulam Ali Khan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Delhi]]
| death_date =
| death_place = [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]]
| known_for = Topographical paintings, portraits
| style = [[Company style]]
| notable_works = {{plainlist|

* [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]] accession portraits
* [[Gulistan]]
* [[Delhi Book]]
* [[Fraser Album]]
}}
| signature =
}}
'''Ghulam Ali Khan''' was a nineteenth century Indian painter in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|author=William Dalrymple |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2003/aug/16/art.highereducation |title=William Dalrymple on The Dehlie Book | Art and design |publisher=The Guardian |date= |accessdate=2014-02-20}}</ref> His painting career took place over the course of more than four decades, from 1817 to 1852.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Losty|first=Jeremiah|title=Two Important Late Mughal Group Portraits|url=https://www.academia.edu/6310091/Two_Important_Late_Mughal_Group_Portraits|journal=Booklet published by Oliver Forge and Brendan Lynch, London, 2014|language=en}}</ref> He was the last royal Mughal painter, and also painted in the [[Company style]] for British patrons.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/09/arts/design/princes-and-painters-in-mughal-delhi-at-asia-society.html?_r=0|title=Scenes From a Dying Empire|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=2014-02-20}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Ghulam Ali Khan was born in the late eighteenth century.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last=Sharma|first=Yuthika|title=In the Company of the Mughal Court, the Delhi Painter Ghulam Ali Khan|url=https://www.academia.edu/9426054/In_the_Company_of_the_Mughal_Court_the_Delhi_Painter_Ghulam_Ali_Khan|journal=W Dalrymple and Y Sharma, Eds. Princes and Painters in Mughal Delhi 1707-1857, Yale University Press|language=en}}</ref> At this time, [[Shah Alam II]] presided over the Mughal Empire, but in 1803 the British occupied Delhi.<ref name=":12">Dadlani, Chanchal B. (2019-08-12), "Chapter 5: Mughal Architecture Between Manuscript and Print Culture", ''From Stone to Paper: Architecture as History in the Late Mughal Empire'', Yale University Press, [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-0-300-25096-1|<bdi>978-0-300-25096-1</bdi>]], retrieved 2021-04-21</ref> Khan grew up and worked in a society that included Mughal and British cultures. He was the nephew of noted Mughal painter, [[Ghulam Murtaza Khan]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Vakkalanka|first=Harshini|date=2013-02-06|title=Art and an empire|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/art-and-an-empire/article4384080.ece|access-date=2014-02-20|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Career ==
[[File:Diwan-i-Khas, Red Fort, Delhi with red awnings or shamianas, in 1817.jpg|thumb|View ''Diwan-i-Khas, Red Fort, Delhi with red awnings or shamianas'', painted by Ghulam Ali Khan in 1817]]
Ghulam Ali Khan was the court painter of [[Mughal emperor|Mughal emperors]] [[Akbar II]] (reigned 1806–1837 CE) and [[Bahadur Shah II]] (reigned 1837–1858 CE) in Delhi.<ref name=":02" /> As well as working for the royal Mughal court, Ghulam Ali Khan received commissions from British officers in the [[East India Company]] -- particularly Colonel [[James Skinner (East India Company officer)|James Skinner]] and officer [[William Fraser (British India civil servant)|William Fraser]] -- and from regional courts, such as the court of [[Jhajjar]] and [[Alwar]]. His artwork conveyed [[picturesque]] aesthetics and incorporated a Mughal painting style (such as in royal portraiture)<ref name=":12" /> with the more European Company Style.

=== Painting Members of the Mughal Court ===
[[File:The Emperor Bahadur Shah II Enthroned.jpg|thumb|''Bahadur Shah II enthroned with Mirza Fakhruddin'', painted by Ghulam Ali Khan in 1837-38]]
In the nineteenth century there was a shift in Mughal manuscript iconography that gave greater emphasis to architectural representation.<ref name=":12" /> The first artwork attributed to Ghulam Ali Khan is ''The'' ''Diwan-i Khan in the palace in the Delhi Fort [Red Fort]'' from 1817''.''<ref name=":02" /> The red tent in this watercolor serves as a stand-in for the emperor in his absence. He was a formal court painter since 1827 when he produced portraits for Akbar II and his son Mirza Salim.<ref name=":0" /> Khan signed these two portraits as "His Majesty's Painter" and "His Majesty's devoted faithful servant."<ref name=":02" /> A decade later in 1837 Khan painted the accession portraits of Bahadur Shah with his sons<ref name=":0" /> where they are set against the backdrop of the fireplace from the Zafar Mahal.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Paliwal|first=Amita|date=2014|title=ZAFAR MAHAL: EXPLORING THE HISTORY OF LATE MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44158495|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=75|pages=1081–1089|issn=2249-1937}}</ref> He collaborated on the ''Portraits of the Exalted Emperors'', producing the visual imperial genealogy in 1851.<ref name=":02" /> Other subject matter included painting high class courtesans, ''tawaifs'', such as those featured in ''Mirza Fakhruddin entertained by musicians in a salon at the Zafar Mahal'', 1852.<ref name=":0" />

=== Painting Beyond the Mughal Court ===
In 1827, Khan worked on a three-part painting series for Colonel Skinner memorializing portraits of Skinner's cavalry for a private album.<ref name=":02" /> These paintings were done in watercolor and gouache.<ref name=":0" /> Khan painted for Skinner again completing a portrait of the colonel in 1830.<ref name=":02" /> He participated in the [[Fraser Album]] project which was a collection of Delhi genre paintings.

Ghulam Ali Khan's patronage continued expanding beyond Delhi especially in the 1840s.<ref name=":0" /> From 1840-1853, Khan participated in the illuminating of the ''[[Gulistan (book)|Gulistan]]'' (also known as the ''Golestan'') manuscript for the [[Raja]] of Alwar. In the meantime, from 1840-1845 Khan also completed the watercolor of the Alwar ''gaddi'' for Banni Singh.<ref name=":02" /> He painted other commissions for the Alwar court, and he taught at the Alwar school of painting. His compositions featured the [[Nawab]]'Abd al-Rahman Khan (e.g. ''Nawab 'Abd al-Rahman Khan in court with the envoy of the Raja of Alwar, Capt. Alexander Heatherly'', 1852) and the Nawab of Jhajjar (such as in ''Nawab of Jhajjar astride a pet tiger,'' 1849-50).<ref name=":0" />

== Works ==

<gallery>
File:A tiger hunt at Jhajjar, Rohtak District, Panjab.jpg|A tiger hunt, 1820 (Victoria & Albert Museum)
File:Thakur Dawlat Singh Among Courtiers.jpg|Thakur Dawlat Singh among Courtiers, 1825 (David Collection)
File:Ghulam Ali Khan 003b.jpg|View of the Red Fort, from Sketches of The Delhee Palace & Delhee, 1854
File:Five Recruits- Ummee Chund, Indur, Goolzaree, Bukhtawur and Juhaz - Google Art Project.jpg|Five Recruits - Ummee Chund, Indur, Goolzaree, Kukhtawur, and Juhaz; from the Fraser Album, ca. 1816 (Freer Gallery)
File:Akbar II (1806-37).jpg|Portrait of Akbar II, 1827 (British Library)
</gallery>

== See also ==

* [[Fraser Album]]
* [[Delhi Book]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* {{cite book|first=Linda York |last=Leach|title=Paintings from India|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=ZqmHQgAACAAJ|page=161}}|year=1998|publisher=Nour Foundation|isbn=978-0-19-727629-7|pp=1610163}}
* {{cite book|first=William |last=Dalrymple|title=Princes and Painters: In Mughal Delhi 1707-1857|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=zdQDAQAAQBAJ |page=41}}|date=15 July 2013|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-93-5118-173-6 |pp=41–51}}
* {{cite book|first1=Jeremiah P. |last1=Losty|first2=Malini |last2=Roy|title=Mughal India: Art, Culture and Empire : Manuscripts and Paintings in the British Library|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=BDl3MAEACAAJ |page=217}}|year=2012|publisher=British Library|isbn=978-0-7123-5871-2 |pp=217–220}}

== External links ==
{{commons category-inline}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Ghulam Ali}}
[[Category:Mughal painters]]
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:Indian portrait painters]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Painters from Delhi]]