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	{{short description\|Geography of the country of India}}		{{short description\|Geography of the country of India}}
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	{{Use dmy dates\|date=November 2020}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=November 2020}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=January 2016}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=January 2016}}

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← Older revision		Revision as of 01:31, 2 July 2023
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	{{short description\|Geography of the country of India}}		{{short description\|Geography of the country of India}}
	~~{{pp-semi-indef\|small=yes}}~~
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=November 2020}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=November 2020}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=January 2016}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=January 2016}}

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:26, 22 June 2022
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	\|exclusive economic zone={{convert\|2305143\|km2\|mi2\|abbr=on}}}}		\|exclusive economic zone={{convert\|2305143\|km2\|mi2\|abbr=on}}}}

	[[India]] is situated north of the equator between 8°4' north (the mainland) to 37°6' north latitude and 68°7' east to 97°25' east longitude.<ref name="yearbook">[[#Yearbook\|India Yearbook]], p. 1</ref> It is the [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area\|seventh-largest country in the world]], with a total area of {{convert\|3287263\|km2\|mi2\|0}}.<ref name=indiaEB>{{cite encyclopedia\| title=India\|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica\|url=~~http~~://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India\|access-date=17 July 2012}} Total area excludes disputed territories not under Indian control.</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|date=2001\|title=India at a Glance: Area\|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/India_at_Glance/area.aspx\|access-date=9 September 2020\|website=Ministry of Home Affairs: Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|date=2002\|title=Jammu and Kashmir - CIA\|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/abbottabad-compound/37/374CB8CF12C9742A9133BE7CEED44E13_%D9%83%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1.doc.pdf\|access-date=9 September 2020\|website=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> India measures {{convert\|3214\|km\|mi\|0\|abbr=on}} from north to south and {{convert\|2933\|km\|mi\|0\|abbr=on}} from east to west. It has a land frontier of {{convert\|15200\|km\|mi\|0\|abbr=on}} and a coastline of {{convert\|7516.6\|km\|mi\|0\|abbr=on}}.<ref name="DBM">{{cite web \|title=Annual Report 2016-17, Ministry of Home Affairs \|url=https://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/anual_report_18082017.pdf\|access-date=7 March 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307151308/https://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/anual_report_18082017.pdf \|archive-date=7 March 2018 \|url-status=dead }}</ref>		[[India]] is situated north of the equator between 8°4' north (the mainland) to 37°6' north latitude and 68°7' east to 97°25' east longitude.<ref name="yearbook">[[#Yearbook\|India Yearbook]], p. 1</ref> It is the [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area\|seventh-largest country in the world]], with a total area of {{convert\|3287263\|km2\|mi2\|0}}.<ref name=indiaEB>{{cite encyclopedia\| title=India\|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica\|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India\|access-date=17 July 2012}} Total area excludes disputed territories not under Indian control.</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|date=2001\|title=India at a Glance: Area\|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/India_at_Glance/area.aspx\|access-date=9 September 2020\|website=Ministry of Home Affairs: Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|date=2002\|title=Jammu and Kashmir - CIA\|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/abbottabad-compound/37/374CB8CF12C9742A9133BE7CEED44E13_%D9%83%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1.doc.pdf\|access-date=9 September 2020\|website=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref> India measures {{convert\|3214\|km\|mi\|0\|abbr=on}} from north to south and {{convert\|2933\|km\|mi\|0\|abbr=on}} from east to west. It has a land frontier of {{convert\|15200\|km\|mi\|0\|abbr=on}} and a coastline of {{convert\|7516.6\|km\|mi\|0\|abbr=on}}.<ref name="DBM">{{cite web \|title=Annual Report 2016-17, Ministry of Home Affairs \|url=https://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/anual_report_18082017.pdf\|access-date=7 March 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307151308/https://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/anual_report_18082017.pdf \|archive-date=7 March 2018 \|url-status=dead }}</ref>

	On the south, India projects into and is bounded by the [[Indian Ocean]]—in particular, by the [[Arabian Sea]] on the west, the [[Lakshadweep Sea]] to the southwest, the [[Bay of Bengal]] on the east, and the [[Indian Ocean]] proper to the south. The [[Palk Strait]] and [[Gulf of Mannar]] separate India from [[Sri Lanka]] to its immediate southeast, and the [[Maldives]] are some {{convert\|125\|km}} to the south of India's [[Lakshadweep Islands]] across the [[Maliku Kandu\|Eight Degree Channel]]. India's [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], some {{convert\|1200\|km}} southeast of the mainland, share [[maritime boundary\|maritime borders]] with [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]] and [[Indonesia]]. The southernmost tip of the Indian mainland (8°4′38″N, 77°31′56″E) is just south of [[Kanyakumari]], while the southernmost point in India is [[Indira Point]] on [[Great Nicobar Island]]. The northernmost point which is under Indian administration is Indira Col, Siachen Glacier.<ref name="manorama">{{cite journal\| title = Manorama Yearbook 2006 (India – The Country) \| journal = Manorama Year Book \| publisher = Malayala Manorama \| year = 2006 \| page = 515 \| issn = 0542-5778}}</ref> India's [[territorial waters]] extend into the sea to a distance of {{convert\|12\|nmi\|mi km\|1\|lk=in}} from the coast baseline.<ref name="waters_extent">{{cite web\|title=Territorial extent of India's waters \|publisher=The International Law of the Sea and Indian MaritimeLegislation \|date=30 April 2005 \|url=http://www.irfc-nausena.nic.in/irfc/ezine/Trans2Trimph/chapters/27_law%20of%20the%20sea1.htm \|access-date=16 May 2006 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928140322/http://www.irfc-nausena.nic.in/irfc/ezine/Trans2Trimph/chapters/27_law%20of%20the%20sea1.htm \|archive-date=28 September 2007}}</ref> India has the 18th largest [[Exclusive Economic Zone]] of {{convert\|2305143\|km2\|mi2\|abbr=on}}.		On the south, India projects into and is bounded by the [[Indian Ocean]]—in particular, by the [[Arabian Sea]] on the west, the [[Lakshadweep Sea]] to the southwest, the [[Bay of Bengal]] on the east, and the [[Indian Ocean]] proper to the south. The [[Palk Strait]] and [[Gulf of Mannar]] separate India from [[Sri Lanka]] to its immediate southeast, and the [[Maldives]] are some {{convert\|125\|km}} to the south of India's [[Lakshadweep Islands]] across the [[Maliku Kandu\|Eight Degree Channel]]. India's [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], some {{convert\|1200\|km}} southeast of the mainland, share [[maritime boundary\|maritime borders]] with [[Myanmar]], [[Thailand]] and [[Indonesia]]. The southernmost tip of the Indian mainland (8°4′38″N, 77°31′56″E) is just south of [[Kanyakumari]], while the southernmost point in India is [[Indira Point]] on [[Great Nicobar Island]]. The northernmost point which is under Indian administration is Indira Col, Siachen Glacier.<ref name="manorama">{{cite journal\| title = Manorama Yearbook 2006 (India – The Country) \| journal = Manorama Year Book \| publisher = Malayala Manorama \| year = 2006 \| page = 515 \| issn = 0542-5778}}</ref> India's [[territorial waters]] extend into the sea to a distance of {{convert\|12\|nmi\|mi km\|1\|lk=in}} from the coast baseline.<ref name="waters_extent">{{cite web\|title=Territorial extent of India's waters \|publisher=The International Law of the Sea and Indian MaritimeLegislation \|date=30 April 2005 \|url=http://www.irfc-nausena.nic.in/irfc/ezine/Trans2Trimph/chapters/27_law%20of%20the%20sea1.htm \|access-date=16 May 2006 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928140322/http://www.irfc-nausena.nic.in/irfc/ezine/Trans2Trimph/chapters/27_law%20of%20the%20sea1.htm \|archive-date=28 September 2007}}</ref> India has the 18th largest [[Exclusive Economic Zone]] of {{convert\|2305143\|km2\|mi2\|abbr=on}}.
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	India can be divided into six [[Physiographic regions of the world\|physiographic regions]]. They are:		India can be divided into six [[Physiographic regions of the world\|physiographic regions]]. They are:
	* Northern Mountains: [[Himalayas]]		* Northern Mountains: [[Himalayas]]
	* Peninsular Plateau: contains mountain ranges ([[Aravalli Range\|Aravalli]], Vindhayachal and [[Satpura Range\|Satpura]] ranges), ghats (Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats) and plateaues (Malwa Plateau, Chhota Nagpur Plateau, Southern Garanulite terrain, [[Deccan Plateau]] and Kutch Kathiawar plateau).		* Peninsular Plateau: contains mountain ranges ([[Aravalli Range\|Aravalli]], Vindhayachal and [[Satpura Range\|Satpura]] ranges), [[Ghat\|ghats]] (Eastern Ghats and Western Ghats) and plateaues (Malwa Plateau, Chhota Nagpur Plateau, Southern Garanulite terrain, [[Deccan Plateau]] and Kutch Kathiawar plateau).
	*[[Indo-Gangetic Plain]] [[or The Northern Plains]]		*[[Indo-Gangetic Plain]] [[or The Northern Plains]]
	*[[Thar Desert]]		*[[Thar Desert]]
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	[[File:Thar desert Rajasthan India.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Thar desert, [[Rajasthan]]]]		[[File:Thar desert Rajasthan India.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Thar desert, [[Rajasthan]]]]
	{{Main\|Thar Desert}}		{{Main\|Thar Desert}}
	The Thar Desert (also known as ''the deserts'') is by some calculations the world's seventh largest desert, by some others the tenth.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://geology.com/records/largest-desert.shtml\|title=The World's Largest Desert\|publisher=geology.com\|access-date=14 May 2011}}</ref> It forms a significant portion of western India and covers an area of {{convert\|200000\|to\|238700\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia\|url=~~http~~://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/590028/Thar-Desert\|title=Thar Desert\|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]\|access-date=14 May 2011}}</ref> The desert continues into Pakistan as the [[Cholistan Desert]]. Most of the Thar Desert is situated in [[Rajasthan]], covering 61% of its geographic area.		The Thar Desert (also known as ''the deserts'') is by some calculations the world's seventh largest desert, by some others the tenth.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://geology.com/records/largest-desert.shtml\|title=The World's Largest Desert\|publisher=geology.com\|access-date=14 May 2011}}</ref> It forms a significant portion of western India and covers an area of {{convert\|200000\|to\|238700\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia\|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/590028/Thar-Desert\|title=Thar Desert\|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]\|access-date=14 May 2011}}</ref> The desert continues into Pakistan as the [[Cholistan Desert]]. Most of the Thar Desert is situated in [[Rajasthan]], covering 61% of its geographic area.

	About 10 percent of this region consists of sand dunes, and the remaining 90 percent consist of craggy rock forms, compacted salt-lake bottoms, and interdunal and fixed dune areas. Annual temperatures can range from {{convert\|0\|C}} in the winter to over {{convert\|50\|C}} during the summer. Most of the rainfall received in this region is associated with the short July–September southwest monsoon that brings {{convert\|100\|to\|500\|mm\|abbr=on}} of precipitation. Water is scarce and occurs at great depths, ranging from {{convert\|30\|to\|120\|m}} below the ground level.<ref name="KAUL">{{cite book\|title=Afforestation in Arid zones\|author=Kaul, R.N.\|publisher=N.V. Publishers, [[The Hague]]\|year=1970}}</ref> Rainfall is precarious and erratic, ranging from below {{convert\|120\|mm\|in\|abbr=on}} in the extreme west to {{convert\|375\|mm\|in\|abbr=on}} eastward. The only river in this region is Luni. The soils of the arid region are generally sandy to sandy-loam in texture. The consistency and depth vary as per the topographical features. The low-lying loams are heavier may have a hard pan of clay, [[calcium carbonate]] or [[gypsum]].		About 10 percent of this region consists of sand dunes, and the remaining 90 percent consist of craggy rock forms, compacted salt-lake bottoms, and interdunal and fixed dune areas. Annual temperatures can range from {{convert\|0\|C}} in the winter to over {{convert\|50\|C}} during the summer. Most of the rainfall received in this region is associated with the short July–September southwest monsoon that brings {{convert\|100\|to\|500\|mm\|abbr=on}} of precipitation. Water is scarce and occurs at great depths, ranging from {{convert\|30\|to\|120\|m}} below the ground level.<ref name="KAUL">{{cite book\|title=Afforestation in Arid zones\|author=Kaul, R.N.\|publisher=N.V. Publishers, [[The Hague]]\|year=1970}}</ref> Rainfall is precarious and erratic, ranging from below {{convert\|120\|mm\|in\|abbr=on}} in the extreme west to {{convert\|375\|mm\|in\|abbr=on}} eastward. The only river in this region is Luni. The soils of the arid region are generally sandy to sandy-loam in texture. The consistency and depth vary as per the topographical features. The low-lying loams are heavier may have a hard pan of clay, [[calcium carbonate]] or [[gypsum]].
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	[[File:Teestavalley.jpg\|thumb\|left\|[[National highways of India\|National Highway]] [[List of National Highways in India\|31A]] winds along the banks of the [[Teesta River]] near [[Kalimpong]] ([[West Bengal]]), in the [[Darjeeling]] Himalayan hill region.]]		[[File:Teestavalley.jpg\|thumb\|left\|[[National highways of India\|National Highway]] [[List of National Highways in India\|31A]] winds along the banks of the [[Teesta River]] near [[Kalimpong]] ([[West Bengal]]), in the [[Darjeeling]] Himalayan hill region.]]
	The [[Ganges]]-[[Brahmaputra River\|Brahmaputra]]-[[Meghna River\|Meghana]] system has the largest catchment area of about {{convert\|1600000\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Elhance1999">{{cite book\|last=Elhance\|first=Arun P.\|title=Hydropolitics in the Third World: conflict and cooperation in international river basins\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uB0ZSZjTECsC&pg=PA156\|year=1999\|publisher=US Institute of Peace Press\|isbn=978-1-878379-91-7\|pages=156–158}}</ref> The [[Ganges Basin]] alone has a catchment of about {{convert\|1100000\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}.<ref name="manorama3"/> The Ganges originates from the [[Gangotri Glacier]] in Uttarakhand.<ref name="manorama4"/> It flows southeast, draining into the Bay of Bengal.<ref name="manorama3"/> (The [[Yamuna]] and [[Gomti]] rivers also arise in the western Himalayas and join the Ganges in the plains.<ref name="manorama3"/> The Brahmaputra originates in [[Tibet]], [[People's Republic of China\|China]], where it is known as the [[Yarlung Tsangpo River]]) (or "Tsangpo"). It enters India in the far-eastern state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], then flows west through [[Assam]]. The Brahmaputra merges with the Ganges in Bangladesh, where it is known as the [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)\|Jamuna River]].<ref name="manorama3"/><ref name=britannica>[~~http~~://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77154/Brahmaputra-River/48053/Physical-features Brahmaputra River], Encyclopædia Britannica</ref>		The [[Ganges]]-[[Brahmaputra River\|Brahmaputra]]-[[Meghna River\|Meghana]] system has the largest catchment area of about {{convert\|1600000\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Elhance1999">{{cite book\|last=Elhance\|first=Arun P.\|title=Hydropolitics in the Third World: conflict and cooperation in international river basins\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uB0ZSZjTECsC&pg=PA156\|year=1999\|publisher=US Institute of Peace Press\|isbn=978-1-878379-91-7\|pages=156–158}}</ref> The [[Ganges Basin]] alone has a catchment of about {{convert\|1100000\|km2\|sqmi\|abbr=on}}.<ref name="manorama3"/> The Ganges originates from the [[Gangotri Glacier]] in Uttarakhand.<ref name="manorama4"/> It flows southeast, draining into the Bay of Bengal.<ref name="manorama3"/> (The [[Yamuna]] and [[Gomti]] rivers also arise in the western Himalayas and join the Ganges in the plains.<ref name="manorama3"/> The Brahmaputra originates in [[Tibet]], [[People's Republic of China\|China]], where it is known as the [[Yarlung Tsangpo River]]) (or "Tsangpo"). It enters India in the far-eastern state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], then flows west through [[Assam]]. The Brahmaputra merges with the Ganges in Bangladesh, where it is known as the [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)\|Jamuna River]].<ref name="manorama3"/><ref name=britannica>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77154/Brahmaputra-River/48053/Physical-features Brahmaputra River], Encyclopædia Britannica</ref>

	The [[Chambal River\|Chambal]], another tributary of the Ganges, via the Yamuna, originates from the Vindhya-Satpura watershed. The river flows eastward. Westward-flowing rivers from this watershed are the [[Narmada River\|Narmada]] and [[Tapti River\|Tapi]], which drain into the Arabian Sea in Gujarat. The river network that flows from east to west constitutes 10% of the total outflow.{{clarify\|date=May 2011\|reason=10% of the what total outflow? paragraph also a bit confusing—easy to read it as saying the Narmada and Tapi are tributaries of the Chambal.}}		The [[Chambal River\|Chambal]], another tributary of the Ganges, via the Yamuna, originates from the Vindhya-Satpura watershed. The river flows eastward. Westward-flowing rivers from this watershed are the [[Narmada River\|Narmada]] and [[Tapti River\|Tapi]], which drain into the Arabian Sea in Gujarat. The river network that flows from east to west constitutes 10% of the total outflow.{{clarify\|date=May 2011\|reason=10% of the what total outflow? paragraph also a bit confusing—easy to read it as saying the Narmada and Tapi are tributaries of the Chambal.}}

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