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{{Infobox place geography|name=Arunachal Pradesh|image=Arunachal Pradesh topo map.png|region=[[Northeast India]]|km area=83,743{{sfnp|ISFR Vol 1, Forest Survey of India|2019|loc=pg. 24}}|percent water=1.91|borders=Bhutan, China, Burma, Assam, Nagaland|highest point=[[Kangto]], {{Convert|7060|m|ft}}|lowest point=~{{Convert|50|m|ft}}{{Sfnp|AP State Action Plan|2011|pp=12}} |terrain=|natural resources=Hydro-power
Forest cover: 79.63% (2019){{sfnp|ISFR Vol 1, Forest Survey of India|2019|loc=pg. 24}} 
*Very Dense Forest = 25%
*Mod. Dense Forest = 36%
*Open Forest = 18%}}[[File:Eaglenest-forests.jpg|265x265px|thumb|View of [[Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary|Eaglenest forest canopy]]]]

'''[[Arunachal Pradesh]]''' is primarily a hilly tract nestled in the foothills of the [[Himalayas]] in northeast [[India]]. It is the largest state in [[northeast India]] spread over an area of {{convert|83743|sqkm|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|others=Hosted by: G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development. Sponsored by: Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change, Govt of India|title=Arunachal Pradesh: Physiography, At a glance|url=http://gbpihedenvis.nic.in/Arunachal_glance.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-23|website=gbpihedenvis.nic.in|publisher=ENVIS Centre on Himalayan Ecology}}</ref> 98% of the geographical area is land out of which 80% is forest cover;{{sfnp|ISFR Vol 1, Forest Survey of India|2019|loc=pg. 24}} 2% is water.{{sfnp|Space Applications Centre, ISRO|2009|loc=pg. 19}} River systems in the region, including those from the higher Himalayas and [[Patkoi]] and [[Arakan Mountains|Arakan Ranges]], eventually drain into the [[Brahmaputra River]].{{Sfn|Sharma|Shukla|1992|p=6-7}}

Arunachal shares international borders of {{convert|160|km|abbr=on}} long with [[Bhutan]] in the west while a {{convert|1030|km|abbr=on}} long border separates the state from [[China]] in the north. A {{convert|440|km|abbr=on}} long border exists between Arunachal Pradesh and [[Burma]] in the east. It borders the states of [[Assam]] in the south and [[Nagaland]] in the east and southeast. Arunachal is called the "orchid state of India"<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 June 2018|title=4 Reasons Why Arunachal Pradesh is a Natural Wonderland|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/story/68025/4-reasons-arunachal-pradesh-natural-wonderland|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-23|website=Outlook India Traveller|language=en|quote=We may as well call Arunachal a flowery paradise. Arunachal is also called Orchid State of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-03|title=Launching IUCN Red-listing Process for Orchids in Arunachal Pradesh, India|url=https://www.iucn.org/news/india/202012/launching-iucn-red-listing-process-orchids-arunachal-pradesh-india|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-23|website=IUCN|language=en|quote=The biodiversity rich North-East States in India are endowed with over 870 species in 159 genera constituting over 73% of the total Orchid species reported from India. Arunachal Pradesh has the highest number of orchid species (around 622 species) reported from the state. Arunachal Pradesh has also been termed as ‘Orchid Paradise of India’ because of the maximum concentration of orchid species (about 40% of the country) in the State.}}</ref> and "dawn-lit mountain/Land of Dawn-Lit Mountains".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bolingbroke-Kent|first=Antonia|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=AvIZDQAAQBAJ|title=Land of the Dawn-lit Mountains|date=2017-06-15|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4711-5657-1|language=en}}</ref>

==Topography==
Arunachal Pradesh is encompassed by the [[Sivalik Hills|Shivalik ranges]].{{Sfn|Sharma|Shukla|1992|p=6-7}} From the snow-capped mountains of the eastern Himalayas to sparsely populated mountainous areas in the extreme north-eastern part of the state, these lofty slopes form an indelible part of the area in Arunachal Pradesh.

{{OSM Location map
| coord = {{coord|28.072|94.504}}
| zoom = 7
| width = 650
| height = 300
| float = right
| caption = Passes and mountains in Arunachal, or on or close to its borders.{{efn|Gori Chen, Kangto, Bum La, Yonggyap La, Nyegyi Kansang, Diphu Pass, Sela Pass, Dzo La, Chubumbu La, Gyoa La, Lo La, Shagam La, Tama La, Tapgyu La, Chupung La, Kashong La, Andra La, Zhabu La, Kaya La, Pangsau Pass, Kumjawng Pass, Chaukan Pass, Hpungan Pass, Dafla Range High Point, Dapha Bum, Pakhain Range High Point<ref>{{Cite map |author = OpenStreetMap contributors |author-link = OpenStreetMap |date = 4 July 2021 |map = Arunachal Pradesh |map-url = https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=7/27.411/93.208 |title = OpenStreetMap |access-date = 4 July 2021}}</ref><ref>
*{{Citation|last=U.S. Army Map Service|first=|title=NG 46-2 Towang. Tile of the Map India and Pakistan 1:250,000. Series U502|date=1955|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Map_India_and_Pakistan_1-250,000_Tile_NG_46-2_Towang.jpg|access-date=2021-07-06|author-link=U.S. Army Map Service}}
*{{Citation|last=U.S. Army Map Service|first=|title=NH 46-15 Kyimdong Dzong. Tile of the Map India and Pakistan 1:250,000. Series U502|date=1955|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Map_India_and_Pakistan_1-250,000_Tile_NH_46-15_Kyimdong_Dzong.jpg|access-date=2021-07-05|author-link=U.S. Army Map Service}}
*{{Citation|last=U.S. Army Map Service|first=|title=NH 46-12 Namcha Barwa. Tile of the Map China 1:250,000. Series L500|date=1954|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Txu-oclc-10552568-nh46-12.jpg|access-date=2021-07-05|author-link=U.S. Army Map Service}}
*{{Citation|last=U.S. Army Map Service|first=|title=NH 47-9 Su-Tun. Tile of the Map China 1:250,000. Series L500|date=1954|url=http://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/china/txu-oclc-10552568-nh47-9.jpg|access-date=2021-07-05|author-link=U.S. Army Map Service}}
*{{Citation|last=U.S. Army Map Service|first=|title=NH 47-13 Li-Ma. Tile of the Map China 1:250,000. Series L500|date=1954|url=http://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/china/txu-oclc-10552568-nh47-13.jpg|access-date=2021-07-05|author-link=U.S. Army Map Service}}
*{{Citation|last=U.S. Army Map Service|first=|title=NG 47-1 Putao. Tile of the Map Burma 1:250,000. Series U542|date=1955|url=http://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/burma/txu-oclc-6924198-ng47-1.jpg|access-date=2021-07-05|author-link=U.S. Army Map Service}}
*{{Citation|last=U.S. Army Map Service|first=|title=NG 46-8 Sibsagar. Tile of the Map Burma 1:250,000. Series U542|date=1955|url=https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/burma/txu-oclc-6924198-ng46-8.jpg|access-date=2021-07-06|author-link=U.S. Army Map Service}}</ref> }}
| fullscreen-option =

| label-sizeD = 10
| label-colorD = blue
| mark-sizeD = 5

| label = Gori Chen
| mark-coord = {{coord|27.79515|92.387707}}
| label-pos = right
| mark-title = Gori Chen
| mark-image =
| mark-description = Gori Chen
| label-size = 9

| mark-coord1 = {{coord|27.865|92.5325}}
| mark-title1 = Kangto
| mark-description1 = Kangto
| label1 = Kangto
| label-pos1 = right
| label-size1 = 9

| mark-coord2 = {{coord|27.7232796|91.8915823}}
| mark-title2 = Bum La
| mark-description2 = Bum La
| label2 = Bum La
| label-pos2 = right
| label-size2 = 9

| mark-coord3 = {{coord| 29.2155392|95.7042680}}
| mark-title3 = Yonggyap La
| mark-description3 = Yonggyap La
| label3 = Yonggyap La
| label-pos3 = right
| label-size3 = 9

| mark-coord4 = {{coord|27.936667|92.666667}}
| mark-title4 = Nyegyi Kansang
| mark-description4 = Nyegyi Kansang
| label4 = Nyegyi Kansang
| label-pos4 = right
| label-size4 = 9

| mark-coord5 = {{coord|28.15|97.333333}}
| mark-title5 = Diphu Pass
| mark-description5 = Diphu Pass
| label5 = Diphu Pass
| label-pos5 = right
| label-size5 = 9

| mark-coord6 = {{coord|27.504808|92.104698}}
| mark-title6 = Sela Pass
| mark-description6 = Sela Pass
| label6 = Sela Pass
| label-pos6 = right
| label-size6 = 9

| mark-coord7 = {{coord|28.6886973|93.5009888}}
| mark-title7 = Dzo La
| mark-description7 = Dzo La
| label7 = Dzo La
| label-pos7 = left
| label-size7 = 9

| mark-coord8 = {{coord| 28.6793846|93.6624820}}
| mark-title8 = Chubumbu La
| mark-description8 = Chubumbu La
| label8 = Chubumbu La
| label-pos8 = right
| label-size8 = 9

| mark-coord9 = {{coord| 28.7193768|93.7768052}}
| mark-title9 = Gyoa La
| mark-description9 = Gyoa La
| label9 = Gyoa La
| label-pos9 = top
| label-size9 = 9

| mark-coord10 = {{coord| 28.7497379|93.8176587}}
| mark-title10 = Lo La
| mark-description10 = Lo La
| label10 = Lo La
| label-pos10 = left
| label-size10 = 9

| mark-coord11 = {{coord|28.5905124|93.2462130}}
| mark-title11 = Shagam La
| mark-description11 = Shagam La
| label11= Shagam La
| label-pos11 = right
| label-size11 = 9

| mark-coord12 = {{coord|28.5602022|93.2146506}}
| mark-title12 = Tama La
| mark-description12 = Tama La
| label12= Tama La
| label-pos12 = left
| label-size12 = 9

| mark-coord13 = {{coord|28.5022976|93.1808365}}
| mark-title13 = Tapgyu La
| mark-description13 = Tapgyu La
| label13= Tapgyu La
| label-pos13 = right
| label-size13 = 9

| mark-coord14 = {{coord|28.3139044|93.0667345}}
| mark-title14 = Chupung La
| mark-description14 = Chupung La
| label14= Chupung La
| label-pos14 = right
| label-size14 = 9

| mark-coord15 = {{coord|28.2985556|93.0191791}}
| mark-title15 = Kashong La
| mark-description15 = Kashong La
| label15= Kashong La
| label-pos15 = left
| label-size15 = 9

| mark-coord16 = {{coord|29.1856604|95.5647377}}
| mark-title16 = Andra La
| mark-description16 = Andra La
| label16= Andra La
| label-pos16 = bottom
| label-size16 = 9

| mark-coord17 = {{coord|29.1918097|95.4404433}}
| mark-title17 = Zhabu La
| mark-description17 = Zhabu La
| label17=Zhabu La
| label-pos17 = top
| label-size17 = 9

| mark-coord18 = {{coord|28.8069256|96.5797805}}
| mark-title18 = Kaya la
| mark-description18 = Kaya la
| label18=Kaya la
| label-pos18 = left
| label-size18 = 9

| mark-coord19 = {{coord|27.2476893|96.1544252}}
| mark-title19 = Pangsau Pass
| mark-description19 = Pangsau Pass
| label19=Pangsau Pass
| label-pos19 = left
| label-size19 = 9

| mark-coord20 = {{coord|27.8011130|97.1425208}}
| mark-title20 = Kumjawng Pass
| mark-description20 =Kumjawng Pass
| label20=Kumjawng Pass
| label-pos20 = left
| label-size20 = 9

| mark-coord21 = {{coord|27.1178629|97.1746370}}
| mark-title21 = Chaukan Pass
| mark-description21 =Chaukan Pass
| label21=Chaukan Pass
| label-pos21 = left
| label-size21 = 9

| mark-coord22 = {{coord|27.4690910|96.9289169}}
| mark-title22 = Hpungan Pass
| mark-description22 =Hpungan Pass
| label22=Hpungan Pass
| label-pos22 = left
| label-size22 = 9

| mark-coord23 = {{coord|27.5544165|93.3298928}}
| mark-title23 = Dafla Range High Point
| mark-description23 =Dafla Range High Point
| label23=Dafla Range High Point
| label-pos23 = right
| label-size23 = 9

| mark-coord24 = {{coord|27.6608317|96.6824904}}
| mark-title24 = Dapha Bum
| mark-description24 =Dapha Bum
| label24=Dapha Bum
| label-pos24 = right
| label-size24 = 9

| mark-coord25 = {{coord|26.816|95.523}}
| mark-title25 = Pakhain Range High Point
| mark-description25 =Pakhain Range High Point
| label25=Pakhain Range High Point
| label-pos25 = right
| label-size25= 9

| mark-coord26 = {{coord|27.8858164|92.2689598}}
| mark-title26 = Tulung La
| mark-description26 =Tulung La
| label26=Tulung La
| label-pos26 = left
| label-size26= 9

| mark-coord27 = {{coord|27.909963|92.62562}}
| mark-title27 = Chumo
| mark-description27 =Chumo
| label27=Chumo
| label-pos27 = left
| label-size27= 9

| mark-coord28 = {{coord|29.3033160|94.6535682}}
| mark-title28 = Lusha Pass
| mark-description28 =Lusha Pass
| label28=Lusha Pass
| label-pos28 = left
| label-size28= 9

| mark-coord29 = {{coord|29.1053062|95.2214729}}
| mark-title29 = Kangri Karpo La
| mark-description29 =Kangri Karpo La
| label29=Kangri Karpo La
| label-pos29 = left
| label-size29= 9

| mark-coord30 = {{coord|29.3428280|96.1388682}}
| mark-title30 = Adjamkho La
| mark-description30 =Adjamkho La
| label30=Adjamkho La
| label-pos30 = left
| label-size30= 9

| mark-coord31 = {{coord|29.1703746|96.3183402}}
| mark-title31 = Tsang Khang La
| mark-description31 =Tsang Khang La
| label31=Tsang Khang La
| label-pos31 = right
| label-size31= 9

| mark-coord32 = {{coord|28.4927375|96.8393970}}
| mark-title32 = Glai-takru Pass
| mark-description32 =Glai-takru Pass
| label32=Glai-takru Pass
| label-pos32 = right
| label-size32= 9

| mark-coord33 = {{coord|26.89746643|92.16775821}}
| mark-title33 = 275m
| mark-description33 =275m
| label33=275m
| label-pos33 = right
| label-size33= 9
| mark-size33 = 0
| label-color33 = black

| mark-coord34 = {{coord|26.95956248|92.30313136}}
| mark-title34 = 580m
| mark-description34 =580m
| label34=580m
| label-pos34 = right
| label-size34= 9
| mark-size34 = 0
| label-color34 = black
}}

=== Relief ===
The land is mostly mountainous with the Himalayan ranges running north south. [[Kangto]], [[Nyegyi Kansang|Nyegi Kangsang]], the [[Gori Chen|Gorichen]] group of mountains are some of the highest peaks in this region of the Himalayas.{{Sfn|Sharma|Shukla|1992|p=7}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Major Mountains and their Peaks
!''Mountain'' name
! Peak
!Coordinates
!Refs
|-
|[[Kangto]] #
|{{Convert|7089|m|feet}}
|{{Coord|27.865|92.532}}
|{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=5}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kangtö|url=https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=12848|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-04|website=Peakbagger.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Nyegyi Kansang]] #
|{{Convert|7047|m|feet}}
|{{Coord|27.936|92.666}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nyegyi Kansang|url=https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=12846|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-04|website=Peakbagger.com}}</ref>
|-
|Chumo #
|{{Convert|6890|m|feet}}
|{{Coord|27.909|92.625}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chumo|url=https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=35158|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-04|website=Peakbagger.com}}</ref>
|-
|Tapka Shiri # **
|{{Convert|6565|m|feet}}
|{{Coord|28.176|92.767}}
|{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=5}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Takpa Shiri|url=https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=35161|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-04|website=Peakbagger.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Gori Chen]]
|{{Convert|6530|m|feet}}
|{{Coord|27.795|92.387}}
|<ref>{{Citation|last=U.S. Army Map Service, Corps of Engineers|first=|title=NG 46-2 Towang. Tile of the Map India and Pakistan 1:250,000. Series U502, U.S. Army Map Service, 1955|date=1955|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Map_India_and_Pakistan_1-250,000_Tile_NG_46-2_Towang.jpg|publication-date=1961|access-date=2021-07-04}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Bailey|first=Frederick Marshman|title=North-East Frontier of India (Arunachal Pradesh) and eastern Tibet, exploration in 1913 by Morshead and Bailey|date=1913|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1913_North-Eastern_Frontier_and_Tibet_by_Morshead_and_Bailey_from_RE_Journal_1921.jpg|access-date=2021-07-04}}</ref>
|-
|Shalundi
|{{Convert|4810|m|feet}}
|
|{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=5}}
|-
|Dapha Bum
|{{Convert|4578|m|feet}}
|{{Coord|27.660|96.699}}
|{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=5}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dapha Bum|url=https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=12907|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-04|website=Peakbagger.com}}</ref>
|-
|Komdi
|{{Convert|4185|m|feet}}
|
|{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=5}}
|-
|Vorjing
|{{Convert|3989|m|feet}}
|
|{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=5}}
|-
|Ladu
|{{Convert|3041|m|feet}}
|
|{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=5}}
|-
| colspan="4" |# Mountain (as compared to the peak) is located in both India and China
** This is not [[Dakpa Sheri]], {{Convert|5,735|m|feet}}<ref name=":2" />
|}
[[File:Sunrise in the Himalayas (11096205714).jpg|thumb|[[Gori Chen|Gorichen]] group]]
[[File:Madhuri Lake.jpg|thumb|[[Sangestar Tso]]]]

The area in Arunachal Pradesh is divided into [[List of districts of Arunachal Pradesh|twenty five districts]]. Parts of the [[Lohit District|Lohit district]], [[Changlang]] and [[Tirap District|Tirap district]] are covered by the [[Patkai]] hills. The Himalayan ranges that extend up to the eastern Arunachal separate it from Tibet. The ranges extend toward Nagaland, and form a boundary between India and Burma in Changlang and Tirap district, acting as a natural barrier called [[Patkai Bum]] Hills. They are low mountains compared to the Greater Himalayas.<ref>{{cite web|title=Trekking in Arunachal, Trekking Tour in Arunachal Pradesh, Adventure Trekking in Arunachal Pradesh|url=http://www.north-east-india.com/arunachal-pradesh/trekking-arunachal.html|url-status=live|publisher=North-east-india.com|accessdate=6 October 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100830032326/http://www.north-east-india.com/arunachal-pradesh/trekking-arunachal.html|archivedate=30 August 2010}}</ref> [[Namcha Barwa]] range extends into India.

Major hills found in this region include:
* Aka Hills
* [[Daphla Hills]]
* Miri Hills
* [[Abor Hills]]
* [[Mishmi Hills]]
* [[Patkai Hills]]
=== Drainage and river systems ===
Water/wetland cover is {{Convert|154609|ha|km2}} or 1.91% of the total area.{{sfnp|Space Applications Centre, ISRO|2009|loc=pg. 19}} Out of this, 86% of wetlands are rivers.{{sfnp|Space Applications Centre, ISRO|2009|loc=pg. 19}} Lohit district and Dibang Valley district have the highest number of wetlands in the state.{{sfnp|Space Applications Centre, ISRO|2009|loc=pg. 19}}[[File:Lohit river, Arunachal Pradesh, India.jpg|thumb|[[Lohit River]]]]
[[File:Bong bong falls.jpg|thumb|[[Nuranang Falls]]]]
The major river systems are (from west to east clockwise):{{Sfn|Singh|2005|p=6}}{{Sfn|Sharma|Shukla|1992|p=8-10}}

* [[Kameng River|Kameng]]
* [[Subansiri River|Subansiri]]
* [[Brahmaputra River|Siang]]
* [[Dibang River|Dibang]]
* [[Lohit River|Lohit]]

All of these are fed by snow from the Himalayas and numerous rivers and rivulets and eventually flow into Siang/Brahmaputra. [[Abrasion (geology)|Abrasion]] by the rivers which flow through the mountains has created a broad valley, which is a major feature of the geography of the state.
[[File:River Siyom, Aalo, Arunachal Pradesh.jpg|thumb|[[Siyom River|River Siyom]]]]

Other rivers include [[Tawang Chu]], [[Dikrong River|Dikrong]], [[Ranganadi River|Ranga]], Kamala/Kamla, Kamplang, [[Siyom River|Siyum]], [[Dihing River|Dihing]]/ Noadihing and [[Tirap River|Tirap]].{{Sfn|Singh|Abujam|Das|2019|p=1}} [[File:Arunachal rivers and basins.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|Major rivers in Arunachal and their basins]]
<gallery caption="Four major river basins of the state">
File:Kameng River Basin.png|Kameng River Basin
File:Subansiri River Basin.jpg|Subansiri River basin
File:Dibang River Basin.png|Dibang River basin
File:Lohit River Basin.png|Lohit River basin
</gallery>

== Biodiversity ==

=== Eco-regions and forest types ===
Arunachal consists of a number of eco-regions. At the lowest elevations, at Arunachal Pradesh's border with [[Assam]], are the [[Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests]]. Much of the state, including the Himalayan foothills and the [[Patkai|Patkai hills]], are home to [[Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests]]. Towards the northern border with Tibet, with increasing elevation, come a mixture of [[Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests|Eastern]] and [[Northeastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests]] followed by [[Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows]].<gallery widths="140" heights="140" caption="Ecoregions">
File:Ecoregion IM0401.png|[[Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests]]
File:Ecoregion IM0501.png|[[Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests]]
File:Ecoregion PA0514.png|[[Northeastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests]]
File:Ecoregion IM0105.svg|[[Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests]]
File:Ecoregion PA1003.png|[[Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows]]
</gallery>

Climatically, the forests can be categorised as [[Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests|tropical and sub-tropical forests]], [[temperate forest]], [[Pine trees|pine forests]] and [[subalpine forest]], alpine and secondary forests.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Bharali|first=Sanjeeb|last2=Khan|first2=Mohamed Latif|date=2011|title=Climate change and its impact on biodiversity; some management options for mitigation in Arunachal Pradesh|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24079121|journal=Current Science|volume=101|issue=7|pages=855–860|issn=0011-3891}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Arunachal Pradesh Geography|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/arunachal-pradesh/geography.html|work=mapsofindia.com|accessdate=16 May 2015}}</ref> At the lowest elevations, densely forested areas are seen with the trees ranging from [[semi-evergreen]] to [[Broadleaf forest|broadleaf]] and semi-alpine forests. Alpine shrubs and meadows follow, ultimately leading to ice-clad peaks.

The [[Forest Research Institute (India)|Forest Research Institute of India's]] ''India State of Forest Report 2019'' lists area under different forest types in the state.{{sfnp|ISFR Vol 2, Forest Survey of India|2019|loc=pg. 18}} The major forest types as a percentage of the forest cover area are:

* East Himalayan Sub-Tropical Wet Hill Forest = 24.35%{{sfnp|ISFR Vol 2, Forest Survey of India|2019|loc=pg. 18}}
* East Himalayan Wet Temperate Forest = 22.92%{{sfnp|ISFR Vol 2, Forest Survey of India|2019|loc=pg. 18}}
* East Himalayan Sub-Alpine Birch/Fir Forest = 13.46%{{sfnp|ISFR Vol 2, Forest Survey of India|2019|loc=pg. 18}}
* Alpine Pastures = 6.73%{{sfnp|ISFR Vol 2, Forest Survey of India|2019|loc=pg. 18}}
* Sub-Himalayan Light Alluvial Semi-Evergreen Forest = 6.60%{{sfnp|ISFR Vol 2, Forest Survey of India|2019|loc=pg. 18}}
* Others = Remaining{{sfnp|ISFR Vol 2, Forest Survey of India|2019|loc=pg. 18}}

Forest cover varies from 54% in [[Tawang district]] to 92% in [[Papum Pare district]].{{sfnp|ISFR Vol 2, Forest Survey of India|2019|loc=pg. 15}} There are 110 species of trees.{{sfnp|ISFR Vol 2, Forest Survey of India|2019|loc=pg. 18}}

Protected areas include the [[Dihang-Dibang Biosphere Reserve]], [[Namdapha National Park]], [[Mouling National Park]], and 11 wildlife sanctuaries and reserves including elephant reserves, tiger reserves and an orchid sanctuary,{{efn|[[D'Ering Memorial Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Itanagar Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Kameng Elephant Reserve]], [[Kamlang Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Mehao Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Pakke Tiger Reserve]], [[Talle Valley Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary]] and [[Sessa Orchid Sanctuary]]}} covering about 12% of the geographical area of the state.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rina|first=Tongam|date=31 December 2019|title=Arunachal registers decline in forest cover for second year in a row|url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2019/12/31/arunachal-registers-decline-in-forest-cover-for-second-year-in-a-row/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-05|website=The Arunachal Times}}</ref>

=== Flora and fauna ===
Flora and fauna in the state includes over 4000 species of flowering plants,{{sfnp|Zoological Survey of India|2006|loc=pg. 6}} 600 bird species, 200 fish species,{{Sfn|Singh|Abujam|Das|2019|p=2}} 42 amphibian species, 85 terrestrial mammals and a wide number of insects, butterflies and reptiles.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Arunachal Pradesh at a Glance|url=http://arunachalpradesh.gov.in/rural/html/glance.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102013421/http://arunachalpradesh.gov.in:80/rural/html/glance.htm|archive-date=2 January 2017|work=arunachalpradesh.gov.in|accessdate=16 May 2015}}</ref> [[Orchids]], [[fern]], [[bamboo]], [[Cane (grass)|cane]], [[rhododendrons]], [[oak]], hedychiums, and various medicinal plants form a diverse range of the state's green cover. Among the crops grown here are rice, maize, millet, wheat, pulses, sugarcane, ginger, and oilseeds. Arunachal is also ideal for horticulture and fruit orchards. Its major industries are rice mills, fruit preservation and processing units, and handloom handicrafts Apart from them, the forests of Arunachal are also home to a large number of people belonging to the different tribes. These tribal people, aloof from urbanization, dwell in these forests where the various forest-based products form a part of their livelihood.<gallery>
File:Strobilanthus, Namdapha.jpg|The Strobilanthus flower at the [[Namdapha National Park]]
File:Austen's Brown Hornbill.jpg|Hornbills at the [[Namdapha National Park]]
</gallery>

==Climatic conditions==
Due to the topographical diversity, the climate in Arunachal Pradesh ranges from sub-tropical to temperate depending upon the altitude. The regions in the lower belts of the state experience hot and humid climates, with a maximum temperature in the foothills reaching up to 40 °C (during the summer). The average temperature in this region in winter ranges from 15° to 21 °C while that during the monsoon season remains between 22° and 30 °C.{{Sfn|Mizuno|Tenpa|2015|p=3}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Par Monthly Climate Averages, Arunachal Pradesh, IN|url=https://www.worldweatheronline.com/par-weather/arunachal-pradesh/in.aspx|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-23|website=WorldWeatherOnline.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Arunachal Pradesh|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/search/search.php3?query=Arunachal+Pradesh|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-23|website=Weatherbase}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Climate Arunachal Pradesh: Temperature, climate graph|url=https://en.climate-data.org/asia/india/arunachal-pradesh-783/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-23|website=en.climate-data.org}}</ref>

The areas around the middle belt of Arunachal Pradesh are relatively cooler. The middle belt in Arunachal Pradesh experiences micro thermal climate. Moreover, Arunachal Pradesh possesses an alpine climate in the higher altitudes of the state. The higher regions of Arunachal Pradesh witness snowfall during winter. The snowfall draws large number of tourists to the state from all across the world.

Arunachal Pradesh experiences heavy rainfall during May to September. The average rainfall recorded in Arunachal Pradesh is 300 centimeters, varying between 80 centimeters and 450 centimeters.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}}

== See also ==
* [[Dihang-Dibang Biosphere Reserve]]

==References==
;Notes
{{notelist}}
;References
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* {{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=N.|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=4LZN5ewzQ8AC|title=Geography and Development of Hill Areas: A Case Study of Arunachal Pradesh|last2=Shukla|first2=Surya Pal|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=1992|isbn=9788170993834|via=Google Books}}
*{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Ravi S.|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=lMFaIKNBcwgC|title=Paths of Development in Arunachal Pradesh|publisher=Northern Book Centre|year=2005|isbn=9788172111830}}
*{{Citation|title=India State of Forest Report 2019|url=https://fsi.nic.in/isfr19/vol1/chapter2.pdf|volume=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308032232/https://fsi.nic.in/isfr19/vol1/chapter2.pdf|edition=16|publisher=[[Forest Survey of India]]. Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. Government of India.|isbn=9788194101802|ref={{sfnref|ISFR Vol 1, Forest Survey of India|2019}}|archive-date=8 March 2021}}
*{{Citation|title=India State of Forest Report 2019|volume=2|edition=16|publisher=[[Forest Survey of India]]. Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change. Government of India.|isbn=9788194101802|ref={{sfnref|ISFR Vol 2, Forest Survey of India|2019}}|url=https://fsi.nic.in/isfr-volume-ii?pgID=isfr-volume-ii|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704134335/https://fsi.nic.in/isfr19/vol2/isfr-2019-vol-ii-arunachal-pradesh.pdf|archive-date=4 July 2021|chapter=11.2 Arunachal Pradesh|chapter-url=https://fsi.nic.in/isfr19/vol2/isfr-2019-vol-ii-arunachal-pradesh.pdf}}
*{{Citation|title=National Wetland Atlas: Arunachal Pradesh|url=https://vedas.sac.gov.in/vedas/downloads/atlas/Wetlands/NWIA_ArunachalPradesh_Atlas.pdf|pages=98|postscript=. (This is a PDF Size:59.00MB)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728225903/http://www.moef.nic.in/downloads/public-information/NWIA_ArunachalPradesh_Atlas.pdf|publisher=SAC/RESA/AFEG/NWIA/ATLAS/06/2009, Space Applications Centre (ISRO), Ahmedabad, India|ref={{sfnref|Space Applications Centre, ISRO|2009}}|archive-date=28 July 2013}}
*{{Cite book|last=|url=http://faunaofindia.nic.in/PDFVolumes/sfs/054/index.pdf|title=Fauna of Arunachal Pradesh Part-1|work=State Fauna Series 13|publisher=Published by the Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata|year=2006|isbn=81-8171-086-X|editor-last=Director (Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata)|ref={{sfnref|Zoological Survey of India|2006}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620204459/http://faunaofindia.nic.in/PDFVolumes/sfs/054/index.pdf|archive-date=20 June 2017}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mizuno|first=Kazuharu|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=K_bLCQAAQBAJ|title=Himalayan Nature and Tibetan Buddhist Culture in Arunachal Pradesh, India: A Study of Monpa|last2=Tenpa|first2=Lobsang|publisher=Springer|year=2015|isbn=9784431554929|via=Google Books}}
*{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Achom Darshan|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=w4dqDwAAQBAJ|title=Biodiversity of Fishes in Arunachal Himalaya|last2=Abujam|first2=Santoshkumar|last3=Das|first3=D.N.|publisher=Academic Press, Elsevier|year=2019|isbn=9780128158371}}
*{{Citation|title=Arunachal Pradesh State Action Plan on Climate Change. Consortium: INRM, IIMA, IISc.|date=March 2011|url=http://www.apclimatechange.in/Publication/publish_doc/Arunachal-Pradesh-SAPCC%20-%20AUGUST-2017.pdf|ref={{sfnref|AP State Action Plan|2011}}}}
{{Commons category|Geography of Arunachal Pradesh}}{{Arunachal Pradesh}}
[[Category:Geography of Arunachal Pradesh| ]]

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