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2021-08-30T15:35:01Z

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← Older revision		Revision as of 21:05, 30 August 2021
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	<blockquote>Our analysis of haplotype similarity at the SLC24A5 region [which affects skin pigmentation] between the Gujarati Indians also indicated greater degree of sharing with the southern Europeans than with the south Tamil Indians.</blockquote>		<blockquote>Our analysis of haplotype similarity at the SLC24A5 region [which affects skin pigmentation] between the Gujarati Indians also indicated greater degree of sharing with the southern Europeans than with the south Tamil Indians.</blockquote>
	*A 2013 study by geneticists from California (Pemberton et al., 2013) observes that Gujarati individuals form a distinct cluster from other South Asian groups, while all other South Asian groups cluster together. This is "consistent with a neighbor-joining analysis of the combined Asian Indian and CGP data sets that found 100% bootstrap support for a Gujarati grouping."<ref name="PembertonDeGiorgio2013">{{cite journal \|last1= Pemberton \|first1=Trevor J. \|last2= DeGiorgio \|first2=Michael \|last3= Rosenberg \|first3=Noah A. \|title= Population Structure in a Comprehensive Genomic Data Set on Human Microsatellite Variation \|journal=G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics\|volume=3 \|issue=5 \|year=2013 \|pages= 891–907 \|issn=2160-1836 \|doi= 10.1534/g3.113.005728 \|pmid=23550135 \|pmc=3656735 }}</ref>		*A 2013 study by geneticists from California (Pemberton et al., 2013) observes that Gujarati individuals form a distinct cluster from other South Asian groups, while all other South Asian groups cluster together. This is "consistent with a neighbor-joining analysis of the combined Asian Indian and CGP data sets that found 100% bootstrap support for a Gujarati grouping."<ref name="PembertonDeGiorgio2013">{{cite journal \|last1= Pemberton \|first1=Trevor J. \|last2= DeGiorgio \|first2=Michael \|last3= Rosenberg \|first3=Noah A. \|title= Population Structure in a Comprehensive Genomic Data Set on Human Microsatellite Variation \|journal=G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics\|volume=3 \|issue=5 \|year=2013 \|pages= 891–907 \|issn=2160-1836 \|doi= 10.1534/g3.113.005728 \|pmid=23550135 \|pmc=3656735 }}</ref>
	*A 2012 study by Irish and Portuguese geneticists (Magalhães et al., 2012) identified five large blocks of similarity: 1) Africa, 2) North Africa, Middle East, Europe and Central-South Asia, 3) East Asia, 4) Americas, and 5) Oceania. The biggest of these is the NA, ME, Europe, and CSA block which corresponds to the Indo-European continental group.<ref name="EllegrenMagalhães2012">{{cite journal \|last1=Ellegren \|first1=Hans \|last2= Magalhães \|first2=Tiago R. \|last3=Casey \|first3= Jillian P. \|last4=Conroy \|first4= Judith \|last5=Regan \|first5=Regina \|last6= Fitzpatrick \|first6=Darren J. \|last7=Shah \|first7=Naisha \|last8=Sobral \|first8=João \|last9=Ennis \|first9=Sean \|title=HGDP and HapMap Analysis by Ancestry Mapper Reveals Local and Global Population Relationships \|journal=PLOS ONE \|volume=7 \|issue=11 \|year= 2012 \|pages= e49438 \|issn=1932-6203 \|doi= 10.1371/journal.pone.0049438\|pmid=23189146 \|pmc=3506643 \|bibcode=2012PLoSO...749438M }}</ref>		*A 2012 study by Irish and Portuguese geneticists (Magalhães et al., 2012) identified five large blocks of similarity: 1) Africa, 2) North Africa, Middle East, Europe and Central-South Asia, 3) East Asia, 4) Americas, and 5) Oceania. The biggest of these is the NA, ME, Europe, and CSA block which corresponds to the Indo-European continental group.<ref name="EllegrenMagalhães2012">{{cite journal \|last1=Ellegren \|first1=Hans \|last2= Magalhães \|first2=Tiago R. \|last3=Casey \|first3= Jillian P. \|last4=Conroy \|first4= Judith \|last5=Regan \|first5=Regina \|last6= Fitzpatrick \|first6=Darren J. \|last7=Shah \|first7=Naisha \|last8=Sobral \|first8=João \|last9=Ennis \|first9=Sean \|title=HGDP and HapMap Analysis by Ancestry Mapper Reveals Local and Global Population Relationships \|journal=PLOS ONE \|volume=7 \|issue=11 \|year= 2012 \|pages= e49438 \|issn=1932-6203 \|doi= 10.1371/journal.pone.0049438\|pmid=23189146 \|pmc=3506643 \|bibcode=2012PLoSO...749438M \|doi-access=free }}</ref>
	**Gujaratis were included in the Central South Asia block along with Pakistanis, and the highest AMid (a tool to measure similarity) for Gujaratis is [[Pashtuns\|Pathan]].		**Gujaratis were included in the Central South Asia block along with Pakistanis, and the highest AMid (a tool to measure similarity) for Gujaratis is [[Pashtuns\|Pathan]].
	**The delayed expansion hypothesis was suggested, according to which Gujaratis are descended from an ancestral Eurasian founding population which was isolated long after the Out-of-Africa diaspora before expanding throughout Eurasia.		**The delayed expansion hypothesis was suggested, according to which Gujaratis are descended from an ancestral Eurasian founding population which was isolated long after the Out-of-Africa diaspora before expanding throughout Eurasia.
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	\|}		\|}

	A separate study by geneticists from West Bengal (Basu et al., 2016) estimated the following ancestral proportions for Gujarati Brahmins, and classified them in northwest India:<ref name="BasuSarkar-Roy2016">{{cite journal\|last1=Basu\|first1=Analabha\|last2=Sarkar-Roy\|first2=Neeta\|last3=Majumder\|first3=Partha P.\|title=Genomic reconstruction of the history of extant populations of India reveals five distinct ancestral components and a complex structure\|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/113/6/1594.full.pdf\|volume=113\|issue=6\|year=2016\|pages=1594–1599\|issn=0027-8424\|doi=10.1073/pnas.1513197113\|pmid=26811443\|pmc=4760789\|bibcode=2016PNAS..113.1594B}}</ref>		A separate study by geneticists from West Bengal (Basu et al., 2016) estimated the following ancestral proportions for Gujarati Brahmins, and classified them in northwest India:<ref name="BasuSarkar-Roy2016">{{cite journal\|last1=Basu\|first1=Analabha\|last2=Sarkar-Roy\|first2=Neeta\|last3=Majumder\|first3=Partha P.\|title=Genomic reconstruction of the history of extant populations of India reveals five distinct ancestral components and a complex structure\|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/113/6/1594.full.pdf\|volume=113\|issue=6\|year=2016\|pages=1594–1599\|issn=0027-8424\|doi=10.1073/pnas.1513197113\|pmid=26811443\|pmc=4760789\|bibcode=2016PNAS..113.1594B\|doi-access=free}}</ref>
	{\| class="wikitable"		{\| class="wikitable"
	! Population !! ANI !! ASI !! AAA !! ATB		! Population !! ANI !! ASI !! AAA !! ATB
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	The Y chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) of some Gujarati males has [[haplogroup R1a]], specifically R-L657 (the L657 [[subclade]]). Other has R-Y874 (the Y874 subclade of R1a1a1) which also found in [[Telugu people]]. Other common finding is [[Haplogroup J2 (Y-DNA)\|haplogroup J2b2]] (J-M241). The [[Single-nucleotide polymorphism\|SNP]] mutation referred to as Y951 is also found in Gujarati people as well as Punjabis. The haplogroup C-M356 (C1b, previously called C5a, within which C-P92 is a subclade defined by the P92 mutation) is also found among some Gujarati people.<ref name="Gress 2004"/><ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Rootsi\|first1=Siiri\|last2=Behar\|first2=Doron M.\|last3=Järve\|first3=Mari\|last4=Lin\|first4=Alice A.\|last5=Myres\|first5=Natalie M.\|last6=Passarelli\|first6=Ben\|last7=Poznik\|first7=G. David\|last8=Tzur\|first8=Shay\|last9=Sahakyan\|first9=Hovhannes\|date=2013-12-17\|title=Phylogenetic applications of whole Y-chromosome sequences and the Near Eastern origin of Ashkenazi Levites\|journal=Nature Communications\|language=en\|volume=4\|pages=2928\|doi=10.1038/ncomms3928\|issn=2041-1723\|pmc=3905698\|pmid=24346185\|bibcode=2013NatCo...4.2928R}}</ref>		The Y chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) of some Gujarati males has [[haplogroup R1a]], specifically R-L657 (the L657 [[subclade]]). Other has R-Y874 (the Y874 subclade of R1a1a1) which also found in [[Telugu people]]. Other common finding is [[Haplogroup J2 (Y-DNA)\|haplogroup J2b2]] (J-M241). The [[Single-nucleotide polymorphism\|SNP]] mutation referred to as Y951 is also found in Gujarati people as well as Punjabis. The haplogroup C-M356 (C1b, previously called C5a, within which C-P92 is a subclade defined by the P92 mutation) is also found among some Gujarati people.<ref name="Gress 2004"/><ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Rootsi\|first1=Siiri\|last2=Behar\|first2=Doron M.\|last3=Järve\|first3=Mari\|last4=Lin\|first4=Alice A.\|last5=Myres\|first5=Natalie M.\|last6=Passarelli\|first6=Ben\|last7=Poznik\|first7=G. David\|last8=Tzur\|first8=Shay\|last9=Sahakyan\|first9=Hovhannes\|date=2013-12-17\|title=Phylogenetic applications of whole Y-chromosome sequences and the Near Eastern origin of Ashkenazi Levites\|journal=Nature Communications\|language=en\|volume=4\|pages=2928\|doi=10.1038/ncomms3928\|issn=2041-1723\|pmc=3905698\|pmid=24346185\|bibcode=2013NatCo...4.2928R}}</ref>

	A set of 48 bi-allelic markers on the non-recombining region of Y chromosome (NRY) were analysed in 284 males; representing nine Indo-European speaking tribal populations of [[South Gujarat]]. The genetic structure of the populations revealed that none of these groups was overtly admixed or completely isolated. However, elevated haplogroup diversity and F<sub>ST</sub> value point towards greater diversity and differentiation which suggests the possibility of early demographic expansion of the study groups. The phylogenetic analysis revealed 13 paternal lineages, of which six haplogroups: C5, H1a, H2, J2, R1a1 and R2 accounted for a major portion of the Y chromosome diversity. The higher frequency of the six haplogroups and the pattern of clustering in the populations indicated overlapping of haplogroups with West and Central Asian populations. Other analyses undertaken on the population affiliations revealed that the Indo-European speaking populations along with the Dravidian speaking groups of southern India have an influence on the tribal groups of Gujarat. The vital role of geography in determining the distribution of Y lineages was also noticed. This implies that although language plays a vital role in determining the distribution of Y lineages, the present day linguistic affiliation of any population in India for reconstructing the demographic history of the country should be considered with caution.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Khurana\|first1=Priyanka\|last2=Aggarwal\|first2=Aastha\|last3=Mitra\|first3=Siuli\|last4=Italia\|first4=Yazdi M.\|last5=Saraswathy\|first5=Kallur N.\|last6=Chandrasekar\|first6=Adimoolam\|last7=Kshatriya\|first7=Gautam K.\|date=2014-03-10\|title=Y Chromosome Haplogroup Distribution in Indo-European Speaking Tribes of Gujarat, Western India\|journal=PLOS ONE\|volume=9\|issue=3\|pages=e90414\|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0090414\|issn=1932-6203\|pmc=3948632\|pmid=24614885\|bibcode=2014PLoSO...990414K}}</ref>		A set of 48 bi-allelic markers on the non-recombining region of Y chromosome (NRY) were analysed in 284 males; representing nine Indo-European speaking tribal populations of [[South Gujarat]]. The genetic structure of the populations revealed that none of these groups was overtly admixed or completely isolated. However, elevated haplogroup diversity and F<sub>ST</sub> value point towards greater diversity and differentiation which suggests the possibility of early demographic expansion of the study groups. The phylogenetic analysis revealed 13 paternal lineages, of which six haplogroups: C5, H1a, H2, J2, R1a1 and R2 accounted for a major portion of the Y chromosome diversity. The higher frequency of the six haplogroups and the pattern of clustering in the populations indicated overlapping of haplogroups with West and Central Asian populations. Other analyses undertaken on the population affiliations revealed that the Indo-European speaking populations along with the Dravidian speaking groups of southern India have an influence on the tribal groups of Gujarat. The vital role of geography in determining the distribution of Y lineages was also noticed. This implies that although language plays a vital role in determining the distribution of Y lineages, the present day linguistic affiliation of any population in India for reconstructing the demographic history of the country should be considered with caution.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Khurana\|first1=Priyanka\|last2=Aggarwal\|first2=Aastha\|last3=Mitra\|first3=Siuli\|last4=Italia\|first4=Yazdi M.\|last5=Saraswathy\|first5=Kallur N.\|last6=Chandrasekar\|first6=Adimoolam\|last7=Kshatriya\|first7=Gautam K.\|date=2014-03-10\|title=Y Chromosome Haplogroup Distribution in Indo-European Speaking Tribes of Gujarat, Western India\|journal=PLOS ONE\|volume=9\|issue=3\|pages=e90414\|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0090414\|issn=1932-6203\|pmc=3948632\|pmid=24614885\|bibcode=2014PLoSO...990414K\|doi-access=free}}</ref>

	===R1a origins in Gujarat===		===R1a origins in Gujarat===
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	[[Category:Genetic genealogy]]		[[Category:Genetic genealogy]]
	[[Category:Gujarati people]]		[[Category:Gujarati people]]
			[[Category:Genetics by ethnicity\|Gujarati]]
	[[Category:Human population genetics]]		[[Category:Human population genetics]]
	[[Category:History of Gujarat]]		[[Category:History of Gujarat]]

2A00:EE2:4B04:E100:48B7:276C:1A4B:436F: /* Sub-haplogroup U */

2021-06-13T16:34:07Z

Sub-haplogroup U

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Genetic studies on Gujarati people - Revision history

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2A00:EE2:4B04:E100:48B7:276C:1A4B:436F: /* Sub-haplogroup U */