Ganachakra - Revision history

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	[[File:Tantric Feast LACMA M.77.63.1.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.2\|Ganachakra, Nurpur, Himachal Pradesh, India, {{circa\|1790}}]]		[[File:Tantric Feast LACMA M.77.63.1.jpg\|thumb\|upright=1.2\|Ganachakra, Nurpur, Himachal Pradesh, India, {{circa\|1790}}]]
	{{Hinduism}}		{{Hinduism}}
	A '''ganacakra''' ({{~~lang-~~sa\|गणचक्र}} ''{{IAST\|gaṇacakra}}'' "gathering circle"; {{bo\|t=ཚོགས་ཀྱི་འཁོར་ལོ།\|w=tshogs kyi 'khor lo}}) is also known as '''tsok''', '''ganapuja''', '''cakrapuja''' or '''ganacakrapuja'''. It is a generic term for various [[Tantra\|tantric]] assemblies or feasts, in which practitioners meet to chant [[mantra]], enact [[mudra]], make [[votive offering]]s and practice various tantric [[ritual]]s as part of a ''[[sādhanā]]'', or spiritual practice. The ganachakra often comprises a [[sacrament]]al meal and festivities such as dancing, [[spirit possession]], and [[trance]]; the feast generally consisting of materials that were considered forbidden or [[taboo]] in medieval India like meat, fish, and wine. As a tantric practice, forms of gaṇacakra are practiced today in [[Hinduism]], [[Bon\|Bön]] and [[Vajrayana\|Vajrayāna Buddhism]].		A '''ganacakra''' ({{langx\|sa\|गणचक्र}} ''{{IAST\|gaṇacakra}}'' "gathering circle"; {{bo\|t=ཚོགས་ཀྱི་འཁོར་ལོ།\|w=tshogs kyi 'khor lo}}) is also known as '''tsok''', '''ganapuja''', '''cakrapuja''' or '''ganacakrapuja'''. It is a generic term for various [[Tantra\|tantric]] assemblies or feasts, in which practitioners meet to chant [[mantra]], enact [[mudra]], make [[votive offering]]s and practice various tantric [[ritual]]s as part of a ''[[sādhanā]]'', or spiritual practice. The ganachakra often comprises a [[sacrament]]al meal and festivities such as dancing, [[spirit possession]], and [[trance]]; the feast generally consisting of materials that were considered forbidden or [[taboo]] in medieval India like meat, fish, and wine. As a tantric practice, forms of gaṇacakra are practiced today in [[Hinduism]], [[Bon\|Bön]] and [[Vajrayana\|Vajrayāna Buddhism]].

	Professor Miranda Shaw ~~summarises~~ the experience of a ''gaṇacakra'':		== Ritual ==
			Professor [[Miranda E. Shaw\|Miranda Shaw]] summarisesd the experience of a ''gaṇacakra'':

	{{quote\|The feast is an [[~~Esotericism~~\|esoteric]] ritual that unfolds in many stages. The sacred space for the ceremony is demarcated by geometric designs drawn on the ground with powdered pigments, and an elaborate array of offerings and foods are laid out. The participants don special insignia like bone ornaments and crowns and use musical instruments of archaic design... for inducing heightened awareness. Practitioners sit in a circle and partake of sacramental (dry) meat and wine (often liquor) served in [[kapala\|skull-cups]]. The feasts also provide an occasion for the exchange of ritual lore, the ritual worship of women (''sripuja''), and the performance of sexual yogas. The feast culminates in the performance of tantric dances and music that must never be disclosed to outsiders. The revelers may also improvise "[[songs of realization]]" (''caryagiti'') to express their heightened clarity and blissful raptures in spontaneous verse.{{sfnp\|Shaw\|1995\|p=81}} }}		{{quote\|The feast is an [[Eastern esotericism\|esoteric]] ritual that unfolds in many stages. The sacred space for the ceremony is demarcated by geometric designs drawn on the ground with powdered pigments, and an elaborate array of offerings and foods are laid out. The participants don special insignia like bone ornaments and crowns and use musical instruments of archaic design... for inducing heightened awareness. Practitioners sit in a circle and partake of sacramental (dry) meat and wine (often liquor) served in [[kapala\|skull-cups]]. The feasts also provide an occasion for the exchange of ritual lore, the ritual worship of women (''sripuja''), and the performance of sexual yogas. The feast culminates in the performance of tantric dances and music that must never be disclosed to outsiders. The revelers may also improvise "[[songs of realization]]" (''caryagiti'') to express their heightened clarity and blissful raptures in spontaneous verse.{{sfnp\|Shaw\|1995\|p=81}} }}

	Samuel ~~holds~~ that:		Professor Geoffrey Samuel held that:

	{{quote\|[S]erious Tantric practice is generally seen as appropriate for a small minority only. The ancient Indian ''{{IAST\|gaṇacakra}}'', the circle ritual...discussed earlier, is far in the past. In Tibetan practice it has long been replaced by the ''{{IAST\|gaṇapuja}}'' (Tibetan: ''tshogs''), a considerably tamer affair, still involving a sacramental meal but normally performed indoors and without possession or dancing.{{sfnp\|Samuel\|1998\|p=126}} }}		{{quote\|[S]erious Tantric practice is generally seen as appropriate for a small minority only. The ancient Indian ''{{IAST\|gaṇacakra}}'', the circle ritual...discussed earlier, is far in the past. In Tibetan practice it has long been replaced by the ''{{IAST\|gaṇapuja}}'' (Tibetan: ''tshogs''), a considerably tamer affair, still involving a sacramental meal but normally performed indoors and without possession or dancing.{{sfnp\|Samuel\|1998\|p=126}} }}

	==Origins==		==Origins==
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	The ''ganachakra'', or 'tantric feast', can be seen as a [[mandala]] of sacred space. Pettit emphasises the importance of the gathered "group" (''gana'') or [[Sangha (Buddhism)\|sangha]] to Vajrayana sādhanā and the creation of sacred space such as the ganachakra:		The ''ganachakra'', or 'tantric feast', can be seen as a [[mandala]] of sacred space. Pettit emphasises the importance of the gathered "group" (''gana'') or [[Sangha (Buddhism)\|sangha]] to Vajrayana sādhanā and the creation of sacred space such as the ganachakra:

	{{quote\|The power of sacred bonding in a temporary or virtual sacred space is an intrinsic, if normally invisible, component of a [[Vajrayana]] community experience. The community is that experience, and ceases to exist without it. To dwell in that sacredness requires not only that one perceive it, but to maintain that perception requires discipline, faith and a profound sense of love and respect for members of the [[mandala]] - that is, all living beings.{{sfnp\|Pettit\|2002}} }}		{{quote\|The power of sacred bonding in a temporary or virtual sacred space is an intrinsic, if normally invisible, component of a [[Vajrayana]] community experience. The community is that experience, and ceases to exist without it. To dwell in that sacredness requires not only that one perceive it, but to maintain that perception requires discipline, faith and a profound sense of love and respect for members of the [[mandala]] – that is, all living beings.{{sfnp\|Pettit\|2002}} }}

	Pettit links the importance of the group or ''gana'' to the manifestation of the ganachakra and the sacred space or the [[mandala]] (in this sense cognate with [[chakra]]) with the liturgical tools of mantra, [[Mental image\|visualisation]] and [[yantra\|sacred architecture]]:		Pettit links the importance of the group or ''gana'' to the manifestation of the ganachakra and the sacred space or the [[mandala]] (in this sense cognate with [[chakra]]) with the liturgical tools of mantra, [[Mental image\|visualisation]] and [[yantra\|sacred architecture]]:

	{{quote\|The potential for sacred space to manifest spontaneously is nowhere higher than in Vajrayana Buddhist practice, which employs the use of mantra and visualization to create an experience of sacredness. Through liturgical performances, or amidst the activities of everyday life, a yogi is to experience, imaginately imaginatively or better yet spontaneously, the presence of divinity - Buddhahood embodied - in his or her own person, companions and environment. These constitute a mandala or sacred architecture which expresses the omnipresence of enlightenment, that is the ground of both "secular" and "sacred" experiences and activities that are never perceived apart from its all-encompassing confines. The invocation of divine presence of mandala is especially effective when undertaken by several people in a ritual context, and it is incumbent for practitioners to do so periodically with a feast-offering known as tsok or, in Sanskrit, ganapuja.{{sfnp\|Pettit\|2002}} }}		{{quote\|The potential for sacred space to manifest spontaneously is nowhere higher than in Vajrayana Buddhist practice, which employs the use of mantra and visualization to create an experience of sacredness. Through liturgical performances, or amidst the activities of everyday life, a yogi is to experience, imaginately imaginatively or better yet spontaneously, the presence of divinity – Buddhahood embodied – in his or her own person, companions and environment. These constitute a mandala or sacred architecture which expresses the omnipresence of enlightenment, that is the ground of both "secular" and "sacred" experiences and activities that are never perceived apart from its all-encompassing confines. The invocation of divine presence of mandala is especially effective when undertaken by several people in a ritual context, and it is incumbent for practitioners to do so periodically with a feast-offering known as tsok or, in Sanskrit, ganapuja.{{sfnp\|Pettit\|2002}} }}

	Pettit states that sacred space is created spontaneously wherever the [[Three Jewels]] (cognate with the [[gankyil]]) is manifest and that this sacred architecture or mandala is not dependent upon the [[built environment]] of monolithic cultures:		Pettit states that sacred space is created spontaneously wherever the [[Three Jewels]] (cognate with the [[gankyil]]) is manifest and that this sacred architecture or mandala is not dependent upon the [[built environment]] of monolithic cultures:

	{{quote\|Sacred Space is created spontaneously wherever the Three Jewels - the Buddha or teacher, the Dharma teaching or its texts, and the Sangha community of practitioners - are found. A place that elicits reverence should be sacred, and wherever the Jewels are found, the pieties of lay and ordained Buddhists are bound to be expressed.{{sfnp\|Pettit\|2002}} }}		{{quote\|Sacred Space is created spontaneously wherever the Three Jewels – the Buddha or teacher, the Dharma teaching or its texts, and the Sangha community of practitioners – are found. A place that elicits reverence should be sacred, and wherever the Jewels are found, the pieties of lay and ordained Buddhists are bound to be expressed.{{sfnp\|Pettit\|2002}} }}

	==In Hindu tantra==		==In Hindu tantra==
			{{main\|Panchamakara}}

	{{~~expand section~~\|date=~~August~~ 2021}}		In Hindu tantra, a ganachakra typically consists of five elements known as [[panchamakara]] or the "five Ms". These are {{IAST\|madya}} ([[Alcoholic drink\|alcohol]]), {{IAST\|māṃsa}} ([[meat]]), {{IAST\|matsya}} ([[Fish as food\|fish]]), {{IAST\|mudrā}} (grain), and ''{{IAST\|maithuna}}'' ([[sexual intercourse]]). [[Taboo]]-breaking elements are only practiced literally by "left-hand path" tantrics (''[[vamachara\|vāmācārin]]s'') such as the [[Aghori]] monastic order, whereas "right-hand path" tantrics (''[[dakṣiṇācāra\|dakṣiṇācārin]]s'') oppose these.{{sfn\|Rawson\|1978\|p={{pn\|date=January 2021}}}}

	In ~~Hindu tantra~~, ~~a ganachakra typically consists~~ of ~~five elements known as [[panchamakara]] or~~ the ~~"five~~ Ms~~": madya ([[wine]])~~, ~~mamsa ([[meat]])~~, ~~matsya ([[fish]])~~, ~~[[mudra]] (rice or grain)~~, and ~~[[maithuna]] (sex)~~.~~{{cn\|date=August 2021}}~~		In the Vamachara tradition, adherents engage in literal consumption and use of the Five Ms, along with other ritual elements such as incense, music, and costumes. This approach represents a more overt embrace of these elements to attain spiritual transformation. In contrast, Dakṣiṇācāra practitioners interpret the Five Ms symbolically and metaphorically, emphasizing their spiritual significance and using them as symbols for meditation and inner transformation. This interpretation encourages practitioners to transcend their worldly desires gradually and embrace subtle Tantric practices.

	==In Buddhist tantra==		==In Buddhist tantra==
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	{{reflist\|25em}}		{{reflist\|25em}}

	==~~Bibliography~~==		===Works cited===
	{{refbegin}}		{{refbegin}}
	* {{cite book \|author-link=Arthur Avalon \|last=Avalon \|first=Arthur (Sir John Woodroffe) \|year=1918 \|title=Shakti and Shâkta \|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/tantra/sas/index.htm \|access-date=July 9, 2007}}
	* {{cite web \|last=Pettit \|first=John W. \|year=2002 \|title=Tibetan Buddhism in Diaspora: Individuals, Communities and Sacred Space \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517125039/http://www.damtsig.org/articles/diaspora.html \|archive-date=2008-05-17 \|url=http://www.damtsig.org/articles/diaspora.html \|access-date=July 9, 2007}}		* {{cite web \|last=Pettit \|first=John W. \|year=2002 \|title=Tibetan Buddhism in Diaspora: Individuals, Communities and Sacred Space \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517125039/http://www.damtsig.org/articles/diaspora.html \|archive-date=2008-05-17 \|url=http://www.damtsig.org/articles/diaspora.html \|access-date=July 9, 2007}}
			* {{cite book \|last=Rawson \|first=Philip \|year=1978 \|title=The Art of Tantra \|publisher=Thames & Hudson \|isbn=978-0500201664}}
	* {{cite book \|last=Samuel \|first=Geoffrey \|year=1998 \|chapter=Paganism and Tibetan Buddhism: Contemporary Western Religions and the Question of Nature \|editor-last=Pearson \|editor-first=Joanne \|display-editors=et al \|title=Nature Religion Today: Paganism in the Modern World \|isbn=0-7486-1057-X}}		* {{cite book \|last=Samuel \|first=Geoffrey \|year=1998 \|chapter=Paganism and Tibetan Buddhism: Contemporary Western Religions and the Question of Nature \|editor-last=Pearson \|editor-first=Joanne \|display-editors=et al \|title=Nature Religion Today: Paganism in the Modern World \|isbn=0-7486-1057-X}}
	* {{cite book \|last=Shaw \|first=Miranda \|title=Passionate Enlightenment: Women in Tantric Buddhism \|publisher=Princeton University Press \|year=1995 \|isbn=0-691-01090-0 \|url=https://archive.org/details/passionateenligh00shaw/}}		* {{cite book \|last=Shaw \|first=Miranda \|title=Passionate Enlightenment: Women in Tantric Buddhism \|publisher=Princeton University Press \|year=1995 \|isbn=0-691-01090-0 \|url=https://archive.org/details/passionateenligh00shaw/}}
	* {{cite book \|last=Snellgrove \|first=David \|year=1987a \|title=Indo-Tibetan Buddhism: Indian Buddhists & Their Tibetan Successors \|volume=1 \|location=Boston, Massachusetts \|publisher=Shambhala Publications, Inc. \|ISBN=0-87773-311-2}}		* {{cite book \|last=Snellgrove \|first=David \|year=1987a \|title=Indo-Tibetan Buddhism: Indian Buddhists & Their Tibetan Successors \|volume=1 \|location=Boston, Massachusetts \|publisher=Shambhala Publications, Inc. \|ISBN=0-87773-311-2}}
	* {{cite book \|last=Snellgrove \|first=David \|year=1987b \|title=Indo-Tibetan Buddhism: Indian Buddhists & Their Tibetan Successors \|volume=2 \|location=Boston, Massachusetts \|publisher=Shambhala Publications, Inc. \|ISBN=0-87773-379-1}}
	* {{cite book \|first=Je \|last=Tsongkhapa \|translator=Gareth Sparham \|title=Tantric Ethics: An Explanation of the Precepts for Buddhist Vajrayana Practice \|publisher=Wisdom Publications \|year=2016 \|isbn=978-0861717804}}
	* {{cite web \|author=Vajranatha \|year=2007 \|title=The Mahasiddha Tradition in Tibet \|website=Vajranatha.com\|url=http://www.vajranatha.com/teaching/MahasiddhaTradition.htm \|access-date=July 9, 2007 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219123748/http://www.vajranatha.com/teaching/MahasiddhaTradition.htm \|archive-date=2019-12-19}}		* {{cite web \|author=Vajranatha \|year=2007 \|title=The Mahasiddha Tradition in Tibet \|website=Vajranatha.com\|url=http://www.vajranatha.com/teaching/MahasiddhaTradition.htm \|access-date=July 9, 2007 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219123748/http://www.vajranatha.com/teaching/MahasiddhaTradition.htm \|archive-date=2019-12-19}}
	* {{cite web\|last=Woodroffe\|first=Sir John\|year=1918\|title=Chapter Twenty-Seven:The Pañcatattva (The Secret Ritual)\|work=Shakti and Shâkta\|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/tantra/sas/sas27.htm\|access-date=2008-07-20}}		* {{cite web\|last=Woodroffe\|first=Sir John\|year=1918\|title=Chapter Twenty-Seven:The Pañcatattva (The Secret Ritual)\|work=Shakti and Shâkta\|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/tantra/sas/sas27.htm\|access-date=2008-07-20}}
			{{refend}}

			==Further reading==
			{{refbegin}}
			* {{cite book \|author-link=Arthur Avalon \|last=Avalon \|first=Arthur (Sir John Woodroffe) \|year=1918 \|title=Shakti and Shâkta \|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/tantra/sas/index.htm \|access-date=July 9, 2007 \|ref=none}}
			* {{cite book \|last=Snellgrove \|first=David \|year=1987b \|title=Indo-Tibetan Buddhism: Indian Buddhists & Their Tibetan Successors \|volume=2 \|location=Boston, Massachusetts \|publisher=Shambhala Publications \|ISBN=0-87773-379-1 \|ref=none}}
			* {{cite book \|first=Je \|last=Tsongkhapa \|translator=Gareth Sparham \|title=Tantric Ethics: An Explanation of the Precepts for Buddhist Vajrayana Practice \|publisher=Wisdom Publications \|year=2016 \|isbn=978-0861717804 \|ref=none}}
	{{refend}}		{{refend}}

	[[Category:Tantric practices]]		[[Category:Tantric practices]]
	[[Category:Vajrayana]]		[[Category:Vajrayana]]

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>Scyrme at 20:47, 27 June 2021

2021-06-27T20:47:46Z

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{{short description|Tantric assemblies or feasts}}
[[File:Tantric Feast LACMA M.77.63.1.jpg|thumb|Tantric Feast, India, Himachal Pradesh, Nurpur, circa 1790]]
{{Hinduism}}
A '''ganacakra''' ([[Sanskrit]]: {{IAST|गणचक्र}} ''gaṇacakra'' "gathering circle"; {{bo|t=ཚོགས་ཀྱི་འཁོར་ལོ།|w=tshogs kyi 'khor lo}}) is also known as '''tsog''', '''ganapuja''', '''cakrapuja''' or '''ganacakrapuja'''. It is a generic term for various [[Tantra|tantric]] assemblies or feasts, in which practitioners meet to chant [[mantra]], enact [[mudra]], make [[votive offering]]s and practice various tantric [[ritual]]s as part of a ''[[sādhanā]]'', or spiritual practice. The ganachakra often comprises a [[sacrament]]al meal and festivities such as dancing, [[spirit possession]], and [[trance]]; the feast generally consisting of materials that were considered forbidden or [[taboo]] in medieval India like meat, fish, and wine, usually consumed by lower castes and tribes where the tantric movement arose. As a tantric practice, forms of gaṇacakra are practiced today in [[Hinduism]], [[Bon|Bön]] and [[Vajrayana|Vajrayāna Buddhism]].

Professor Miranda Shaw summarises the experience of a ''gaṇacakra'':

{{quote|The feast is an [[Esotericism|esoteric]] ritual that unfolds in many stages. The sacred space for the ceremony is demarcated by geometric designs drawn on the ground with powdered pigments, and an elaborate array of offerings and foods are laid out. The participants don special insignia like bone ornaments and crowns and use musical instruments of archaic design... for inducing heightened awareness. Practitioners sit in a circle and partake of sacramental (dry) meat and wine (often liquor) served in [[kapala|skull-cups]]. The feasts also provide an occasion for the exchange of ritual lore, the ritual worship of women (''sripuja''), and the performance of sexual yogas. The feast culminates in the performance of tantric dances and music that must never be disclosed to outsiders. The revelers may also improvise "[[songs of realization]]" (''caryagiti'') to express their heightened clarity and blissful raptures in spontaneous verse.{{sfnp|Shaw|1995|p=81}} }}

Samuel holds that:

{{quote|[S]erious Tantric practice is generally seen as appropriate for a small minority only. The ancient Indian ''{{IAST|gaṇacakra}}'', the circle ritual...discussed earlier, is far in the past. In Tibetan practice it has long been replaced by the ''{{IAST|gaṇapuja}}'' (Tibetan: ''tshogs''), a considerably tamer affair, still involving a sacramental meal but normally performed indoors and without possession or dancing.{{sfnp|Samuel|1998|p=126}} }}

==Origins==
[[John Woodroffe]] (writing as Arthur Avalon, 1918) affirms that the [[panchamrita]] of Tantra, Hindu and Buddhist traditions are directly related to the [[Mahābhūta]] or Five Elements and that the [[panchamakara]] is actually a vulgar term for the ''pañcatattva'':

{{quote|Worship with the Pañcatattva generally takes place in a Cakra or circle composed of men and women, [[Sadhaka]]s and Sadhikas, [[Bhairava]]s and Bhairavis sitting in a circle, the Shakti being on the Sadhaka's left. Hence it is called Cakrapuja. A Lord of the Cakra (Cakreshvara) presides sitting with his Shakti in the center. During the Cakra, there is no distinction of caste, but [[Pāśa|Pashus]] of any caste are excluded. There are various kinds of Cakra—productive, it is said, of differing fruits for the participator therein. As amongst Tantrik Sadhakas we come across the high, the low, and mere pretenders, so the Cakras vary in their characteristics from say the Tattva-cakra for the Brahma-kaulas, and the Bhairavi-cakra (as described in Mahanirvana, VII. 153) in which, in lieu of wine, the householder takes milk, sugar and honey (Madhura-traya), and in lieu of sexual union does meditation upon the Lotus Feet of the Divine Mother with Mantra, to Cakras the ritual of which will not be approved such as Cudacakra, Anandabhuvana-yoga and others referred to later.{{sfnp|Woodroffe|1918}} }}

==Sacred space==
The ''ganachakra'', or 'tantric feast', can be seen as a [[mandala]] of sacred space. Pettit emphasises the importance of the gathered "group" (''gana'') or [[Sangha (Buddhism)|sangha]] to Vajrayana sādhanā and the creation of sacred space such as the ganachakra:

{{quote|The power of sacred bonding in a temporary or virtual sacred space is an intrinsic, if normally invisible, component of a [[Vajrayana]] community experience. The community is that experience, and ceases to exist without it. To dwell in that sacredness requires not only that one perceive it, but to maintain that perception requires discipline, faith and a profound sense of love and respect for members of the [[mandala]] - that is, all living beings.{{sfnp|Pettit|2002}} }}

Pettit links the importance of the group or ''gana'' to the manifestation of the ganachakra and the sacred space or the [[mandala]] (in this sense cognate with [[chakra]]) with the liturgical tools of mantra, [[Mental image|visualisation]] and [[yantra|sacred architecture]]:

{{quote|The potential for sacred space to manifest spontaneously is nowhere higher than in Vajrayana Buddhist practice, which employs the use of mantra and visualization to create an experience of sacredness. Through liturgical performances, or amidst the activities of everyday life, a yogi is to experience, imaginately imaginatively or better yet spontaneously, the presence of divinity - Buddhahood embodied - in his or her own person, companions and environment. These constitute a mandala or sacred architecture which expresses the omnipresence of enlightenment, that is the ground of both "secular" and "sacred" experiences and activities that are never perceived apart from its all-encompassing confines. The invocation of divine presence of mandala is especially effective when undertaken by several people in a ritual context, and it is incumbent for practitioners to do so periodically with a feast-offering known as tsok or, in Sanskrit, ganapuja.{{sfnp|Pettit|2002}} }}

Pettit states that sacred space is created spontaneously wherever the [[Three Jewels]] (cognate with the [[gankyil]]) is manifest and that this sacred architecture or mandala is not dependent upon the [[built environment]] of monolithic cultures:

{{quote|Sacred Space is created spontaneously wherever the Three Jewels - the Buddha or teacher, the Dharma teaching or its texts, and the Sangha community of practitioners - are found. A place that elicits reverence should be sacred, and wherever the Jewels are found, the pieties of lay and ordained Buddhists are bound to be expressed.{{sfnp|Pettit|2002}} }}

==In Hindu tantra==
In Hindu tantra, a ganachakra typically consists of five elements known as [[panchamakara]] or the "five Ms": madya ([[wine]]), mamsa ([[meat]]), [[matsya]] ([[fish]]), [[mudra]] (rice or grain), and [[maithuna]] (sex or Bhog-vilash or [[yab-yum]]) a form of [[tantra]].

==In Buddhist tantra==
{{Vajrayana}}

===Ganachakra and the Mahasiddhas===
Samuel defines the ganachakra succinctly:

{{quote|Vajrayāna or Tantric Buddhism had its origin in India, where it seems to have been practised, at any rate in its earlier period, say the fourth to eighth centuries CE, by small initiatory cult groups. The central ritual of these groups was the ''{{IAST|gaṇacakra}}'', a night-time sacramental circle, usually outdoors, often in a cremation ground or similarly spooky and 'powerful' location, with distinctly [[Antinomianism|antinomian]] elements. These included the ritual use of sexuality, although it is not clear how far this was performed literally and how far symbolically. The ''{{IAST|gaṇacakra}}'' involved possession, dancing and singing, and also magical procedures. It was seen as an occasion to enter a non-ordinary state of consciousness.{{sfnp|Samuel|1998|p=124}} }}

Vajranatha associates the Ganachakra with the "higher tantras" or mysteries , the ''[[anuttarayogatantra]]'', and associates a non-monastic origin and tributary of this Mystery Rite to the [[Mahasiddha]] tradition which has roots in a complex and coterie of esoteric traditions of numerous [[Siddha]], [[Yogi]], [[Sadhu]] and holy peoples of Buddhist, Hindu and non-sectarian practices and views:

{{quote|The Higher Tantras could not be a congregational practice of monks because Tantric sadhana, as well as celebrations of the High Tantric feast or Ganachakrapuja, required partaking of meat, wine, and sexual intercourse. At the very least the latter two would force a monk to break his vows. And so what came about in the eleventh century was a change in the external style of practice; the Anuttara Tantras, many of them freshly brought from India and newly translated into Tibetan, came to be practiced in the style of the lower Yoga Tantras. Although there is a great deal of ritual in the Yoga Tantras, there is nothing there that would require a monk to violate his monastic vows. The presence of a woman or [[Dakini]] is required at High Tantric initiation and also at the Tantric feast of the Ganachakrapuja, but in the eleventh century reform the actual Dakini physically present was replaced by a mind-consort (''yid kyi rig-ma''), a visualization of the Dakini. One did the sexual practice only in visualization, not in actuality. In this way the practices of the Higher Tantras could be taken into the monasteries and incorporated into the congregations practice and liturgy of the monks known as puja.{{sfnp|Vajranatha|2007}} }}

===In Tibetan Buddhism===
{{Tibetan Buddhism}}
In [[Vajrayana]] and [[Dzogchen]], it is traditional to offer a gaṇacakra to [[Padmasambhava]] or other deities, usually gurus, on the tenth [[lunar day]], and to a form of [[dakini]] such as [[Yeshe Tsogyal]], [[Mandarava]] or [[Vajrayogini]] on the twenty-fifth lunar day. Generally, participants are required by their [[samaya]] "vow" to partake of meat and alcohol, and the rite tends to have elements symbolic of [[coitus]]. Traditions of the Ganachakra liturgy and rite extends remains of food and other compassionate offerings to alleviate the insatiable hunger of the [[hungry ghosts]], ''[[genius loci]]'' and other entities.

[[David Snellgrove]] (1987) holds that there is a tendency oft-promoted by Tibetan lamas who disseminate teachings in the Western world, to treat references to sexual union and to ''sadhana'' that engages with the "five impure substances" (usually referred to as the "five nectars") as symbolic.{{sfnp|Snellgrove|1987a|p=160}} In the [[twilight language]] of correspondences and substitutions there is no inconsistency. Although, when modern tantric apologists and scholars employ the term "symbolic" as though no external practices were engaged in literally, they mislead and perpetuate an untruth.{{sfnp|Snellgrove|1987a|p=160}} Snellgrove (1987) provides an amended translation of his earlier translation of the ''[[Hevajra Tantra]]'' (II. vii.5-13):

{{quote|Placing the ''linga'' in the ''bhaga'' and kissing her again and again, so producing the experience of Great Bliss, the Adamantine One talked about feasting. Now listen, Goddess of wide open eyes, to the matter of feasting in the company-circle, where having feasted, there is such fulfillment (''siddhi'') which fulfills the substance of all one's desires. One should set about this feasting in a cemetery or a mountain cave, in a resort of nonhuman beings or in a deserted place. One should arrange seats there, reckoned as nine, in the form of corpses or tiger skins or shrouds from a cemetery. The one who embodies Hevajra should be placed in the center of the yoginis, whose places are known, as taught before, in the main directions and intermediate points. Then seated upon one's tiger skin, one should eat the "spiced food" of the sacrament, enjoying it, and one should eat with eagerness the "kingly rice." When one has eaten and eaten again, one should honor the mother-goddesses there and they may be mother or sister or niece or mother-in-law. One should honor them to a high degree and gain fulfillment in their company. The chief lady should offer to the master an unmarred sacred skull filled with liquor, and having made obeisance to him, she should drink it herself. She should hold it in her hands in a lotus-gesture, and present it with the same gesture. Again and again they make obeisance, those winners of fulfillment.{{sfnp|Snellgrove|1987a|pp=160-161}} }}

In the Tibetan Buddhist practice of [[Chöd]], a variation of the gaṇacakra has the practitioner visualizing offering their own body as a feast for the gods/demons invited to the feast.

====Alcohol in Vajrayana====
{{see also|Soma (drink)}}
Mike Crowley states:

{{quote|Undoubtedly, the striking parallels between "The legend about Chakdor" and the Hindu legend of the origin of ''soma'' show that the Buddhist ''amrita'' and the Hindu ''soma'' were at one time understood to be identical. Moreover, the principal property of ''amrita'' is, to this day, perceived by Buddhists as being a species of inebriation, however symbolically this inebriation may be interpreted. Why else would beer (Tibetan ''chhang'', "barley beer") be used by yogins as a symbolic substitute for ''amrita'' [Ardussi]? Conversely, why else would the term ''bDud.rTsi'' be used as a poetic synonym for beer?{{sfnp|Crowley|1996}} }}

====Meat in Vajrayana====
See [[Vegetarianism in Buddhism#Vajrayana]].

==See also==
*[[Bacchanalia]]
*[[Blót]]
*[[Proto-Indo-Iranian religion]]
*[[Sukuh]]
*[[Vaishnava-Sahajiya]]

==References==
{{reflist|25em}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author-link=Arthur Avalon |last=Avalon |first=Arthur (Sir John Woodroffe) |year=1918 |title=Shakti and Shâkta |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/tantra/sas/index.htm |access-date=July 9, 2007}}
* {{cite journal |last=Crowley |first=Mike |year=1996 |title=When the Gods Drank Urine: A Tibetan myth may help solve the riddle of soma, sacred drug of ancient India |journal=Fortean Studies |volume=3 |url=http://www.erowid.org/plants/amanitas/amanitas_writings1.shtml |access-date=5 March 2013}}
* {{cite web |last=Pettit |first=John W. |year=2002 |title=Tibetan Buddhism in Diaspora: Individuals, Communities and Sacred Space |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517125039/http://www.damtsig.org/articles/diaspora.html |archive-date=2008-05-17 |url=http://www.damtsig.org/articles/diaspora.html |access-date=July 9, 2007}}
* {{cite book |last=Samuel |first=Geoffrey |year=1998 |chapter=Paganism and Tibetan Buddhism: Contemporary Western Religions and the Question of Nature |editor-last=Pearson |editor-first=Joanne |display-editors=et al |title=Nature Religion Today: Paganism in the Modern World |isbn=0-7486-1057-X}}
* {{cite book |last=Shaw |first=Miranda |title=Passionate Enlightenment: Women in Tantric Buddhism |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1995 |isbn=0-691-01090-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/passionateenligh00shaw/}}
* {{cite book |last=Snellgrove |first=David |year=1987a |title=Indo-Tibetan Buddhism: Indian Buddhists & Their Tibetan Successors |volume=1 |location=Boston, Massachusetts |publisher=Shambhala Publications, Inc. |ISBN=0-87773-311-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Snellgrove |first=David |year=1987b |title=Indo-Tibetan Buddhism: Indian Buddhists & Their Tibetan Successors |volume=2 |location=Boston, Massachusetts |publisher=Shambhala Publications, Inc. |ISBN=0-87773-379-1}}
* {{cite book |first=Je |last=Tsongkhapa |translator=Gareth Sparham |title=Tantric Ethics: An Explanation of the Precepts for Buddhist Vajrayana Practice |publisher=Wisdom Publications |year=2016 |isbn=978-0861717804}}
* {{cite web |author=Vajranatha |year=2007 |title=The Mahasiddha Tradition in Tibet |website=Vajranatha.com|url=http://www.vajranatha.com/teaching/MahasiddhaTradition.htm |access-date=July 9, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219123748/http://www.vajranatha.com/teaching/MahasiddhaTradition.htm |archive-date=2019-12-19}}
* {{cite web|last=Woodroffe|first=Sir John|year=1918|title=Chapter Twenty-Seven:The Pañcatattva (The Secret Ritual)|work=Shakti and Shâkta|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/tantra/sas/sas27.htm|access-date=2008-07-20}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Dzogchen]]
[[Category:Tantric practices]]
[[Category:Vajrayana]]
[[Category:Soma (drink)]]