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{{short description|Facility that preserves genetic material}}
{{about|preservation of genetic material|gene banks in Molecular Biology, a collection of DNA from one organism |Genomic library|Duke University star and former NBA basketball player|Gene Banks}}

{{lead rewrite|date=January 2018}}
[[File:ICRISAT active genebank.jpg|thumb|The active gene bank of the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics in Patancheru, India.]]
'''Gene banks''' are a type of [[biorepository]] that preserves [[genetic material]]. For [[plants]], this is done by ''in vitro'' storage, freezing cuttings from the plant, or stocking the [[seed]]s (e.g. in a [[seedbank]]). For [[animal]]s, this is done by the freezing of [[sperm]] and [[ovum|egg]]s in [[Frozen zoo|zoological freezer]]s until further need. With corals, fragments are taken and stored in water tanks under controlled conditions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cdnn.info/eco/e031117/e031117.html|title=青汁と口臭とサプリメントと運動|website=www.cdnn.info|access-date=2017-03-01}}</ref> Genetic material in a 'gene bank' is preserved in a variety of ways, such as freezing at -196 °C in liquid nitrogen, being placed in artificial ecosystems, or put in controlled nutrient media.

In plants, it is possible to thaw the material and propagate it. However, in animals, a living female is required for [[artificial insemination]]. While it is often difficult to use frozen animal sperm and eggs, there are many examples of it being done successfully.

In an effort to conserve [[agricultural biodiversity]], gene banks are used to store and conserve the [[plant genetic resources]] of major crop plants and their [[crop wild relatives]]. There are many gene banks all over the world, with the [[Svalbard Global Seed Vault]] being considered the most famous one.<ref>On practical and theoretical differences between a storage and a gene bank, see [[Nicole C. Karafyllis]] (ed.): ''Theorien der Lebendsammlung. Pflanzen, Mikroben und Tiere als Biofakte in Genbanken'' (in German), Freiburg: Karl Alber 2018 (''Lebenswissenschaften im Dialog'' Vol. 25) {{ISBN|978-3-495-48975-8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Liu |first=Rita |date=2022-04-15 |title=Seed banks: the last line of defense against a threatening global food crisis |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/apr/15/seed-banks-the-last-line-of-defense-against-a-threatening-global-food-crisis |access-date=2023-03-02 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

The database of the largest gene banks in the world can be queried via a common website, [[Genesys (website)|Genesys]]. A number of global gene banks are coordinated by the [[CGIAR]] [https://www.genebanks.org/genebanks/ Genebank Platform]

== Types of gene bank ==
{{Cleanup rewrite|2=section|date=January 2016}}

=== Seed bank ===
A [[seed bank]] preserves dried seeds by storing them at a very low temperature. Spores and pteridophytes are conserved in seed banks, but other seedless plants, such as tuber crops, cannot be preserved this way.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} The largest seed bank in the world is the [[Millennium Seed Bank Project|Millennium Seed Bank]] housed at the [[Wellcome Trust]] Millennium Building (WTMB), located in the grounds of [[Wakehurst Place]] in [[West Sussex]], near [[London]].{{doubtful|date=June 2023}}{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

[[File:Beans in hand, gene bank.jpg|thumb|Beans stored at a seed vault]]

===''In vitro'' bank===
In this technique, buds, protocorm and meristematic cells are preserved through particular light and temperature arrangements in a nutrient medium, which is either a gel or in liquid form. This technique is used to preserve seedless plants and plants that reproduce asexually or that require preservation as clones such as commercial cultivars.<ref>{{Cite web|title=In vitro bank|url=https://cropgenebank.sgrp.cgiar.org/index.php/procedures-mainmenu-243/conservation-mainmenu-198/in-vitro-bank-mainmenu-200|access-date=2021-04-20|website=cropgenebank.sgrp.cgiar.org}}</ref>

===Cryobank===
In this technique, a seed or embryo is preserved at very low temperatures. It is usually preserved in liquid nitrogen at -196 °C. This is helpful for the conservation of species facing extinction.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cryo bank|url=http://cropgenebank.sgrp.cgiar.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=96&Itemid=201|work=CGIAR Genetic Resources Systems: Phase 2|publisher=Collective Action for the Rehabilitation of Global Public Goods|access-date=23 January 2012}}</ref> Cryobanks are utilized for the [[cryoconservation of animal genetic resources]]<ref>''Cryoconservation of Animal Genetic Resources.' 'Rep. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2012. FAO Animal Production and Health Guidelines No. 12. Print.</ref>

[[File:Cryopreservation USDA Gene Bank.jpg|thumb|USDA cryopreservation gene bank]]

==== Storage of pollen ====
This is a method in which pollen grains are stored. Using this technique, plants with one set of chromosomes can be made. The pollen is stored in liquid nitrogen. This method is useful for crossbreeding.

=== Field gene bank ===
This is a method of sowing plants for the conservation of genes. For this purpose, an ecosystem is created artificially. Through this method, one can compare the differences among plants of different species and can study them in detail. It needs more land, adequate soil, weather, etc. Germplasm of important crops are conserved through this method. 42,000 varieties of rice are conserved in the Central Rice Research Institute in Orissa.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

[[File:Field gene bank of Garcinia mangostana.JPG|thumb|Field gene bank in Malaysia]]

== See also ==
* [[Sperm bank]]
* [[Ova bank]]
* [[Biobank]]
* [[Biological database]]
* [[Germplasm]]
* [[Seedbank|Seed bank]]
* [[Plant genetic resources]]
* [[Multi-Crop Passport Descriptor|Multi-Crop Passport Descriptor (MCPD)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite book
|author = Ellis, R.H., T.D. Hong and E.H. Roberts
|year = 1985
|title = Handbook of Seed Technology for Genebanks Vol. II: Compendium of Specific Germination Information and Test Recommendations
|publisher = IBPGR (now Bioversity International). Rome, Italy
|url = http://www.bioversityinternational.org/publications/Web%5Fversion/52/
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211023031/http://www.bioversityinternational.org/publications/Web_version/52/
|archive-date = 11 December 2008
|df = dmy-all
}}
* {{cite book |author= |year=2003 |editor-last=Engels |editor-first=Jan |title=A Guide to Effective Management of Germplasm Collections |publisher=CABI, IFPRI, IPGRI, SGRP |url=http://www.bioversityinternational.org/Publications/pubfile.asp?ID_PUB=899 |url-status=dead |editor-last2=Visser |editor-first2=Bert |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070525135543/http://www.bioversityinternational.org/publications/pubfile.asp?ID_PUB=899 |archive-date=25 May 2007 |df=dmy-all}} 174 p.
* {{cite book
|author = Kameswara, N., J. Hanson, M. E. Dulloo, K. Ghosh, A. Nowell and M. Larinde.
|year = 2006
|title = Manual of Seed Handling in Genebanks
|publisher = Bioversity International, CTA (Technical Center for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation), FAO, ILRI
|url = http://www.bioversityinternational.org/Publications/pubfile.asp?ID_PUB=1167
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080121190945/http://www.bioversityinternational.org/Publications/pubfile.asp?ID_PUB=1167
|archive-date = 21 January 2008
|df = dmy-all
}} 147 p.
* {{cite book
|author = Koo, B., Pardey, P. G., Wright, B. D.
|year = 2004
|title = Saving Seeds
|publisher = CABI, IFPRI, IPGRI, SGRP
|url = http://www.bioversityinternational.org/Publications/1013/default.asp
|display-authors = etal
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211022959/http://www.bioversityinternational.org/Publications/1013/default.asp
|archive-date = 11 December 2008
|df = dmy-all
}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140901011906/http://aegis.cgiar.org/ AEGIS A European Genebank Integrated System]
* [http://cropgenebank.sgrp.cgiar.org/ The Crop Genebank Knowledge Base]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071225164324/http://www.bioversityinternational.org/Themes/Genebanks/index.asp Genebanks]
* [https://www.genesys-pgr.org/ Genesys]
* [http://dad.fao.org/ DAD-IS: Domestic Animal Diversity Information System]
{{Natural resources}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}

[[Category:Gene banks| ]]

Gene bank - Revision history

SheldonCruce: improved citations per sources

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article