Ghadar Movement - Revision history

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← Older revision		Revision as of 08:29, 22 July 2023
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	\| colours = [[Red]], [[Saffron (color)\|Saffron]], [[Green]]		\| colours = [[Red]], [[Saffron (color)\|Saffron]], [[Green]]
	}}		}}
	The '''Ghadar Movement''' was an early 20th century, international political movement founded by [[expatriate Indians]] to overthrow [[British rule in India]].<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">{{cite web\|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/232350/Ghadr\|title=Ghadr (Sikh political organization)\|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica\|access-date=18 September ~~2022~~}}</ref> The early movement was created by ~~conspirators~~ who lived and worked on the West Coast of the United States and Canada, but the movement later spread to India and Indian diasporic communities around the world. The official founding has been dated to a meeting on 15 July 1913 in [[Astoria, Oregon]],<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Ogden \|first1=Joanna \|title=Ghadar, Historical Silences, and Notions of Belonging: Early 1900s Punjabis of the Columbia River \|journal=Oregon Historical Quarterly \|date=Summer 2012 \|volume=113 \|issue=2 \|pages=164–197 \|doi=10.5403/oregonhistq.113.2.0164 \|jstor=10.5403/oregonhistq.113.2.0164 \|s2cid=164468099 }}</ref> with the Ghadar headquarters and [[Hindustan Ghadar]] newspaper based in [[San Francisco]], California.		The '''Ghadar Movement''' was an early 20th century, international political movement founded by [[expatriate Indians]] to overthrow [[British rule in India]].<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">{{cite web\|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/232350/Ghadr\|title=Ghadr (Sikh political organization)\|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica\|access-date=18 September 2010}}</ref> The early movement was created by revolutionaries who lived and worked on the West Coast of the United States and Canada, but the movement later spread to India and Indian diasporic communities around the world. The official founding has been dated to a meeting on 15 July 1913 in [[Astoria, Oregon]],<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Ogden \|first1=Joanna \|title=Ghadar, Historical Silences, and Notions of Belonging: Early 1900s Punjabis of the Columbia River \|journal=Oregon Historical Quarterly \|date=Summer 2012 \|volume=113 \|issue=2 \|pages=164–197 \|doi=10.5403/oregonhistq.113.2.0164 \|jstor=10.5403/oregonhistq.113.2.0164 \|s2cid=164468099 }}</ref> with the Ghadar headquarters and [[Hindustan Ghadar]] newspaper based in [[San Francisco]], California.

	Following the outbreak of [[World War I]] in 1914, some Ghadar party members returned to Punjab to incite armed revolution for Indian Independence. Ghadarites smuggled arms into India and incited Indian troops to mutiny against the British. This uprising, known as the [[Ghadar Mutiny]], was unsuccessful, and 42 mutineers were executed following the [[Lahore Conspiracy Case trial]]. From 1914 to 1917 Ghadarites continued underground anti-colonial actions with the support of Germany and Ottoman Turkey, known as the [[Hindu–German Conspiracy]], which led to a sensational [[Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial\|trial]] in San Francisco in 1917.		Following the outbreak of [[World War I]] in 1914, some Ghadar party members returned to Punjab to incite armed revolution for Indian Independence. Ghadarites smuggled arms into India and incited Indian troops to mutiny against the British. This uprising, known as the [[Ghadar Mutiny]], was unsuccessful, and 42 mutineers were executed following the [[Lahore Conspiracy Case trial]]. From 1914 to 1917 Ghadarites continued underground anti-colonial actions with the support of Germany and Ottoman Turkey, known as the [[Hindu–German Conspiracy]], which led to a sensational [[Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial\|trial]] in San Francisco in 1917.
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	In 1914, Kasi Ram Joshi a member of the party from Haryana, returned to India from America. On 15 March 1915 he was hanged by the colonial government.<ref name=sarasnew1>[http://haryanasamvad.gov.in/store/document/11%2012%201%20HARYANA%20SAMVAD%20NOV-%20JAN%202017-2018%20FOR%20for%20web.pdf Haryana Samvad] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827125256/http://haryanasamvad.gov.in/store/document/11%2012%201%20HARYANA%20SAMVAD%20NOV-%20JAN%202017-2018%20FOR%20for%20web.pdf \|date=2018-08-27 }}, Jan 2018.</ref>		In 1914, Kasi Ram Joshi a member of the party from Haryana, returned to India from America. On 15 March 1915 he was hanged by the colonial government.<ref name=sarasnew1>[http://haryanasamvad.gov.in/store/document/11%2012%201%20HARYANA%20SAMVAD%20NOV-%20JAN%202017-2018%20FOR%20for%20web.pdf Haryana Samvad] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827125256/http://haryanasamvad.gov.in/store/document/11%2012%201%20HARYANA%20SAMVAD%20NOV-%20JAN%202017-2018%20FOR%20for%20web.pdf \|date=2018-08-27 }}, Jan 2018.</ref>

	The Ghadar party commanded a loyal following the province of [[Punjab region\|Punjab]], but many of its most prominent activists were forced into exile to Canada and the United States. It ceased to play an active role in Indian politics after.{{citation needed\|date=July ~~2022~~}}		The Ghadar party commanded a loyal following the province of [[Punjab region\|Punjab]], but many of its most prominent activists were forced into exile to Canada and the United States. It ceased to play an active role in Indian politics after.{{citation needed\|date=July 2020}}

	[[File:The Independent Hindustan Volume I Number 4.djvu\|thumb\|Periodical Independent Hindustan]]		[[File:The Independent Hindustan Volume I Number 4.djvu\|thumb\|Periodical Independent Hindustan]]
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	#[[Baba Chattar Singh Ahluwalia (Jethuwal)]]		#[[Baba Chattar Singh Ahluwalia (Jethuwal)]]
	# [[Baba Harnam Singh]] (Kari Sari)		# [[Baba Harnam Singh]] (Kari Sari)
	# [[Mangu Ram Mugowalia]]<ref name="Georgia Straight Vancouvers News & Entertainment Weekly 2013">{{cite web \| title=Manguram Muggowal, a former Ghadar Party member, later joined the Dalit [the proper term for so-called untouchables] emancipation movement. \| website=Georgia Straight Vancouver's News & Entertainment Weekly \| date=26 July 2013 \| url=https://www.straight.com/news/404576/gurpreet-singh-bujha-singhs-sacrifice-proves-ghadar-struggle-didnt-end-indian-independence \| access-date=7 October ~~2022~~}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|title=There were not many Scheduled Caste persons in the Ghadar movement, however; Mangoo Ram recalls only one other Chamar besides himself.\|url=http://www.ambedkartimes.com/babu_manguram.htm}}</ref>		# [[Mangu Ram Mugowalia]]<ref name="Georgia Straight Vancouvers News & Entertainment Weekly 2013">{{cite web \| title=Manguram Muggowal, a former Ghadar Party member, later joined the Dalit [the proper term for so-called untouchables] emancipation movement. \| website=Georgia Straight Vancouver's News & Entertainment Weekly \| date=26 July 2013 \| url=https://www.straight.com/news/404576/gurpreet-singh-bujha-singhs-sacrifice-proves-ghadar-struggle-didnt-end-indian-independence \| access-date=7 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|title=There were not many Scheduled Caste persons in the Ghadar movement, however; Mangoo Ram recalls only one other Chamar besides himself.\|url=http://www.ambedkartimes.com/babu_manguram.htm}}</ref>
	# [[Karim Bakhsh]]		# [[Karim Bakhsh]]
	# [[Amir Chand]]		# [[Amir Chand]]
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	==External links==		==External links==
	~~{{Commons category}}~~
	*[http://www.centralsikhmuseum.com/gallery/gadar-party/ A Gallery on Gadar Party]		*[http://www.centralsikhmuseum.com/gallery/gadar-party/ A Gallery on Gadar Party]
	*[http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/collection/gadar-party Ghadar Party materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)]		*[http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/collection/gadar-party Ghadar Party materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)]

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← Older revision		Revision as of 04:03, 17 October 2022
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	{{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2021}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=April 2021}}
	{{Infobox political party		{{Infobox political party
	\| name = Ghadar Party		\| name = Ghadar Party
	\| colorcode = #CC0000		\| colorcode = #CC0000
	\| logo = Ghadar Flag.png		\| logo = Ghadar Flag.png
	\| logo_size = 150px		\| logo_size = 150px
	\| founded = 15 July 1913		\| founded = {{start date and age\|15 July 1913}}
	\| dissolved = January 1948		\| dissolved = {{end date and age\|January 1948}}
	\| ~~founders~~ = [[Sohan Singh Bhakna]]		\| president = [[Sohan Singh Bhakna]]
	\| ~~president~~ = [[~~Sohan Singh Bhakna~~]]		\| ideology = [[Indian independence movement\|Indian independence]]<br>[[Indian nationalism]]
	~~\| ideology =~~ [[Indian ~~independence movement~~]]		\| country = India
	\| ~~position~~ =		\| predecessor = {{nowrap\|Pacific Coast Hindustan Association}}
	\| ~~international~~=		\| colours = [[Red]], [[Saffron (color)\|Saffron]], [[Green]]
	\| ~~predecessor =~~ Pacific Coast Hindustan Association
	~~\| successor =~~
	\| colours = [[Red]], [[Saffron (color)\|Saffron]] ~~and~~ [[Green]]
	}}		}}
	The '''Ghadar Movement''' ~~({{lang-pa\|ਗ਼ਦਰ ਪਾਰਟੀ}} {{small\|([[Gurmukhi]])}}, {{lang\|pa\|{{nq\|غدر پارٹی}}}} {{small\| ([[Shahmukhi]])}})~~ was an early 20th century, international political movement founded by [[expatriate Indians]] to overthrow [[British rule in India]].<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">{{cite web\|url=~~http~~://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/232350/Ghadr\|title=Ghadr (Sikh political organization)\|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica\|access-date=18 September ~~2010~~}}</ref> The early ~~membership~~ was ~~composed mostly of Punjabi Indians~~ who lived and worked on the West Coast of the United States and Canada, but the movement later spread to India and Indian diasporic communities around the world. The official founding has been dated to a meeting on 15 July 1913 in [[Astoria, Oregon]],<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Ogden \|first1=Joanna \|title=Ghadar, Historical Silences, and Notions of Belonging: Early 1900s Punjabis of the Columbia River \|journal=Oregon Historical Quarterly \|date=Summer 2012 \|volume=113 \|issue=2 \|pages=164–197 \|doi=10.5403/oregonhistq.113.2.0164 \|jstor=10.5403/oregonhistq.113.2.0164 }}</ref> with the Ghadar headquarters and [[Hindustan Ghadar]] newspaper based in [[San Francisco]], California.		The '''Ghadar Movement''' was an early 20th century, international political movement founded by [[expatriate Indians]] to overthrow [[British rule in India]].<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">{{cite web\|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/232350/Ghadr\|title=Ghadr (Sikh political organization)\|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica\|access-date=18 September 2022}}</ref> The early movement was created by conspirators who lived and worked on the West Coast of the United States and Canada, but the movement later spread to India and Indian diasporic communities around the world. The official founding has been dated to a meeting on 15 July 1913 in [[Astoria, Oregon]],<ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Ogden \|first1=Joanna \|title=Ghadar, Historical Silences, and Notions of Belonging: Early 1900s Punjabis of the Columbia River \|journal=Oregon Historical Quarterly \|date=Summer 2012 \|volume=113 \|issue=2 \|pages=164–197 \|doi=10.5403/oregonhistq.113.2.0164 \|jstor=10.5403/oregonhistq.113.2.0164 \|s2cid=164468099 }}</ref> with the Ghadar headquarters and [[Hindustan Ghadar]] newspaper based in [[San Francisco]], California.

	Following the outbreak of [[World War I]] in 1914, some Ghadar party members returned to Punjab to incite armed revolution for Indian Independence. Ghadarites smuggled arms into India and incited Indian troops to mutiny against the British. This uprising, known as the [[Ghadar Mutiny]], was unsuccessful, and 42 mutineers were executed following the [[Lahore Conspiracy Case trial]]. From 1914 to 1917 Ghadarites continued underground anti-colonial actions with the support of Germany and Ottoman Turkey, known as the [[Hindu–German Conspiracy]], which led to a sensational [[Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial\|trial]] in San Francisco in 1917.		Following the outbreak of [[World War I]] in 1914, some Ghadar party members returned to Punjab to incite armed revolution for Indian Independence. Ghadarites smuggled arms into India and incited Indian troops to mutiny against the British. This uprising, known as the [[Ghadar Mutiny]], was unsuccessful, and 42 mutineers were executed following the [[Lahore Conspiracy Case trial]]. From 1914 to 1917 Ghadarites continued underground anti-colonial actions with the support of Germany and Ottoman Turkey, known as the [[Hindu–German Conspiracy]], which led to a sensational [[Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial\|trial]] in San Francisco in 1917.

	Following the war's conclusion, the party in the United States fractured into a [[Communist]] and an Indian Socialist faction. The party was formally dissolved in 1948.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica"/> Key participants in the Ghadar Movement included [[Bhai Parmanand]], [[Vishnu Ganesh Pingle]], [[Sohan Singh Bhakna]], [[Bhagwan Singh Gyanee]], [[Har Dayal]], [[Tarak Nath Das]], [[Bhagat Singh Thind]], [[Kartar Singh Sarabha]], [[Abdul Hafiz Mohamed Barakatullah]], [[Rashbehari Bose]], and [[Gulab Kaur]]. Although its attempts at overthrowing the British Raj were unsuccessful, the insurrectionary ideals of the Ghadar Party influenced members of the [[Indian Independence Movement]] opposed to Gandhian [[nonviolence]].		Following the war's conclusion, the party in the United States fractured into a [[Communist]] and an Indian Socialist faction. The party was formally dissolved in 1948.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica"/> Key participants in the Ghadar Movement included [[Bhai Parmanand]], [[Vishnu Ganesh Pingle]], [[Sohan Singh Bhakna]], [[Bhagwan Singh Gyanee]], [[Har Dayal]], [[Tarak Nath Das]], [[Bhagat Singh Thind]], [[Kartar Singh Sarabha]], [[Abdul Hafiz Mohamed Barakatullah]], [[Rashbehari Bose]], and [[Gulab Kaur]]. Although its attempts at overthrowing the British Raj were unsuccessful, the insurrectionary ideals of the Ghadar Party influenced members of the [[Indian Independence Movement]] opposed to Gandhian [[nonviolence]]. To carry out other revolutionary activities, "Swadesh Sevak Home" at Vancouver and United India House at Seattle was set-up.<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Aspirant \|first=Civil \|date=2020-07-04 \|title=203. Tarak Nath Das- Founder of Swadesh Sevak Home \|url=https://civilaspirant.in/tarak-nath-das/ \|access-date=2022-07-05 \|website=Civil Aspirant \|language=en-US}}</ref>

	== Etymology ==		== Etymology ==
	''Ghadar'' is a [[Punjabi language\|Punjabi]] and [[Urdu]] word derived from [[Arabic]] which means "revolt" or "rebellion."<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Ramnath \|first1=Maia \|title=Haj to Utopia: How the Ghadar Movement Charted Global Radicalism and Attempted to Overthrow the British Empire \|date=2011 \|publisher=University of California Press \|location=Berkeley, Los Angeles, London \|page=2 \|url=muse.jhu.edu/book/26045}}</ref> It is often also spelled Ghadr or Gadar in English. The movement's name was closely associated with its newspaper, the [[Hindustan Ghadar]		''Ghadar'' is a [[Punjabi language\|Punjabi]] and [[Urdu]] word derived from [[Arabic]] which means "revolt" or "rebellion."<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Ramnath \|first1=Maia \|title=Haj to Utopia: How the Ghadar Movement Charted Global Radicalism and Attempted to Overthrow the British Empire \|date=2011 \|publisher=University of California Press \|location=Berkeley, Los Angeles, London \|page=2 \|url=muse.jhu.edu/book/26045}}</ref> It is often also spelled Ghadr or Gadar in English. The movement's name was closely associated with its newspaper, the [[Hindustan Ghadar]].

	==Background==		==Background==
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	In 1914, Kasi Ram Joshi a member of the party from Haryana, returned to India from America. On 15 March 1915 he was hanged by the colonial government.<ref name=sarasnew1>[http://haryanasamvad.gov.in/store/document/11%2012%201%20HARYANA%20SAMVAD%20NOV-%20JAN%202017-2018%20FOR%20for%20web.pdf Haryana Samvad] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827125256/http://haryanasamvad.gov.in/store/document/11%2012%201%20HARYANA%20SAMVAD%20NOV-%20JAN%202017-2018%20FOR%20for%20web.pdf \|date=2018-08-27 }}, Jan 2018.</ref>		In 1914, Kasi Ram Joshi a member of the party from Haryana, returned to India from America. On 15 March 1915 he was hanged by the colonial government.<ref name=sarasnew1>[http://haryanasamvad.gov.in/store/document/11%2012%201%20HARYANA%20SAMVAD%20NOV-%20JAN%202017-2018%20FOR%20for%20web.pdf Haryana Samvad] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827125256/http://haryanasamvad.gov.in/store/document/11%2012%201%20HARYANA%20SAMVAD%20NOV-%20JAN%202017-2018%20FOR%20for%20web.pdf \|date=2018-08-27 }}, Jan 2018.</ref>

	The Ghadar party commanded a loyal following the province of [[Punjab region\|Punjab]], but many of its most prominent activists were forced into exile to Canada and the United States. It ceased to play an active role in Indian politics after.{{citation needed\|date=July ~~2020~~}}		The Ghadar party commanded a loyal following the province of [[Punjab region\|Punjab]], but many of its most prominent activists were forced into exile to Canada and the United States. It ceased to play an active role in Indian politics after.{{citation needed\|date=July 2022}}

	[[File:The Independent Hindustan Volume I Number 4.djvu\|thumb\|Periodical Independent Hindustan]]		[[File:The Independent Hindustan Volume I Number 4.djvu\|thumb\|Periodical Independent Hindustan]]
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	# [[Sohan Singh Bhakna]] (President)		# [[Sohan Singh Bhakna]] (President)
	# Kesar Singh (Vice-President)		# Kesar Singh (Vice-President)
			# [[Baba Jawala Singh]] (Vice-President)
	# [[Kartar Singh Sarabha]] (Editor, Punjabi Gadar)		# [[Kartar Singh Sarabha]] (Editor, Punjabi Gadar)
	# [[~~Baba Jawala Singh~~]] (Vice~~-President~~)		# [[Pt. Kanshi Ram]] (Treasurer)
			# [[Munshi Ram]] (Organizing Secretary)
			# [[Lala Thaker Das]] (Dhuri) (Vice Secretary)
			# [[Lala Hardayal]]
			# [[Udham Singh]]
			# [[Bhai Parmanand]]
			# [[Tarak Nath Das]]
			# [[Vishnu Ganesh Pingle\|V. G. Pingle]]
	# [[Bhagwan Singh Gyanee]]		# [[Bhagwan Singh Gyanee]]
			# [[Santokh Singh (Ghadarite)]]
	# [[Balwant Singh (Ghadarite)]]		# [[Balwant Singh (Ghadarite)]]
	# [[~~Pt. Kanshi Ram~~]] ~~(Treasurer)~~		# [[Rehmat Ali (Ghadarite)]]
	# [[Harnam Singh Tundilat]]		# [[Harnam Singh Tundilat]]
	# [[G. D. Verma]]		# [[G. D. Verma]]
	~~# [[Lala Thaker Das]] (Dhuri) (Vice Secretary)~~
	~~# [[Munshi Ram]] (Organizing Secretary)~~
	~~# [[Bhai Parmanand]]~~
	# [[Nidhan Singh Chugha]]		# [[Nidhan Singh Chugha]]
	~~# [[Santokh Singh (Ghadarite)]]~~
	~~# [[Udham Singh]]~~
	#[[Baba Chattar Singh Ahluwalia (Jethuwal)]]		#[[Baba Chattar Singh Ahluwalia (Jethuwal)]]
	# [[Baba Harnam Singh]] (Kari Sari)		# [[Baba Harnam Singh]] (Kari Sari)
	# [[Mangu Ram Mugowalia]]<ref name="Georgia Straight Vancouvers News & Entertainment Weekly 2013">{{cite web \| title=Manguram Muggowal, a former Ghadar Party member, later joined the Dalit [the proper term for so-called untouchables] emancipation movement. \| website=Georgia Straight Vancouver's News & Entertainment Weekly \| date=26 July 2013 \| url=https://www.straight.com/news/404576/gurpreet-singh-bujha-singhs-sacrifice-proves-ghadar-struggle-didnt-end-indian-independence \| access-date=7 October ~~2015~~}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|title=There were not many Scheduled Caste persons in the Ghadar movement, however; Mangoo Ram recalls only one other Chamar besides himself.\|url=http://www.ambedkartimes.com/babu_manguram.htm}}</ref>		# [[Mangu Ram Mugowalia]]<ref name="Georgia Straight Vancouvers News & Entertainment Weekly 2013">{{cite web \| title=Manguram Muggowal, a former Ghadar Party member, later joined the Dalit [the proper term for so-called untouchables] emancipation movement. \| website=Georgia Straight Vancouver's News & Entertainment Weekly \| date=26 July 2013 \| url=https://www.straight.com/news/404576/gurpreet-singh-bujha-singhs-sacrifice-proves-ghadar-struggle-didnt-end-indian-independence \| access-date=7 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|title=There were not many Scheduled Caste persons in the Ghadar movement, however; Mangoo Ram recalls only one other Chamar besides himself.\|url=http://www.ambedkartimes.com/babu_manguram.htm}}</ref>
	# [[Karim Bakhsh]]		# [[Karim Bakhsh]]
	# [[~~Amar~~ Chand]]		# [[Amir Chand]]
	~~# [[Rehmat Ali (Ghadarite)]]~~
	~~# [[Vishnu Ganesh Pingle\|V. G. Pingle~~]]
	# [[Sant Baba Wasakha Singh]]		# [[Sant Baba Wasakha Singh]]
	# [[Maulavi Barkatullah]]		# [[Maulavi Barkatullah]]
	# [[Harnam Singh Saini]]		# [[Harnam Singh Saini]]
	~~# [[Tarak Nath Das]]~~
	# [[Pandurang Sadashiv Khankhoje]]		# [[Pandurang Sadashiv Khankhoje]]
	# [[Ganda Singh\|Ganda Singh Phangureh]]		# [[Ganda Singh\|Ganda Singh Phangureh]]
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	# [[Prithvi Singh Azad\|Baba Prithvi Singh Azad]]		# [[Prithvi Singh Azad\|Baba Prithvi Singh Azad]]
	# [[Gulab Kaur]]		# [[Gulab Kaur]]
			# [[Ram Rakha\|Pt. Ram Rakha]]
			# [[Sohanlal Pathak]]

	== See also ==		== See also ==

->Vif12vf: Restored revision 1052851883 by Vif12vf (talk)

2021-11-23T04:20:16Z

Restored revision 1052851883 by Vif12vf (talk)

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:50, 23 November 2021
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	== Etymology ==		== Etymology ==
	''Ghadar'' is a [[Punjabi language\|Punjabi]] and [[Urdu]] word derived from [[Arabic]] which means "revolt" or "rebellion."<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Ramnath \|first1=Maia \|title=Haj to Utopia: How the Ghadar Movement Charted Global Radicalism and Attempted to Overthrow the British Empire \|date=2011 \|publisher=University of California Press \|location=Berkeley, Los Angeles, London \|page=2 \|url=muse.jhu.edu/book/26045}}</ref> It is often also spelled Ghadr or Gadar in English. The movement's name was closely associated with its newspaper, the [[Hindustan Ghadar]].		''Ghadar'' is a [[Punjabi language\|Punjabi]] and [[Urdu]] word derived from [[Arabic]] which means "revolt" or "rebellion."<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Ramnath \|first1=Maia \|title=Haj to Utopia: How the Ghadar Movement Charted Global Radicalism and Attempted to Overthrow the British Empire \|date=2011 \|publisher=University of California Press \|location=Berkeley, Los Angeles, London \|page=2 \|url=muse.jhu.edu/book/26045}}</ref> It is often also spelled Ghadr or Gadar in English. The movement's name was closely associated with its newspaper, the [[Hindustan Ghadar]

	==Background==		==Background==
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	Between 1903 and 1913 approximately 10,000 South Asians emigres entered North America, mostly from the rural regions of central Punjab.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Puri \|first1=Harish K. \|title=Ghadar Movement: ideology, organisation, and strategy \|date=1993 \|publisher=Guru Nanak Dev University \|location=Amritsar \|pages=17–18 \|edition=2nd \|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015037866715&view=1up&seq=10}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last1=Ramnath \|page=17}}</ref> About half the Punjabis had served in the British military. The [[Canadian government]] decided to curtail this influx with a series of laws, which were aimed at limiting the entry of South Asians into the country and restricting the political rights of those already in the country.<ref name=Strachan795>{{Harvnb\|Strachan\|2001\|p=795}}</ref> Many migrants came to work in the fields, factories, and logging camps of Northern California and the Pacific Northwest, where they were exposed to [[labor unions]] and the ideas of the radical [[Industrial Workers of the World]] or IWW. The migrants of the Pacific Northwest banded together in Sikh [[gurdwaras]] and formed political Hindustani Associations for mutual aid.		Between 1903 and 1913 approximately 10,000 South Asians emigres entered North America, mostly from the rural regions of central Punjab.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Puri \|first1=Harish K. \|title=Ghadar Movement: ideology, organisation, and strategy \|date=1993 \|publisher=Guru Nanak Dev University \|location=Amritsar \|pages=17–18 \|edition=2nd \|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015037866715&view=1up&seq=10}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last1=Ramnath \|page=17}}</ref> About half the Punjabis had served in the British military. The [[Canadian government]] decided to curtail this influx with a series of laws, which were aimed at limiting the entry of South Asians into the country and restricting the political rights of those already in the country.<ref name=Strachan795>{{Harvnb\|Strachan\|2001\|p=795}}</ref> Many migrants came to work in the fields, factories, and logging camps of Northern California and the Pacific Northwest, where they were exposed to [[labor unions]] and the ideas of the radical [[Industrial Workers of the World]] or IWW. The migrants of the Pacific Northwest banded together in Sikh [[gurdwaras]] and formed political Hindustani Associations for mutual aid.

	Nationalist sentiments were also building around the world among South Asian emigres and students, where they could organize more freely than in [[British India]]. Several dozen students came to study at the University of Berkeley, some spurred by a scholarship offered by a wealthy Punjabi farmer. Revolutionary intellectuals like [[Har Dayal]] and [[Taraknath Das]] attempted to organize students and educate them in anarchist and nationalist ideas.		Nationalist sentiments were also building around the world among South Asian emigres and students, where they could organize more freely than in [[British India]]. Several dozen students came to study at the University of Berkeley, some spurred by a scholarship offered by a wealthy Punjabi farmer. Revolutionary intellectuals like [[Har Dayal]] and [[Taraknath Das]] attempted to organize students and educate them in anarchist and nationalist ideas.
			[[File:Ghadr_Party_heroes_poster,1916.jpg\|thumb\|Ghadr Party heroes poster,1916]]
	RasBihari Bose on request from [[Vishnu Ganesh Pingle]], an American trained Ghadar, who met Bose at Benares and requested him to take up the leadership of the coming revolution. But before accepting the responsibility, he sent Sachin Sanyal to the Punjab to assess the situation. Sachin returned very optimistic,<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica"/><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.hindujagruti.org/articles/90.html\|title=Rash Behari Bose : The Greatest Indian Revolutionary\|website=Hindu Janajagruti Samiti}}</ref> in the United States and Canada with the aim to liberate India from [[British Raj\|British rule]]. The movement began with a group of immigrants known as the Hindustani Workers of the Pacific Coast.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica"/>		RasBihari Bose on request from [[Vishnu Ganesh Pingle]], an American trained Ghadar, who met Bose at Benares and requested him to take up the leadership of the coming revolution. But before accepting the responsibility, he sent Sachin Sanyal to the Punjab to assess the situation. Sachin returned very optimistic,<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica"/><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.hindujagruti.org/articles/90.html\|title=Rash Behari Bose : The Greatest Indian Revolutionary\|website=Hindu Janajagruti Samiti}}</ref> in the United States and Canada with the aim to liberate India from [[British Raj\|British rule]]. The movement began with a group of immigrants known as the Hindustani Workers of the Pacific Coast.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica"/>

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	# [[~~Master~~ Udham Singh]]		# [[Udham Singh]]
	#[[Baba Chattar Singh Ahluwalia (Jethuwal)]]		#[[Baba Chattar Singh Ahluwalia (Jethuwal)]]
	# [[Baba Harnam Singh]] (Kari Sari)		# [[Baba Harnam Singh]] (Kari Sari)
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>Kqvps at 04:55, 4 July 2021

2021-07-04T04:55:24Z

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{{Short description|Indian Revolutionary Party}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = Ghadar Party
| colorcode = #CC0000
| logo = Ghadar Flag.png
| logo_size = 150px
| founded = 15 July 1913
| dissolved = January 1948
| founders = [[Sohan Singh Bhakna]]
| president = [[Sohan Singh Bhakna]]
| ideology = [[Indian independence movement]]
| position =
| international=
| predecessor = Pacific Coast Hindustan Association
| successor =
| colours = [[Red]], [[Saffron (color)|Saffron]] and [[Green]]
}}
The '''Ghadar Movement''' ({{lang-pa|ਗ਼ਦਰ ਪਾਰਟੀ}} {{small|([[Gurmukhi]])}}, {{lang|pa|{{nq|غدر پارٹی}}}} {{small| ([[Shahmukhi]])}}) was an early 20th century, international political movement founded by [[expatriate Indians]] to overthrow [[British rule in India]].<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/232350/Ghadr|title=Ghadr (Sikh political organization)|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=18 September 2010}}</ref> The early membership was composed mostly of Punjabi Indians who lived and worked on the West Coast of the United States and Canada, but the movement later spread to India and Indian diasporic communities around the world. The official founding has been dated to a meeting on 15 July 1913 in [[Astoria, Oregon]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ogden |first1=Joanna |title=Ghadar, Historical Silences, and Notions of Belonging: Early 1900s Punjabis of the Columbia River |journal=Oregon Historical Quarterly |date=Summer 2012 |volume=113 |issue=2 |pages=164–197 |doi=10.5403/oregonhistq.113.2.0164 |jstor=10.5403/oregonhistq.113.2.0164 }}</ref> with the Ghadar headquarters and [[Hindustan Ghadar]] newspaper based in [[San Francisco]], California.

Following the outbreak of [[World War I]] in 1914, some Ghadar party members returned to Punjab to incite armed revolution for Indian Independence. Ghadarites smuggled arms into India and incited Indian troops to mutiny against the British. This uprising, known as the [[Ghadar Mutiny]], was unsuccessful, and 42 mutineers were executed following the [[Lahore Conspiracy Case trial]]. From 1914 to 1917 Ghadarites continued underground anti-colonial actions with the support of Germany and Ottoman Turkey, known as the [[Hindu–German Conspiracy]], which led to a sensational [[Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial|trial]] in San Francisco in 1917.

Following the war's conclusion, the party in the United States fractured into a [[Communist]] and an Indian Socialist faction. The party was formally dissolved in 1948.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica"/> Key participants in the Ghadar Movement included [[Bhai Parmanand]], [[Vishnu Ganesh Pingle]], [[Sohan Singh Bhakna]], [[Bhagwan Singh Gyanee]], [[Har Dayal]], [[Tarak Nath Das]], [[Bhagat Singh Thind]], [[Kartar Singh Sarabha]], [[Abdul Hafiz Mohamed Barakatullah]], [[Rashbehari Bose]], and [[Gulab Kaur]]. Although its attempts at overthrowing the British Raj were unsuccessful, the insurrectionary ideals of the Ghadar Party influenced members of the [[Indian Independence Movement]] opposed to Gandhian [[nonviolence]].

== Etymology ==
''Ghadar'' is a [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Urdu]] word derived from [[Arabic]] which means "revolt" or "rebellion."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ramnath |first1=Maia |title=Haj to Utopia: How the Ghadar Movement Charted Global Radicalism and Attempted to Overthrow the British Empire |date=2011 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley, Los Angeles, London |page=2 |url=muse.jhu.edu/book/26045}}</ref> It is often also spelled Ghadr or Gadar in English. The movement's name was closely associated with its newspaper, the [[Hindustan Ghadar]].

==Background==
{{See also|Sohan Singh Bhakna}}

Between 1903 and 1913 approximately 10,000 South Asians emigres entered North America, mostly from the rural regions of central Punjab.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Puri |first1=Harish K. |title=Ghadar Movement: ideology, organisation, and strategy |date=1993 |publisher=Guru Nanak Dev University |location=Amritsar |pages=17–18 |edition=2nd |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015037866715&view=1up&seq=10}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ramnath |page=17}}</ref> About half the Punjabis had served in the British military. The [[Canadian government]] decided to curtail this influx with a series of laws, which were aimed at limiting the entry of South Asians into the country and restricting the political rights of those already in the country.<ref name=Strachan795>{{Harvnb|Strachan|2001|p=795}}</ref> Many migrants came to work in the fields, factories, and logging camps of Northern California and the Pacific Northwest, where they were exposed to [[labor unions]] and the ideas of the radical [[Industrial Workers of the World]] or IWW. The migrants of the Pacific Northwest banded together in Sikh [[gurdwaras]] and formed political Hindustani Associations for mutual aid.

Nationalist sentiments were also building around the world among South Asian emigres and students, where they could organize more freely than in [[British India]]. Several dozen students came to study at the University of Berkeley, some spurred by a scholarship offered by a wealthy Punjabi farmer. Revolutionary intellectuals like [[Har Dayal]] and [[Taraknath Das]] attempted to organize students and educate them in anarchist and nationalist ideas.

RasBihari Bose on request from [[Vishnu Ganesh Pingle]], an American trained Ghadar, who met Bose at Benares and requested him to take up the leadership of the coming revolution. But before accepting the responsibility, he sent Sachin Sanyal to the Punjab to assess the situation. Sachin returned very optimistic,<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindujagruti.org/articles/90.html|title=Rash Behari Bose : The Greatest Indian Revolutionary|website=Hindu Janajagruti Samiti}}</ref> in the United States and Canada with the aim to liberate India from [[British Raj|British rule]]. The movement began with a group of immigrants known as the Hindustani Workers of the Pacific Coast.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica"/>

[[File:Ghadar di gunj.jpg|thumb|150px|''[[Ghadar di Gunj]]'', an early Ghadarite compilation of nationalist and socialist literature, was banned in India in 1913.]]
The Ghadar Party, initially the ''Pacific Coast Hindustan Association'', was formed on 15 July 1913 in the United States but before a decision to create headquarter at Yugantar Ashram in San Francisco was taken at a meeting in the town of Astoria in the state of Oregon in USA under the leadership of [[Har Dayal]], Sant Baba Wasakha Singh Dadehar, Baba Jawala Singh, Santokh Singh and [[Sohan Singh Bhakna]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://portlandtribune.com/pt/9-news/194913-oregon-marks-ties-with-india-revolutionaries|title=Oregon marks ties with India revolutionaries|last=Law|first=Steve|date=19 September 2013|work=Portland Tribune |language=en-us|access-date=2019-03-29}}</ref> as its president. The members of the party were [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian immigrants]], largely from [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]].<ref name=Strachan795/> Many of its members were students at [[University of California, Berkeley|University of California at Berkeley]] including Dayal, [[Tarak Nath Das]], [[Maulavi Barkatullah]], Harnam Singh Tundilat, [[Kartar Singh Sarabha]] and [[Vishnu Ganesh Pingle|V.G. Pingle]]. The party quickly gained support from Indian expatriates, especially in the United States, Canada, East Africa, and Asia.

== Newspaper ==
{{Main|Hindustan Ghadar}}
[[File:Hindustan Ghadar article detailing arrest of Lala Hardayal (March 24, 1914).jpg|thumb|right|Ghadar Newspaper (Urdu) Vol. 1, No. 22, 28 March 1914]]
The party was built around the weekly paper ''The Ghadar'', which carried the caption on the masthead: ''Angrezi Raj Ka Dushman'' (an enemy of the British rule). "Wanted brave soldiers", the Ghadar declared, "to stir up rebellion in India. Pay-death; Price-martyrdom; Pension-liberty; Field of battle-India". The ideology of the party was strongly secular. In the words of [[Sohan Singh Bhakna]], who later became a major peasant leader of Punjab: "We were not Sikhs or Punjabis. Our religion was patriotism". The first issue of ''The Ghadar'', was published in [[San Francisco]] on 1 November 1913.

As [[Kartar Singh Sarabha]], one of the founders of the party, wrote in the first issue: "Today there begins 'Ghadar' in foreign lands, but in our country's tongue, a war against the [[British Raj]]. What is our name? Ghadar. What is our work? Ghadar. Where will be the Revolution? In India. The time will soon come when rifles and blood will take the place of pens and ink."

Following the voyage of the [[Komagata Maru]] in 1914, a direct challenge to [[Canada|Canadian]] anti-Indian immigration laws, several thousand Indians resident in the United States sold their business and homes ready to drive the British from India. The [[British government]] respond by passing the , However, [[Har Dayal]] had fled to [[Europe]] concerned that the U.S. authorities would hand him over to the British. Sohan Singh Bhakna was already in British hands, and the leadership fell to [[Ram Chandra Bharadwaj|Ram Chandra]]. Following the entry of Canada into [[World War I]], the organisation was centred in the USA and received substantial funding from the [[Germany|German]] government. They had a very militant tone, as illustrated by this quote from Harnam Singh:

:''No pundits or mullahs do we need''
The party rose to prominence in the second decade of the 20th century, and grew in strength owing to Indian discontent over World War I and the lack of political reforms.{{fact|date=April 2021}}

In 1917 some of their leaders were arrested and put on trial in the [[Hindu German Conspiracy Trial]] in which their paper was quoted.{{fact|date=April 2021}}

In 1914, Kasi Ram Joshi a member of the party from Haryana, returned to India from America. On 15 March 1915 he was hanged by the colonial government.<ref name=sarasnew1>[http://haryanasamvad.gov.in/store/document/11%2012%201%20HARYANA%20SAMVAD%20NOV-%20JAN%202017-2018%20FOR%20for%20web.pdf Haryana Samvad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827125256/http://haryanasamvad.gov.in/store/document/11%2012%201%20HARYANA%20SAMVAD%20NOV-%20JAN%202017-2018%20FOR%20for%20web.pdf |date=2018-08-27 }}, Jan 2018.</ref>

The Ghadar party commanded a loyal following the province of [[Punjab region|Punjab]], but many of its most prominent activists were forced into exile to Canada and the United States. It ceased to play an active role in Indian politics after.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

[[File:The Independent Hindustan Volume I Number 4.djvu|thumb|Periodical Independent Hindustan]]
Although publication such as independence Hindustan and revolution activities of Ghadar Party against British rule continued from 5 wood street San Francisco, place where [[Yugantar Ashram|Ghadar Memorial]] has been built but [[Har Dayal]] one among its founding members severed all connections with revolutionists by its open letter published in March 1919 in Indian newspapers and new Statesman USA, and by writing to British Goveronment for obtaining Amnesty for himself.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Har Dayal:Hindu Revolutionary and Rationalist|last=Brown|first=Emily C|publisher=Arizona University Press|year=1975|pages=222}}</ref>

The party had active members in other countries such as Mexico, Japan, China, [[Singapore]], [[Thailand]], [[Philippines]], [[British Malaya|Malaya]], [[Indo-China]] and [[East Africa|Eastern]] and [[Southern Africa]].

== Founding members ==
# [[Sohan Singh Bhakna]] (President)
# Kesar Singh (Vice-President)
# [[Kartar Singh Sarabha]] (Editor, Punjabi Gadar)
# [[Baba Jawala Singh]] (Vice-President)
# [[Bhagwan Singh Gyanee]]
# [[Balwant Singh (Ghadarite)]]
# [[Pt. Kanshi Ram]] (Treasurer)
# [[Harnam Singh Tundilat]]
# [[G. D. Verma]]
# [[Lala Thaker Das]] (Dhuri) (Vice Secretary)
# [[Munshi Ram]] (Organizing Secretary)
# [[Bhai Parmanand]]
# [[Nidhan Singh Chugha]]
# [[Santokh Singh (Ghadarite)]]
# [[Master Udham Singh]]
#[[Baba Chattar Singh Ahluwalia (Jethuwal)]]
# [[Baba Harnam Singh]] (Kari Sari)
# [[Mangu Ram Mugowalia]]<ref name="Georgia Straight Vancouvers News & Entertainment Weekly 2013">{{cite web | title=Manguram Muggowal, a former Ghadar Party member, later joined the Dalit [the proper term for so-called untouchables] emancipation movement. | website=Georgia Straight Vancouver's News & Entertainment Weekly | date=26 July 2013 | url=https://www.straight.com/news/404576/gurpreet-singh-bujha-singhs-sacrifice-proves-ghadar-struggle-didnt-end-indian-independence | access-date=7 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=There were not many Scheduled Caste persons in the Ghadar movement, however; Mangoo Ram recalls only one other Chamar besides himself.|url=http://www.ambedkartimes.com/babu_manguram.htm}}</ref>
# [[Karim Bakhsh]]
# [[Amar Chand]]
# [[Rehmat Ali (Ghadarite)]]
# [[Vishnu Ganesh Pingle|V. G. Pingle]]
# [[Sant Baba Wasakha Singh]]
# [[Maulavi Barkatullah]]
# [[Harnam Singh Saini]]
# [[Tarak Nath Das]]
# [[Pandurang Sadashiv Khankhoje]]
# [[Ganda Singh|Ganda Singh Phangureh]]
# [[Karim Bux]]
# [[Prithvi Singh Azad|Baba Prithvi Singh Azad]]
# [[Gulab Kaur]]

== See also ==
* [[Ghadar Mutiny]]
* [[Communist Ghadar Party of India]]
* [[Hindu–German Conspiracy]]

== References ==
;Notes
{{Reflist}}
;Sources
*{{Citation
| surname1 = Strachan
| given1 = Hew
| year = 2001
| title = The First World War. Volume I: To Arms
| publisher = Oxford University Press. USA
| isbn= 0-19-926191-1
}}.

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |title=Haj to Utopia: How the Ghadar Movement Charted Global Radicalism and Attempted to Overthrow the British Empire |first=Maia |last=Ramnath |publisher=University of California Press |year=2011 |isbn=9780520950399 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lFOKArfI8RUC}}
*[https://academic.oup.com/past/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/pastj/gtz023/5543608 Singh, G. (2019). Jodh Singh, the Ghadar Movement and the Anti-Colonial Deviant in the Anglo-American Imagination*. Past & Present.]
* Ajmer Singh - Gadari Babe Kaun San -https://archive.org/details/GadriBabeKounSanByAjmerSingh
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z0SOfZwnXZIC&q=Lahore+Conspiracy+Case+trial+1915&pg=PA94|title=Trials that Changed History: From Socrates to Saddam Hussein|last=Gill|first=M. S.|date=2007|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-797-8|location=New Delhi|pages=92–99|language=en}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.centralsikhmuseum.com/gallery/gadar-party/ A Gallery on Gadar Party]
*[http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/collection/gadar-party Ghadar Party materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)]
*[http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0001/MQ36004.pdf Ghadar: The Indian Immigrant Outrage Against Canadian Injustices 1900 - 1918] by Sukhdeep Bhoi
*[http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/SSEAL/SouthAsia/gadarcol.html The Hindustan Ghadar Collection]. [[The Bancroft Library]], [[University of California, Berkeley]]
* [http://www.cgpi.org Communist Ghadar Party of India]

{{Ghadar Conspiracy}}
{{Indian independence movement}}
{{Sikh politics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy]]
[[Category:Ghadar Party| ]]
[[Category:Indian-American history]]
[[Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]
[[Category:South Asian American organizations]]
[[Category:Sikhism in the United States]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1913]]
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 1919]]
[[Category:1913 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:Defunct political parties in the United States]]
[[Category:Indian nationalist political parties]]