>GreenC bot: Rescued 1 archive link; reformat 1 link. Wayback Medic 2.5

2021-04-21T20:12:26Z

Rescued 1 archive link; reformat 1 link. Wayback Medic 2.5

New page

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
The [[India]]n city of '''[[Thiruvananthapuram]]''' is located in [[Thiruvananthapuram district]] in the state of [[Kerala]]. The city is located at {{Coord|8.5|N|76.9|E|}} on the west coast, near the southern tip of mainland India.<ref>{{Cite web
|publisher=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc
|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/13/Thiruvananthapuram.html
|title=Thiruvananthapuram, India Page
|accessdate=2008-03-19}}</ref> The city situated on the west coast of India, and is bounded by [[Arabian Sea]] to its west and the [[Western Ghats]] to its east. The city and the suburbs spans an area of {{convert|250|km2|sqmi|2|abbr=on}}. The average elevation of the city is 16 ft above sea level.<ref>{{Cite web
|publisher = [[Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology]] ([[Pune]])
|url = http://envis.tropmet.res.in/rainfall_stations.htm
|title = Rainfall Stations in India
|accessdate = 2010-06-18
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5tcfc0JvM?url=http://envis.tropmet.res.in/rainfall_stations.htm
|archivedate = 2010-10-20
}}</ref> The highest point within the city limits is the observatory. ({{convert|60|m|ft|0}})<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tracking the Monsoon |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/06/03/stories/2010060350020100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106230753/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/06/03/stories/2010060350020100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 November 2012|accessdate=25 July 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=3 June 2010}}</ref> [[Agastya Mala]], which has an elevation of {{convert|1868|m|ft|0}} is only about 60 km from the city. The [[Ponmudi]] hill station which has an elevation of {{convert|1100|m|ft|0}} is also near the city.
[[File:South Kerala, May 2020.jpg|right|thumb|Map of South Kerala]]

==Geography==
[[File:Cliffs Varkala.jpg|thumb|Cliffs at [[Varkala]], Thiruvananthapuram district. It is the only place in southern Kerala where cliffs are found adjacent to the [[Arabian Sea]]]]
The district is situated between North [[latitude]]s at 8.17°–8.54° and East [[longitude]]s 76.41°–77.17°. The southernmost extremity, [[Parassala]], is just {{convert|54|km|mi|0}} away from the southern [[peninsular]] tip of India, [[Kanyakumari (town)|Cape Comorin]] (Kanya Kumari). The district stretches {{convert|78|km|mi|0}} along the shores of the [[Arabian Sea]] on the west, [[Kollam district]] lies on the north with [[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]] and [[Kanyakumari district]]s of [[Tamil Nadu]] on the east and south respectively.<ref>{{cite web|title=Geography|url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/knowkerala/tvm.htm|publisher=Government of Kerala|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207004457/http://www.kerala.gov.in/knowkerala/tvm.htm|archivedate=2009-02-07}}</ref>

Unlike the flat portion of the [[Kerala]] coast, at the northern coastal region cliffs are found adjacent to the [[Arabian Sea]] at [[Varkala]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.karthikaplaza.com/varkala.html |title=Tourist Destinations at Varkala, Sivagiri Mutt, Kappil Beach |publisher=Karthikaplaza.com |access-date=4 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310071242/http://www.karthikaplaza.com/varkala.html |archive-date=10 March 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> These tertiary sedimentary formation cliffs are considered as a unique geological feature. It is known among geologists as the "Varkala Formation" and a geological monument as declared by the [[Geological Survey of India]].

The district can be divided into three geographical regions: Highlands, Midlands, and Lowlands. The [[Varkala Taluk|Varkala]], [[Chirayinkeezhu taluk|Chirayinkeezhu]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]] taluks are in the midland and lowland regions, the Nedumangad taluk lies in the midland and highland regions, and the Neyyattinkara taluk stretches over all three.

The highland regions on the east and the northeast comprises the [[Western Ghats]]. This area is ideal for major cash crops like rubber, tea, [[cardamom]] and other spices. Timber trees like [[teak]] and [[rosewood]] are grown in this region. The Ghats maintain an average elevation of {{convert|814|m|ft|0}}. The part [[Agasthyarkoodam]], which is the second-highest peak in the [[Western Ghats]] ({{convert|1869|m|ft|disp=or|0|abbr=on}} above sea level), lies in the district. The forests in the tail end of [[Western Ghats]] form the most diverse and unknown ecosystem in [[Peninsular India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thenmala.info/agastya.html |title=Agasthyakoodam, the abode of biodiversity |publisher=Thenmala.info }}</ref>

The midland region lying between the Western Ghats and lowlands is made up of small and tiny hills and valleys. This is an area of intense agricultural activities. This region is rich in produce such as [[Rice|paddy]], [[tapioca]], rubber, [[eucalyptus]], spices and [[cashew]]s. The lowlands are comparatively narrow, consisting of rivers, [[river delta|deltas]] and seashore. This area is densely covered with [[coconut]] trees. Water bodies cover about {{convert|55.25|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=on}}, while forest area is estimated to be {{convert|498.61|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}.

===Forests===
[[File:Ponmudi Thiruvananthapuram.jpg|right|thumb|A view from [[Ponmudi|Ponmudi Hills]]]]
Thiruvananthapuram district has a [[reserve forest]] area of {{convert|495.1|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} and vested forest area of {{convert|3.534|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=on}}. The forests are spread over three ranges: the [[Kulathupuzha]] range in the north, Palode range in the middle, and the Paruthipalli range in the south.

These forests may be broadly classified into three categories: [[South Western Ghats montane rain forests|Southern tropical wet evergreen forests]], Southern tropical and semi-evergreen forests, and [[South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests|Southern tropical moist deciduous forests]]. Social forestry programmes are being implemented under the World Bank-aided Kerala Social Forestry Project, [[Aam Aadmi#National Rural Employment Guarantee Act|National Rural Employment Programme]] (NREP) and Rural Fuel Wood Schemes to assist small and marginal farmers.

===Rivers===
[[File:Edava Nadayara Lake.JPG|right|thumb|Edava-Nadayara lake Near [[Thekkumbhagam]]-[[Kappil, Thiruvananthapuram|Kappil]]]]
Among the three rivers in the district, the Neyyar ({{convert|56|km|mi|0|disp=or|abbr=on}}), the southernmost river of the [[Kerala]] state, has its origin in the Agasthyamala, the second-highest peak in the [[Western Ghats]]. The [[Karamana]] river ({{convert|67|km|mi|0|disp=or|abbr=on}}) originates from Vayuvanthol (Vazhuvanthol), another mountain in Western Ghats. The Vamanapuram River has its origin from Chemunji Mottai of the Western Ghats. There are 10 major [[Kerala backwaters|back waters]] in the district. The major lakes are Veli, Kadinamkulam, Anchuthengu (Anjengo), Kaappil, [[Akathumuri]] and the Edava-Nadayara. Besides these, there is a fresh-water lake at Vellayani in Thiruvananthapuram taluk, which has the potential to become the major water source of Thiruvananthapuram city in future.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

===Climate===
The climate of Thiruvananthapuram district is generally [[Tropics|hot tropical]]. The large forest reserves favourably affect the climate and induce rains. Cold weather is experienced in the [[Western Ghats|mountain ranges]], whereas lower down, the weather is bracing and is generally hot in the coastal regions. The mean maximum temperature is 95 °F (35 °C) and the mean minimum temperature is 69 °F (20 °C).
As the district stretches from north to south with the [[Arabian Sea]] in the west side, the [[relative humidity]] is generally high. It rises up to about 95% during the South-West [[monsoon]].<ref>[http://www.kerenvis.nic.in/isbeid/climate.htm "Climate"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124103216/http://www.kerenvis.nic.in/isbeid/climate.htm |date=24 January 2010 }}, kerenvis.nic.in.</ref>

The total annual average rainfall in the district is about {{convert|1500|mm|in|0|abbr=on}} per annum.<ref>[http://www.kerenvis.nic.in/isbeid/climate.htm Rainfall] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124103216/http://www.kerenvis.nic.in/isbeid/climate.htm |date=24 January 2010 }}</ref> The [[southwest monsoon]], from June to September is the principal rainy season. The district receives most of its annual rainfall in this season. The second rainy season is the [[Northeast monsoon]]. It is from October to November.

The district also gets thunderstorm rains in the pre-monsoon months of April and May.<ref>[http://www.kerenvis.nic.in/isbeid/climate.htm Climate-Monsoon] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721175351/http://www.kerenvis.nic.in/isbeid/climate.htm |date=21 July 2011 }}</ref>

December to February are the coolest months. The average temperature goes down to 69 °F (20 °C) in these months. It is generally considered as the [[Climate of India#Winter|winter season]]. The [[Climate of India#Summer|summer season]] starts in February and continues until May. The average temperature goes up to 95 °F (35 °C) in these months.<ref>[http://tvmtips.com/abouttrivandrum.aspx Seasons] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401003008/http://tvmtips.com/abouttrivandrum.aspx |date=1 April 2010 }}</ref>

{{Weather box
| location = Thiruvananthapuram
| metric first = Yes
| single line = Yes
| Jan record high C = 37
| Feb record high C = 38
| Mar record high C = 38
| Apr record high C = 38
| May record high C = 38
| Jun record high C = 39
| Jul record high C = 38
| Aug record high C = 38
| Sep record high C = 33
| Oct record high C = 38
| Nov record high C = 37
| Dec record high C = 36
| year record high C = 39
| Jan high C = 31.5
| Feb high C = 31.9
| Mar high C = 32.6
| Apr high C = 32.6
| May high C = 31.6
| Jun high C = 29.7
| Jul high C = 29.2
| Aug high C = 29.4
| Sep high C = 30.0
| Oct high C = 29.9
| Nov high C = 30.3
| Dec high C = 31.0
| year high C = 30.8
| Jan low C = 22.2
| Feb low C = 22.8
| Mar low C = 24.1
| Apr low C = 24.9
| May low C = 24.7
| Jun low C = 23.5
| Jul low C = 23.1
| Aug low C = 23.2
| Sep low C = 23.3
| Oct low C = 23.3
| Nov low C = 23.1
| Dec low C = 22.6
| year low C = 23.4
| Jan record low C = 15
| Feb record low C = 17
| Mar record low C = 20
| Apr record low C = 20
| May record low C = 20
| Jun record low C = 21
| Jul record low C = 18
| Aug record low C = 20
| Sep record low C = 18
| Oct record low C = 20
| Nov record low C = 20
| Dec record low C = 20
| year record low C = 15
| Jan precipitation mm = 22.7
| Feb precipitation mm = 24.4
| Mar precipitation mm = 40.4
| Apr precipitation mm = 117.4
| May precipitation mm = 230.4
| Jun precipitation mm = 320.8
| Jul precipitation mm = 226.8
| Aug precipitation mm = 138.1
| Sep precipitation mm = 174.6
| Oct precipitation mm = 281.7
| Nov precipitation mm = 184.5
| Dec precipitation mm = 65.9
| year precipitation mm = 1827.7
| source 1 =<ref name="imd">{{cite web | url = http://www.imd.gov.in/section/climate/thiruvananthapuram1.htm | title = Thiruvananthapuram | accessdate = 21 March 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110306170517/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/climate/thiruvananthapuram1.htm | archive-date = 6 March 2011 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
| source 2 =<ref name=Wht>{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=17334&refer=&units=metric|title=Thiruvananthapuram, India |publisher=Whetherbase |accessdate=1 July 2010 }}</ref>
| date = August 2010}}

==Seismology==
The [[Geological Survey of India]] has identified Thiruvananthapuram as a moderately earthquake-prone urban centre and categorized the city in the Seismic III Zone.<ref>{{cite map
|publisher=[[Geological Survey of India]]
|url=http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/images/GSIimages/PT_zonation.jpg
|title=Seismic zoning map of India
|accessdate=2010-07-01
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515004653/http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/images/GSIimages/PT_zonation.jpg
|archivedate=15 May 2013
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Thiruvananthapuram}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Geography Of Thiruvananthapuram}}
[[Category:Geography of Thiruvananthapuram| ]]

Geography of Thiruvananthapuram - Revision history

>GreenC bot: Rescued 1 archive link; reformat 1 link. Wayback Medic 2.5