>Yiosie2356: Gaganyaan 1 delayed to 2022

2021-07-02T01:56:56Z

Gaganyaan 1 delayed to 2022

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{{Short description|Indian crewed spacecraft}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox spacecraft class
| name = Gaganyaan
| image =
| image_caption = Artist's rendering of the Gaganyaan capsule
| image_size = 300px

| manufacturer = [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] [[Indian Space Research Organisation]]
| country = India
| operator = [[ISRO]]
| applications = Crewed orbital vehicle


| spacecraft_type = Crewed
| design_life = 7 days
| launch_mass = {{cvt|8200|kg}} (includes service module) <ref name="SHAR_DD_HSFPREP_20201006">{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4qDni0MbBpk|title=Expert Talk by Dr R.Venkatraman, Dy.Director on Challenges in launch pad systems for Gaganyaan|date=2020-10-06|type=Video|publisher=SDSC SHAR|access-date=2020-10-06}}</ref>
| dry_mass = {{cvt|3735|kg}} <ref name='Astronautix'>[http://www.astronautix.com/i/indianmannedspacecraft.html Indian Manned Spacecraft], ''Astronautix'', 2014</ref>
| crew_capacity = 3 <ref name='three'/>
| volume = {{cvt|8|m3}}<ref name="CPCS_tender">{{cite web|title=Integrated Cabin Pressure Control System|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/tenders/458pt.pdf|website=isro.gov.in |publisher=ISRO|access-date=23 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821103027/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/tenders/458pt.pdf|archive-date=21 August 2019|page=11}}</ref>
| power = [[Photovoltaic system|Photovoltaic array]]
| batteries =
| equipment =
| orbits = [[Low Earth orbit]]
| dimensions = Diameter: {{Cvt|3.5|m}} <ref name="STSC-2019"/> Height: {{Cvt|3.58|m}} <ref name="STSC-2019">{{cite web|last1=Kunhikrishnan|first1=P.|title=India's Human Spaceflight Programme: GAGANYAAN|url=http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/stsc/2019/tech-47E.pdf|publisher=UNOOSA|access-date=20 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220170416/http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/stsc/2019/tech-47E.pdf|archive-date=20 February 2019}}</ref>

| status = In development
| built =
| launched =
| operational =
| retired =
| failed =
| lost =
| first = 2022 (uncrewed)<ref name="tribune-20210701" /> 2023 (crewed)<ref name="toi-20210217"/>

| insignia =
| insignia_caption =
| insignia_size =

| previous =
| next =
}}

'''Gaganyaan''' ([[Sanskrit]]; [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: ''gagan-yāna'' {{trans|"Sky Craft"}}) is an Indian [[List of crewed spacecraft|crewed orbital spacecraft]] intended to be the formative spacecraft of the [[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme]]. The [[spacecraft]] is being designed to carry three people, and a planned upgraded version will be equipped with rendezvous and docking capability. In its maiden crewed mission, [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO)'s largely autonomous {{cvt|5.3|t|lb}} capsule will orbit the Earth at {{cvt|400|km}} altitude for up to seven days with a two or three-person crew on board. The crewed vehicle was originally planned to be launched on ISRO's [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mk III|GSLV Mk III]] in December 2021,<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/union-cabinet-clears-rs-10000cr-for-indias-gaganyaan-project/articleshow/67288124.cms|title=Rs 10,000 crore plan to send 3 Indians to space by 2022|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2018-12-29}}</ref><ref name='launch 2022'>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gaganyaan-mission-to-take-indian-astronaut-to-space-by-2022-pm-modi/article24695817.ece Gaganyaan mission to take Indian astronaut to space by 2022: PM Modi], ''The Hindu'', 15 August 2018</ref> but this has since been delayed to no earlier than 2023.<ref name="toi-20210217"/> This [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL) manufactured crew module had its first un-crewed experimental flight on 18 December 2014.<ref name="hal-india.com">{{cite web|url=http://hal-india.com/Crew%20Module.asp|title=Archived copy|access-date=17 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222134240/http://hal-india.com/Crew%20Module.asp|archive-date=22 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{As of|May 2019}}, design of the crew module has been completed.<ref>{{cite news|title=India's first solar mission in 2020: ISRO chairman|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/articleshow/69169011.cms|date=4 May 2019|access-date=5 May 2019|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO) will provide support for critical human-centric systems and technologies like space grade food, crew healthcare, radiation measurement and protection, parachutes for the safe recovery of the crew module and fire suppression system.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/science/gaganyaan-drdo-to-provide-special-space-food-and-emergency-survival-kit-for-isros-manned-mission/1888944/|title=Gaganyaan: DRDO to provide special space food and emergency survival kit for ISRO's manned mission|date=2020-03-04|publisher=The Financial Express|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref>

On 11 June 2020, it was announced that while the first uncrewed Gaganyaan launch has been delayed due to [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]],<ref>{{cite web|date=11 June 2020|title=No Gaganyaan unmanned flight this year.|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/no-gaganyaan-unmanned-flight-this-year/articleshow/76315319.cms|access-date=2020-06-13|publisher=The Weather Channel}}</ref> overall timeline for crewed launches is expected to remain unaffected.<ref>{{cite web|date=2020-07-03|title=India's first human space mission "Gaganyaan" will not be affected by COVID pandemic: Dr.Jitendra Singh |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=209796|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703020234/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=209796|archive-date=3 July 2020|access-date=2020-07-03}}</ref>

== History ==
Preliminary studies and technological development of Gaganyaan started in 2006 under the generic name "Orbital Vehicle". The plan was to design a simple capsule with an endurance of about a week in space, a capacity of two astronauts, and a [[splashdown]] landing after re-entry. The design was finalized by March 2008 and was submitted to the Government of India for funding. The funding for the Indian Human Spaceflight Programme was sanctioned in February 2009,<ref name=ISRO>{{cite news|last=Priyadarshi|first=Siddhanta|title=Planning Commission Okays ISRO Manned Space Flight Program|page=2|publisher=Indian Express
|date=23 February 2009|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/plan-panel-okays-isro-manned-space-flight/}}</ref> but it fell short of full political support and obtained limited developmental funding.<ref name=ISRO/> Initially, the first uncrewed flight of the orbital vehicle was proposed to be in 2013,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.examresults.net/news/|title=All India 10th, 12th Board, University, Entrance Exam Results 2018|website=examresults.net}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/simply-put-how-to-send-an-indian-into-space-isro-maned-mission-5308964/|title=Gaganyan: How to send an Indian into space|date=16 August 2018}}</ref> then it was revised to 2016.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/8483787.stm|work=BBC News|title=India announces first manned space mission|date=27 January 2010|access-date=5 May 2010|first=Habib|last=Beary|location=Bangalore}}</ref> However, in April 2012 it was reported that funding problems placed the future of the project in serious doubt;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Spaceflight-stuck-due-to-budget-CAG/articleshow/12860797.cms|title=Spaceflight stuck due to budget: CAG|date=25 April 2012|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=11 June 2013|location=New Delhi}}</ref> and in August 2013 it was announced that all crewed spaceflight efforts by India had been designated as being "off ISRO's priority list".<ref>{{cite web|last=Press Trust of India|title=Human space flight mission off ISRO priority list|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/human-space-flight-mission-off-isro-priority-list-406551|access-date=18 August 2013}}</ref> By early 2014 the project was reconsidered and was one of the main beneficiaries of a substantial budget increase announced in February 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Rs-171-crore-boost-to-manned-space-project/articleshow/30591353.cms|title=Rs 171 crore boost to manned space project|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> ISRO is developing the Gaganyaan orbital vehicle on the tests performed with their scaled 550 kg [[Space Capsule Recovery Experiment]] (SRE), which was launched and recovered in January 2007.<ref>[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-01/22/content_5638117.htm China View: India's first space capsule returns to earth], {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502160720/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-01/22/content_5638117.htm|date=2008-05-02}} 22 January 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.isro.org/pressrelease/Jan22_2007.htm ISRO Press Release] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514090034/http://www.isro.org/pressrelease/Jan22_2007.htm|date=2008-05-14}} 22 January 2007</ref>

The latest push for the [[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme]] took place in 2017,<ref>[http://eprints.nias.res.in/1359/1/2017-MK-Rao-IAC-17-B3-1-9-IndianHumanSpaceFlightFullPaper.pdf THE DECISION FOR INDIAN HUMAN SPACEFLIGHT PROGRAMME. POLITICAL PERSPECTIVES, NATIONAL RELEVANCE AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHALLENGES] Mukund Kadursrinivas Raoa, Sridhara Murthi K. Rb, and Prasad M. 68th International Astronautical Congress (IAC), Adelaide, Australia, 25–29 September 2017</ref> and it was accepted and formally announced by the Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] on 15 August 2018.<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-will-take-national-flag-to-space-on-board-gaganyaan-by-2022-says-pm-narendra-modi-in-independence-day-speech/story-ctNAmDef79gbpj7OHrU8dP.html Indian will take national flag to space on board Gaganyaan by 2022, says PM Narendra Modi in Independence Day speech] ''Hindustan Times'', 15 August 2018</ref> The current design calls for a crew of three.<ref name='three'>[https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/gaganyaan-mission-isro-pilots-crew-module-1435145-2019-01-20 Gaganyaan: Astronauts assigned to the mission are likely to be pilots, crew module design to be finalised soon.] ''India Today'', 20 January 2019</ref> ISRO will perform four biological and two physical science experiments related to [[Micro-g environment|micro-gravity]] during the Gaganyaan mission.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.24.220/loksabhaquestions/annex/173/AU2259.pdf|title=Lok Sabha, Unstarred Question number 2259|date=4 March 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305122402/http://164.100.24.220/loksabhaquestions/annex/173/AU2259.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2020|access-date=4 March 2020}}</ref> ISRO is planning to replace [[hydrazine]] for green propellant in Gaganyaan mission for which [[Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre]] (LPSC) is already working on a [[monopropellant]] blended formulation consisting of [[hydroxylammonium nitrate]] (HAN), [[ammonium nitrate]], [[methanol]] and [[water]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-03-26|title=Gaganyaan, India's human space mission, will use 'green propulsion': ISRO|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gaganyaan-india-s-human-space-mission-will-use-green-propulsion-isro-101616776504769.html|access-date=2021-04-01|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Nandakumar|first=T.|date=2018-05-13|title=ISRO making green propellant|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-making-green-propellant/article23874464.ece|access-date=2021-04-01|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Funding and infrastructure ===
A crewed spacecraft would require about {{Indian Rupee}} 124 billion (US$1.77 billion) over a period of seven years, including the {{Indian Rupee}} 50 billion (US$0.7 billion) for the initial work of the crewed spacecraft during the [[Eleventh Five-Year Plan (India)|Eleventh Five-Year Plan]] (2007–2012) out of which the Government released {{Indian Rupee}} 500 million (US$7 million) in 2007-2008.<ref name=pl>{{cite web|url=http://planningcommission.nic.in:80/aboutus/committee/wrkgrp11/wg11_subspace.pdf|title=Eleventh Five year Plan (2007-2012) proposals for Indian space program}}</ref><ref name=bs2>{{cite web
|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/isro-plans-manned-mission-to-moon-in-2014-108100801012_1.html|title=ISRO plans manned mission to moon in 2014|publisher=Business Standard
|last=Mishra|first=Bibhu Ranjan|date=8 October 2008|access-date=14 June 2013|location=Sriharikota Range (SHAR)}}</ref> In December 2018, the government approved further {{Indian Rupee}} 100 billion (US$1.5 billion) for a 7-days crewed flight of 3 astronauts to take place by 2021.<ref name=":0"/>

[[Madhavan Chandradathan]], director of [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] (SDSC), stated that ISRO would need to set up an [[astronaut training]] facility in [[Bangalore]]. Newly established [[Human Space Flight Centre]] (HSFC) will coordinate the IHSF efforts.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-announces-human-space-flight-centre/article25967944.ece|title=ISRO starts Human Space Flight centre|last=Ds|first=Madhumathi|date=2019-01-11|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=2019-01-11|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Existing launch facilities will be upgraded for launches under Indian Human Spaceflight project <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/nov/15/indias-human-space-programme-gets-a-fillip-1898396.html|title=India's human space programme gets a fillip|access-date=11 January 2019 |quote=Initially, the plan was the construct a new launch pad for the human space flight, but Sivan told the Express that due to paucity of time one of the two existing launch pads is being modified to meet the requirement.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://164.100.158.235/question/annex/247/Au1733.pdf|title=Question number 1733 in Rajya Sabha|access-date=11 January 2019|quote=It is proposed to utilise the existing launch pad with augmentation for carrying out the initial flights under the Gaganyaan manned space flight programme.}}{{Dead link|date=December 2019|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> with extra facilities needed for [[launch escape system]]s.<ref name=bs2/> Russia is likely to provide astronaut training, and assist with some aspects in the development of the launcher.<ref>[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/russia-to-help-india-in-2022-space-mission-russian-envoy-nikolay-kudashev-1957344 Russia to Help India In 2022 Space Mission: Russian Envoy] ''NDTV'', 3 December 2018</ref> In spring 2009, the full-scale mock-up of crew capsule of Gaganyaan was built and delivered to Satish Dhawan Space Centre for training of astronauts.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/02/stories/2009050255231100.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504092855/http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/02/stories/2009050255231100.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=4 May 2009
|title=Model of space crew module ready|author=T.S. Subramanian|date=2 May 2009|access-date=14 June 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]
|location=Chennai}}</ref>

India has already successfully developed and tested several building blocks, including [[Reentry capsule|re-entry space capsule]], [[ISRO Pad Abort Test|pad abort test]], [[Launch escape system|safe crew ejection mechanism]] in case of rocket failure, flight suit developed by [[Defence Bioengineering and Electromedical Laboratory|DEBEL]] and the powerful [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III|GSLV-MkIII]] launch vehicle.<ref name=rentry1>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/cabinet-approves-3-member-manned-space-mission/articleshow/67286574.cms India's manned space mission is on, Cabinet okays Rs 10,000 crore plan], Economic Times, 28 December 2018</ref> Having met all required technological keystones, the [[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme]] was accepted and formally announced by the Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 15 August 2018. Gaganyaan will be the first crewed spacecraft under this programme.{{fact|date=June 2021}}

[[ISRO]]'s [[Human Space Flight Centre]] and [[Glavcosmos]], which is a subsidiary of the Russian state corporation [[Roscosmos]], signed an agreement on 1 July 2019 for cooperation in the selection, support, medical examination and space training of Indian astronauts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/its-official-india-picks-russia-to-pick-train-astronauts/articleshow/70031169.cms |title=Gaganyaan: India chooses Russia to pick and train astronauts|date=1 July 2019|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2019-08-01}}</ref> An ISRO Technical Liaison Unit (ITLU) will be set up in [[Moscow]] to facilitate the development of some key technologies and establishment of special facilities which are essential to support life in space.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-will-set-up-unit-in-moscow-to-develop-technology-needed-for-gaganyaan-mission/articleshow/70471565.cms|title=Isro will set up unit in Moscow to develop technology needed for Gaganyaan mission|last=Singh|first=Surendra|date=31 July 2019|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2019-08-01}}</ref>

On 25 October 2019, ISRO's [[Human Space Flight Centre]] and [[Glavcosmos]] signed a contract to evaluate the possibility of using Russian life support systems and thermal control for Gaganyaan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://glavkosmos.com/en/248/|title=Glavkosmos to Help India with Heating and Life Support Systems for Gaganyaan Spacecraft|website=glavkosmos.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025165836/http://glavkosmos.com/en/248/|archive-date=25 October 2019|access-date=2019-10-25}}</ref> ISRO is planning to develop a ground station for Gaganyaan mission at [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]] and is in talks with [[Australian Space Agency]] as of 2021.<ref name=":1" />

== Description ==
Gaganyaan crew module is a fully autonomous {{cvt|5.3|t|lb}} spacecraft designed to carry a 3-member crew to orbit and safely return to the [[Earth]] after a mission duration of up to seven days.<ref name="SHAR_DD_HSFPREP_20201006"/> Its {{cvt|2.9|t|lb}}<ref name="SHAR_DD_HSFPREP_20201006"/> service module is powered by liquid propellant engines. The crew module is mated to the service module, and together they constitute {{cvt|8.2|t|lb}} orbital module.<ref name="SHAR_DD_HSFPREP_20201006"/> The space capsule will have life support and environmental control systems. It will be equipped with emergency mission abort and emergency escape that can be done at the first stage or second stage of the rocket burn.<ref>{{cite news|title=ISRO gears up for manned space mission
|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Jan42009/national20090104110557.asp|date=4 January 2009|access-date=14 June 2013|newspaper=Deccan Herald|last=Ray|first=Kalyan|location=Shillong|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203010314/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Content/Jan42009/national20090104110557.asp|archive-date=3 February 2014}}</ref> The nose of the original version of the orbital vehicle was free for a [[Docking and berthing of spacecraft|docking]] mechanism, but primary entry was evidently through a side hatch secured by explosive bolts.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.astronautix.com/4/404page.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201012911/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/orbhicle.htm|url-status=dead|title=Encyclopedia Astronautica Index: 1 |archive-date=1 December 2008|website=astronautix.com}}</ref>

Following two non-crewed orbital flight demonstrations of the spacecraft, a crewed Gaganyaan is slated to be launched on the [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III|GSLV Mk III]] launcher no earlier than 2023.<ref name="toi-20210217"/> Though the spacecraft is designed to carry 3 people, it is likely that the first flight will carry one person only.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-s-first-manned-mission-gaganyaan-may-take-1-astronaut/story-nh095IVken3trSu0V1wVnK.html|title=India's first manned mission Gaganyaan may take 1 astronaut|date=2020-01-08|newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=2020-01-09}}</ref>

About 16 minutes after liftoff from the [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] (SDSC), [[Sriharikota]], the rocket will inject the spacecraft into an orbit {{cvt|300-400|km}} above Earth. When ready to land, its service module and solar panels will be disposed off before reentry. The capsule would return for a parachute splashdown in the [[Bay of Bengal]].<ref name="Times of India10012014">{{cite news|title=ISRO inches closer to manned mission|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-01-10/india/46065854_1_crew-module-space-capsule-recovery-experiment-gslv-mark|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112140357/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-01-10/india/46065854_1_crew-module-space-capsule-recovery-experiment-gslv-mark|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 January 2014|access-date=13 January 2014|date=10 January 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|quote="We will be checking the crew capsule for all parameters".}}</ref> Crew module is equipped with two parachutes for redundancy, while one parachute is good enough for safe splashdown. The parachutes would reduce the speed of the crew module from over {{cvt|216|m/s}} to under {{cvt|11|m/s}} at splashdown.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/isro-drdo-agra-labs-make-711368.html|title=Agra lab parachutes to bring back India astronauts|date=2019-01-04|newspaper=Deccan Herald|access-date=2019-01-11}}</ref>

== List of flights ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Development timeline of Gaganyaan<ref name="toi-20210217">{{cite web|last=Singh|first=Surendra|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gaganyaan-manned-mission-not-before-2023-minister/articleshow/81013233.cms|title=Gaganyaan manned mission not before 2023: Minister|newspaper=The Times of India|date=17 February 2021|access-date=18 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=":0"/><ref name='April launch'>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/isro-set-for-april-launch-of-chandrayaan-2-after-missed-deadline/story-BjMmDmHQ5lqU5yijS8qfJN.html ISRO set for April launch of Chandrayaan-2 after missed deadline] Vikram Gopal, ''Hindustan Times'', 11 January 2019</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/science/first-gaganyaan-spaceflight-likely-to-carry-only-one-astronaut-and-itll-be-a-man/346206/ |title=First Gaganyaan spaceflight likely to carry only one astronaut, and it'll be a man|last=Dutt|first=Anonna|date=2020-01-08|website=theprint.in|access-date=2020-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Siddarth MP|title=With ISRO assistance, India's Skyroot Aerospace aims maiden rocket launch by Dec-2021|url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/with-isro-assistance-indias-skyroot-aerospace-aims-maiden-rocket-launch-by-dec-2021-320835|publisher=WION|date=2020-08-15|access-date=2020-08-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Gaganyaan: Isro's unmanned space mission for December 2020 likely to be delayed |url=https://wap.business-standard.com/article-amp/current-affairs/gaganyaan-isro-s-unmanned-space-mission-for-dec-2020-likely-to-be-delayed-120081600635_1.html|newspaper=Business Standard|date=2020-08-16 |access-date=2020-11-17|via=Press Trust of India}}</ref>
|-
! Flight
! Date
! Regime
! Crew
! Notes
! Outcome
|-
| [[Crew Module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment|Re-entry Test]]
| 18 December 2014
| [[Sub-orbital spaceflight|Sub-orbital]]
| N/A
| Sub-orbital test of scaled down [[Boilerplate (spaceflight)|Boilerplate]] Gaganyaan capsule, launched aboard the sub-orbital first test flight of ISRO's [[GSLV Mark III]] rocket.
| {{yes|Success}}
|-
| [[ISRO Pad Abort Test|Pad Abort Test]]
| 5 July 2018
| Atmospheric
| N/A
| 4-minute test of Gaganyaan's [[Launch abort system]] from launch pad at [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]].
| {{yes|Success}}
|-
| [[Gaganyaan 1]]
| 2022<ref name="tribune-20210701">{{cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/schools/first-human-rated-test-flight-for-indias-gaganyaan-not-likely-in-2021-276721 |title=First human-rated test flight for India's Gaganyaan not likely in 2021 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=1 July 2021 |access-date=1 July 2021}}</ref>
| [[Low Earth Orbit|LEO]]
| N/A
| First orbital test flight of Gaganyaan capsule.
| {{n/a|Planned}}
|-
| [[Gaganyaan 2]]
| 2022
| LEO
| N/A
| Second orbital test flight of Gaganyaan capsule.
| {{n/a|Planned}}
|-
| [[Gaganyaan 3]]
| 2023
| LEO
| {{flagicon|IND}} TBA {{flagicon|IND}} TBA {{flagicon|IND}} TBA
| First crewed flight of Gaganyaan, will carry 1-3 Indian astronauts on a short orbital test flight.
| {{n/a|Planned}}
|}

== Testing ==
{{main|Crew Module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment}}
[[File:Indian Coast Guard CARE.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|Test of water landing of CARE on 18 December 2014]]
[[File:ISRO Crew Module descent.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|right|Crew module test vehicle descends under parachutes on 5 July 2018 after the abort motor lifted it to an altitude of {{cvt|2500|m}}.]]

On 13 February 2014, [[Hindustan Aeronautics|Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] handed over the first [[Boilerplate_(spaceflight)|boilerplate]] prototype of Crew Module structural assembly to ISRO for Crew Module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment (CARE).<ref name="hal-india.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/human-space-flight-prog-hal-hands-over-crew-module-assembly-to-isro/article23155079.ece|title=Human space flight prog: HAL hands over crew module assembly to ISRO|first=Our|last=Bureau|website=@businessline}}</ref> ISRO's [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] would equip the Crew Module with systems necessary for life support, navigation, guidance and control systems. ISRO undertook an uncrewed test launch of the vehicle aboard the [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mk III |GSLV Mk3]] X1, for an experimental sub-orbital flight on 18 December 2014. The GSLV Mk3 launcher with a dummy upper cryogenic stage (filled with liquid nitrogen to simulate weight of fuel) was launched at 09:30 a.m. from the second launch pad at Satish Dhawan Space Center in [[Sriharikota]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/india-successfully-test-fires-gslv-markiii-its-heaviest-rocket/article6703691.ece|title=GSLV Mark III takes to the skies in test flight|first=Sangeetha|last=Kandavel|date=18 December 2014|via=thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/india-to-launch-unmanned-crew-module-in-december/articleshow/44987199.cms|title=India to launch unmanned crew module in December|publisher=The Economic Times|date=30 October 2014|access-date=30 October 2014}}</ref> The crew module separated from the rocket at an altitude of 126 km. On board motors controlled and reduced the speed of the module until an altitude of {{cvt|80|km}}. Thrusters were shutoff at that altitude and atmospheric drag further reduced speed of the capsule. The module heat shield was expected to experience temperature in excess of {{cvt|1600|C}}. Parachutes were deployed at an altitude of {{cvt|15|km}} to slow down the module which performed a [[splashdown]] in the [[Bay of Bengal]] near [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]].<ref>[https://archive.today/20141218090307/http://isro.org/pressrelease/scripts/pressreleasein.aspx?Dec18_2014 First Experimental Flight of India's Next Generation Launch Vehicle GSLV Mk-III Successful] - ISRO Press Release - 18 December 2014</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/india-successfully-launches-heaviest-rocket-gslv-mk-iii-1480025|title=India successfully launches its heaviest rocket GSLV-Mk III |date=18 December 2014|publisher=International Business Times UK}}</ref>

This flight was used to test orbital injection, separation and re-entry procedures and systems of the Crew Capsule. Also tested were the capsule separation, heat shields and [[aerobraking]] systems, deployment of parachute, retro-firing, splashdown, flotation systems and procedures to recover the Crew Capsule from the Bay of Bengal.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/india-successfully-test-fires-gslv-markiii-its-heaviest-rocket/article6703691.ece GSLV Mark III takes to the skies in test flight] The Hindu, 19 December 2014</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-30527602 India launches largest rocket and unmanned capsule] BBC News, 18 December 2014</ref> Inflight launch abort and parachute tests are expected to be conducted by the end of 2019.<ref name="AstrotalkUK">{{cite web|title=Episode 90 – An update on ISRO's activities with S. Somanath and R. Umamaheshwaran|url=https://astrotalkuk.org/episode-90-an-update-on-isros-activities-with-s-somanath-and-r-umamaheshwaran/|date=24 October 2019|access-date=30 October 2019|publisher=Astro talk UK}}</ref>

=== Pad abort test ===
The [[ISRO Pad Abort Test|Indian Space Research Organisation's Pad Abort Test]] was conducted successfully on 5 July 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/07/isro-pad-abort-test-indian-human-program/|title=ISRO conducts pad abort test for Indian human space program|publisher=NASASpaceFlight.com|website=nasaspaceflight.com|access-date=2018-07-05}}</ref>

== Vyommitra ==
{{Main|Vyommitra}}

On 22 January 2020, ISRO announced [[Vyommitra]], a female-looking robot who will accompany the other astronauts in the mission. It can detect and give out warnings if environmental changes within the cabin get uncomfortable to astronauts and change the air condition, it can also take up postures suited for launch and tasks and take commands.<ref>{{cite web|last=Dwarakanath|first=Nagarjun|date=22 January 2020 |title=Gaganyaan mission: Meet Vyommitra, the talking human robot that Isro will send to space|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/gaganyaan-vyommitra-talking-humanoid-isro-space-1639077-2020-01-22 |access-date=2020-01-22|newspaper=India Today}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal| Spaceflight }}
* [[Human spaceflight]]
* [[Human Space Flight Centre]]
* [[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme]]
* [[Space exploration]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian space programme}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}
{{Crewed spacecraft}}

[[Category:Indian Space Research Organisation]]
[[Category:Crewed spacecraft]]
[[Category:Proposed spacecraft]]
[[Category:Future human spaceflights]]

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	* [[Human spaceflight]]		* [[Human spaceflight]]
	* [[Human Space Flight Centre]]		* [[Human Space Flight Centre]]

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