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← Older revision		Revision as of 21:28, 22 July 2022
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	{{Use dmy dates\|date=July ~~2020~~}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=July 2022}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=June ~~2016~~}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=June 2022}}
	{{Short description\|Plan to initiate a pan-Indian mutiny in the British Indian Army}}		{{Short description\|Plan to initiate a pan-Indian mutiny in the British Indian Army}}

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	'''1912'''		'''1912'''

	Rashbehari Bose and Sachin Sanyal staged a spectacular bomb attack on Viceroy Hardinge whioe he was making official entry into the new Capital of Delhi in a processing through Chandni Chowk in ~~december~~ 1912.		Rashbehari Bose and Sachin Sanyal staged a spectacular bomb attack on Viceroy Hardinge whioe he was making official entry into the new Capital of Delhi in a processing through Chandni Chowk in December 1912.

	(Hardinge was injured, but not killed)		(Hardinge was injured, but not killed)
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	==Impact==		==Impact==
	The [[Hindu–German Conspiracy]] as a whole, as well as the intrigues of the Ghadar Party in Punjab during the war, were among the main stimuli for the enactment of the [[Defence of India Act 1915\|Defence of India Act]], appointment of the [[Rowlatt Committee]], and the enactment of the [[Rowlatt Act]]s. The [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]] is also linked{{specify\|date=January ~~2014~~}} intimately with the Raj's fears of a Ghadarite uprising in India especially Punjab in 1919.		The [[Hindu–German Conspiracy]] as a whole, as well as the intrigues of the Ghadar Party in Punjab during the war, were among the main stimuli for the enactment of the [[Defence of India Act 1915\|Defence of India Act]], appointment of the [[Rowlatt Committee]], and the enactment of the [[Rowlatt Act]]s. The [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]] is also linked{{specify\|date=January 2022}} intimately with the Raj's fears of a Ghadarite uprising in India especially Punjab in 1919.

	==See also==		==See also==

UpdateBot at 04:32, 8 June 2022

2022-06-08T04:32:27Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:02, 8 June 2022
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	{{Use dmy dates\|date=July 2020}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=July 2020}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=June 2016}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=June 2016}}
			{{Short description\|Plan to initiate a pan-Indian mutiny in the British Indian Army}}

	The '''Ghadar Mutiny '''([[Hindustani language\|Hindustani]]: ग़दर राज्य-क्रान्ति, غدر بغاوت ''Ġadar Rājya-krānti'', ''Ġadar Baġāvat''), also known as the '''Ghadar Conspiracy''', was a plan to initiate a pan-~~Indian~~ [[mutiny]] in the [[British Indian Army]] in February 1915 to end the [[British Raj]] in India. The plot originated at the onset of [[World War I]], between the [[Ghadar Party]] in the United States, the [[Berlin Committee]] in Germany, the [[Indian revolutionary underground]] in British India and the German Foreign Office through the consulate in San Francisco. The incident derives its name from the North American [[Ghadar Party]], whose members of the Punjabi community in Canada and the United States were among the most prominent participants in the plan. It was the most prominent amongst a number of plans of the much larger [[Hindu–German Conspiracy\|Hindu–German Mutiny]], formulated between 1914 and 1917 to initiate a Pan-Indian rebellion against the [[British Raj]] during World War I.<ref name=Plowman84>{{Harvnb\|Plowman\|2003\|p=84}}</ref><ref name=Hoover252>{{Harvnb\|Hoover\|1985\|p=252}}</ref><ref name=GBrown300>{{Harvnb\|Brown\|1948\|p=300}}</ref> The mutiny was planned to start in the key state of [[Punjab (British India)\|Punjab]], followed by mutinies in Bengal and rest of India. Indian units [[1915 Singapore Mutiny\|as far as Singapore]] were planned to participate in the rebellion. The plans were thwarted through a coordinated intelligence and police response. British intelligence infiltrated the Ghadarite movement in Canada and in India, and last-minute intelligence from a spy helped crush the planned uprising in Punjab before it started. Key figures were arrested, and mutinies in smaller units and garrisons within India were also crushed.		The '''Ghadar Mutiny '''([[Hindustani language\|Hindustani]]: ग़दर राज्य-क्रान्ति (غدر بغاوت), ''Ġadar Rājya-krānti'', ''Ġadar Baġāvat''), also known as the '''Ghadar Conspiracy''', was a plan to initiate a pan-India [[mutiny]] in the [[British Indian Army]] in February 1915 to end the [[British Raj]] in India. The plot originated at the onset of [[World War I]], between the [[Ghadar Party]] in the United States, the [[Berlin Committee]] in Germany, the [[Indian revolutionary underground]] in British India and the German Foreign Office through the consulate in San Francisco. The incident derives its name from the North American [[Ghadar Party]], whose members of the Punjabi community in Canada and the United States were among the most prominent participants in the plan. It was the most prominent amongst a number of plans of the much larger [[Hindu–German Conspiracy\|Hindu–German Mutiny]], formulated between 1914 and 1917 to initiate a Pan-Indian rebellion against the [[British Raj]] during World War I.<ref name=Plowman84>{{Harvnb\|Plowman\|2003\|p=84}}</ref><ref name=Hoover252>{{Harvnb\|Hoover\|1985\|p=252}}</ref><ref name=GBrown300>{{Harvnb\|Brown\|1948\|p=300}}</ref> The mutiny was planned to start in the key state of [[Punjab (British India)\|Punjab]], followed by mutinies in Bengal and rest of India. Indian units [[1915 Singapore Mutiny\|as far as Singapore]] were planned to participate in the rebellion. The plans were thwarted through a coordinated intelligence and police response. British intelligence infiltrated the Ghadarite movement in Canada and in India, and last-minute intelligence from a spy helped crush the planned uprising in Punjab before it started. Key figures were arrested, and mutinies in smaller units and garrisons within India were also crushed.

	Intelligence about the threat of the mutiny led to a number of important war-time measures introduced in India, including the passages of the Foreigners Ordinance, 1914, the [[Ingress into India Ordinance, 1914]], and the [[Defence of India Act 1915]]. The conspiracy was followed by the [[First Lahore Conspiracy Trial]] and [[Benares Conspiracy Trial]] which saw death sentences awarded to a number of Indian revolutionaries, and the exile of a number of others. After the end of the war, fear of a second Ghadarite uprising led to the passage of the [[Rowlatt Act]], followed by the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]].		Intelligence about the threat of the mutiny led to a number of important war-time measures introduced in India, including the passages of the Foreigners Ordinance, 1914, the [[Ingress into India Ordinance, 1914]], and the [[Defence of India Act 1915]]. The conspiracy was followed by the [[First Lahore Conspiracy Trial]] and [[Benares Conspiracy Trial]] which saw death sentences awarded to a number of Indian revolutionaries, and the exile of a number of others. After the end of the war, fear of a second Ghadarite uprising led to the passage of the [[Rowlatt Act]], followed by the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]].
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	===Early attempts===		===Early attempts===
	Indian revolutionaries under ~~Lokamanya~~ [[Tilak]]'s inspiration, had turned Benares into a centre for sedition since the 1900s. Sundar Lal (b. 1885, son of Tota Ram, Muzaffarnagar) had given a very objectionable speech in 1907 on Shivaji Festival in Benares. Follower of Tilak, [[Lala Lajpat Rai]] and [[Sri Aurobindo]], in 1908 this man had accompanied Lala in his UP lecture tour. His organ, the ''Swarajya'' of Allahabad, was warned in April 1908 against sedition. On 22 August 1909, Sundar Lal and Sri Aurobindo delivered "mischievous speeches" in College Square, Calcutta. The ''Karmayogi'' in Hindi was issued in Allahabad since September 1909: controlled by Sri Aurobindo, the Calcutta ''Karmagogin'' was edited by [[Amarendra Chatterjee]] who had introduced Rash Behari to Sundar Lal. In 1915, Pingle will be received in Allahabad by the ''Swarajya'' group.<ref>{{Harvnb\|Ker\|1917\|pp=373–375}}</ref> Rash Behari Bose had been in Benares since early 1914. Large number of outrages were committed there between October 1914 and September 1915, 45 of them before February was over. On 18 November 1914, while examining two bomb caps, he and [[Sachin Sanyal]] had been injured. They shifted to a house in Bangalitola, where Pingle visited him with a letter from [[Jatin Mukherjee]] and reported that some 4000 Sikhs of the Gadhar had already reached Calcutta. 15.000 more were waiting to join the rebellion.<ref>''Rowlatt'', §121, §132-§138</ref> [[Rash Behari]] sent Pingle and Sachin to Amritsar, to discuss with [[Mula Singh]] who had arrived from Shanghai. Behari's man of confidence, Pingle, led a hectic life in UP and Punjab for several weeks.<ref>''Terrorism in Bengal'', Vol. V, p170</ref>		Indian revolutionaries under [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak\|Lokamanya Tilak]]'s inspiration, had turned Benares into a centre for sedition since the 1900s. Sundar Lal (b. 1885, son of Tota Ram, Muzaffarnagar) had given a very objectionable speech in 1907 on Shivaji Festival in Benares. Follower of Tilak, [[Lala Lajpat Rai]] and [[Sri Aurobindo]], in 1908 this man had accompanied Lala in his UP lecture tour. His organ, the ''Swarajya'' of Allahabad, was warned in April 1908 against sedition. On 22 August 1909, Sundar Lal and Sri Aurobindo delivered "mischievous speeches" in College Square, Calcutta. The ''Karmayogi'' in Hindi was issued in Allahabad since September 1909: controlled by Sri Aurobindo, the Calcutta ''Karmagogin'' was edited by [[Amarendra Chatterjee]] who had introduced Rash Behari to Sundar Lal. In 1915, Pingle will be received in Allahabad by the ''Swarajya'' group.<ref>{{Harvnb\|Ker\|1917\|pp=373–375}}</ref> Rash Behari Bose had been in Benares since early 1914. Large number of outrages were committed there between October 1914 and September 1915, 45 of them before February was over. On 18 November 1914, while examining two bomb caps, he and [[Sachin Sanyal]] had been injured. They shifted to a house in Bangalitola, where Pingle visited him with a letter from [[Jatin Mukherjee]] and reported that some 4000 Sikhs of the Gadhar had already reached Calcutta. 15.000 more were waiting to join the rebellion.<ref>''Rowlatt'', §121, §132-§138</ref> [[Rash Behari]] sent Pingle and Sachin to Amritsar, to discuss with [[Mula Singh]] who had arrived from Shanghai. Behari's man of confidence, Pingle, led a hectic life in UP and Punjab for several weeks.<ref>''Terrorism in Bengal'', Vol. V, p170</ref>

	During the ''[[Komagata Maru incident\|Komagata Maru]]'' affray in Budge Budge, near Calcutta, on 29 September 1914, [[Baba Gurmukh Singh]] had contacted [[Atulkrishna Ghosh]] and Satish Chakravarti, two eminent associates of Jatin Mukherjee, who actively assisted them. Since then, angry letters from US-based Indians had reached India expressing hopes for a German victory; one of the emigrant leaders warned that his associates were in touch with the Bengal revolutionary party. It was at this juncture, in December 1914, that Pingle arrived in the Punjab, promising Bengali co-operation to the malcontent emigrants. A meeting demanded revolution, plundering of Government treasuries, seduction of Indian troops, collection of arms, preparation of bombs and the commission of [[dacoities]]. Rash Behari planned collecting gangs of villagers for the rebellion. Simultaneous outbreaks at Lahore, [[Ferozepore]] & [[Rawalpindi]] were organised while risings at Dacca, Benares, and Jubbalpur would be further extended.<ref>''Rowlatt'', §138</ref>		During the ''[[Komagata Maru incident\|Komagata Maru]]'' affray in Budge Budge, near Calcutta, on 29 September 1914, [[Baba Gurmukh Singh]] had contacted [[Atulkrishna Ghosh]] and Satish Chakravarti, two eminent associates of Jatin Mukherjee, who actively assisted them. Since then, angry letters from US-based Indians had reached India expressing hopes for a German victory; one of the emigrant leaders warned that his associates were in touch with the Bengal revolutionary party. It was at this juncture, in December 1914, that Pingle arrived in the Punjab, promising Bengali co-operation to the malcontent emigrants. A meeting demanded revolution, plundering of Government treasuries, seduction of Indian troops, collection of arms, preparation of bombs and the commission of [[dacoities]]. Rash Behari planned collecting gangs of villagers for the rebellion. Simultaneous outbreaks at Lahore, [[Ferozepore]] & [[Rawalpindi]] were organised while risings at Dacca, Benares, and Jubbalpur would be further extended.<ref>''Rowlatt'', §138</ref>
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	\| title = Intelligence and Imperial Defence: British Intelligence and the Defence of the Indian Empire 1904–1924		\| title = Intelligence and Imperial Defence: British Intelligence and the Defence of the Indian Empire 1904–1924
	\| url = http://www.routledge.com/shopping_cart/products/product_detail.asp?sku=&isbn=071464580X&parent_id=&pc=		\| url = http://www.routledge.com/shopping_cart/products/product_detail.asp?sku=&isbn=071464580X&parent_id=&pc=
	\| publisher=Routledge		\| publisher = Routledge
	\| isbn = 978-0-7146-4580-3		\| isbn = 978-0-7146-4580-3
	}}.		\| access-date = 27 October 2008
			\| archive-date = 26 March 2009
			\| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090326193437/http://www.routledge.com/shopping_cart/products/product_detail.asp?sku=&isbn=071464580X&parent_id=&pc=
			\| url-status = dead
			}}.
	*{{Citation		*{{Citation
	\| surname1 = Puri		\| surname1 = Puri

->Llammakey: /* Outlines of mutiny */ spelling, link, italics

2022-01-04T16:34:03Z

Outlines of mutiny: spelling, link, italics

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Ghadar Mutiny - Revision history

Bot: robot: Create/upgrade articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.

UpdateBot at 04:32, 8 June 2022

->Llammakey: /* Outlines of mutiny */ spelling, link, italics