Fredrick de Saram - Revision history

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	=== Ceylon Defence Force ===		=== Ceylon Defence Force ===

	De Saram was commissioned as a [[second lieutenant]] in the 1st (Heavy) Regiment, [[Ceylon Garrison Artillery]] (CGA) in 1939 and served in the personal staff of the [[British Governor of Ceylon]] as an [[Aide-de-Camp\|Extra Aide-de-Camp]].<ref>{{cite web \|title=T H E CEYLON GOVERNMENT GAZETTE \|url=http://diglib.natlib.lk/bitstream/handle/123456789/27504/018_1939-APRIL-JUNE_8461_I_E.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y \|website=natlib.lk \|access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|title=T H E CEYLON GOVERNMENT GAZETTE \|url=http://220.247.247.85:8081/bitstream/handle/123456789/27767/018_1939-OCTOMBER-DECEMBER_8539_I_E.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y \|publisher=Sri Lanka Archives \|access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref> He was mobilized for war service gaining rapid promotion with the expansion of the [[Ceylon Defence Force]] during [[World War II]]. In 1942, he was deployed with the 2nd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment to defend the vital [[Royal Navy]] base at [[Trincomalee]]. de Saram was a [[Officer Commanding\|battery commander]] of the anti-aircraft batteries deployed at Diamond Hill, Hoodstower and he personally commanded the Ostenberg anti-aircraft battery which provided air defence of Trincomalee during the [[Indian Ocean Raid#Trincomalee and Batticaloa.2C Sri Lanka\|Japanese attack on Trincomalee]] on 9 April 1942. With the prospect of a Japanese invasion of Ceylon, he was approached by [[British Intelligence]] to serve with their underground should Ceylon fall to the Japanese in 1942.<ref>[https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2003/02/02/fea01.html Coup of 1962: an inside story, by former diplomat T. D. S. A. Dissanayaka, son of C.C. "Jungle" Dissanayake] </ref> In 1946 as a Major, de Saram served on the staff of the [[Governor of Ceylon]] as an [[Aide-de-camp\|Extra Aide-de-camp]] to the Governor and was promoted to the rank of [[lieutenant colonel]].<ref>{{cite book \|title=1946 Fergusons Ceylon Directory \|publisher=Fergusons \|page=42 \|url=https://www.historyofceylontea.com/ceylon-publications/fergusons-directory/1946-fergusons-ceylon-directory/pdf/resources/1946-fergusons-ceylon-directory.pdf \|access-date=6 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|title=THE CEYLON GOVERNMENT GAZETTE E X T R A O R D IN A R Y \|url=http://220.247.247.85:8081/bitstream/handle/123456789/31222/012_1947-JANUARY-JUNE_9664_I_E.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y \|publisher=Sri Lanka Archives \|access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref>		De Saram was commissioned as a [[second lieutenant]] in the 1st (Heavy) Regiment, [[Ceylon Garrison Artillery]] (CGA) in 1939 and served in the personal staff of the [[British Governor of Ceylon]] as an [[Aide-de-Camp\|Extra Aide-de-Camp]].<ref>{{cite web \|title=T H E CEYLON GOVERNMENT GAZETTE \|url=http://diglib.natlib.lk/bitstream/handle/123456789/27504/018_1939-APRIL-JUNE_8461_I_E.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y \|website=natlib.lk \|access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|title=T H E CEYLON GOVERNMENT GAZETTE \|url=http://220.247.247.85:8081/bitstream/handle/123456789/27767/018_1939-OCTOMBER-DECEMBER_8539_I_E.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y \|publisher=Sri Lanka Archives \|access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref> He was mobilized for war service gaining rapid promotion with the expansion of the [[Ceylon Defence Force]] during [[World War II]]. In 1942, he was deployed with the 2nd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment to defend the vital [[Royal Navy]] base at [[Trincomalee]]. de Saram was a [[Officer Commanding\|battery commander]] of the anti-aircraft batteries deployed at Diamond Hill, Hoodstower and he personally commanded the Ostenberg anti-aircraft battery which provided air defence of Trincomalee during the [[Indian Ocean Raid#Trincomalee and Batticaloa.2C Sri Lanka\|Japanese attack on Trincomalee]] on 9 April 1942. With the prospect of a Japanese invasion of Ceylon, he was approached by [[British Intelligence]] to serve with their underground should Ceylon fall to the Japanese in 1942.<ref>[https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2003/02/02/fea01.html Coup of 1962: an inside story, by former diplomat T. D. S. A. Dissanayaka, son of C.C. "Jungle" Dissanayake]</ref> In 1946 as a Major, de Saram served on the staff of the [[Governor of Ceylon]] as an [[Aide-de-camp\|Extra Aide-de-camp]] to the Governor and was promoted to the rank of [[lieutenant colonel]].<ref>{{cite book \|title=1946 Fergusons Ceylon Directory \|publisher=Fergusons \|page=42 \|url=https://www.historyofceylontea.com/ceylon-publications/fergusons-directory/1946-fergusons-ceylon-directory/pdf/resources/1946-fergusons-ceylon-directory.pdf \|access-date=6 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|title=THE CEYLON GOVERNMENT GAZETTE E X T R A O R D IN A R Y \|url=http://220.247.247.85:8081/bitstream/handle/123456789/31222/012_1947-JANUARY-JUNE_9664_I_E.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y \|publisher=Sri Lanka Archives \|access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref>

	=== Ceylon Army ===		=== Ceylon Army ===

DilKhus: adding basic pg added tags

2026-05-07T04:06:39Z

adding basic pg added tags

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{{Short description|Sri Lankan lawyer, cricket captain, and military officer}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox military person
|name=Fredrick Cecil de Saram<br /><small>[[OBE]] [[Efficiency Decoration|ED]]</small>
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1912|9|5|df=yes}}
|birth_place = [[Colombo]], [[Ceylon]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1983|4|11|1912|9|5|df=yes}}
|death_place = Colombo, [[Sri Lanka]]
|burial_place=
|burial_label= Place of burial
|image= Derek de Saram of Ceylon.png
|caption= de Saram in 1947
|nickname=Derek, Derrick
|allegiance={{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Sri Lanka]]
|branch=[[Ceylon Army]],<br/> [[Ceylon Defence Force]]
|service_number = O/50003 
|service_years=1939 - 1961
|rank=[[Colonel]]
|commands=[[Ceylon Volunteer Force]],<br> 2nd (Volunteer) Coastal Artillery Regiment,<br>1st Heavy Anti-Aircraft/Coastal Artillery Regiment
|unit=[[Ceylon Artillery]]
|battles=[[World War II]]
|awards=[[OBE]] (Military Division), <br>[[Efficiency Decoration]]
|relations=
|other_work=[[Barrister]], [[Proctor]]
|module=
{{Infobox cricketer
| embed = yes
| heightft =
| heightinch =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling =
| role =
| club1 = [[Hertfordshire County Cricket Club|Hertfordshire]]
| year1 = 1933–1936
| club2 = [[Oxford University Cricket Club|Oxford University]]
| year2 = 1934–1935
| columns = 1
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| matches1 = 40
| runs1 = 2789
| bat avg1 = 38.84
| 100s/50s1 = 6/13
| top score1 = 208
| deliveries1 = 114
| wickets1 = 0
| bowl avg1 = –
| fivefor1 = –
| tenfor1 = –
| best bowling1 = –
| catches/stumpings1 = 17/–
| date = 23 October
| year = 2015
| source = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/26/26205/26205.html CricketArchive
}}
}}
[[Colonel]] '''Frederick Cecil "Derek" de Saram''', [[OBE]], [[Efficiency Decoration|ED]] (5 September 1912 – 11 April 1983) was a [[Sri Lanka]]n lawyer, a [[Sri Lanka cricket team|Ceylon]] cricket captain, and an officer of the [[Ceylon Army]]. He led the [[Attempted military coup in Ceylon, 1962|attempted military coup of 1962]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecricketmonthly.com/story/1181100/the-story-of-de-saram-and-satha--batting-geniuses-who-went-to-jail |title=The story of de Saram and Satha: batting geniuses who went to jail |work=The Cricket Monthly |access-date=15 May 2019}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==

Born to a family of lawyers, his father was [[Frederick de Saram]], a [[proctor]] and [[notary public]] and his mother was Myra Loos, daughter of [[Frederick Charles Loos]], a [[proctor]] and unofficial member of [[Legislative Council of Ceylon]]. The de Saram family was a prominent family in [[Dutch Ceylon]] and [[British Ceylon]] having served as [[Native headmen of Ceylon|native headmen]] and had established links to other leading low country families in the island such as the [[Bandaranaike family|Dias-Bandaranaikes]] and the Obeysekeres. His grandfather [[Richard Francis de Saram]], founded the [[law firm]] [[D. L. & F. de Saram]] in 1898 which was taken over by his father and uncle [[Douglas de Saram]].<ref>{{cite web |title=De Saram - Family #3126 |url=http://www.worldgenweb.org/lkawgw/gen3126.html |website=worldgenweb.org |access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.desaram.com/law-firm-in-sri-lanka.php |website=desaram.com |access-date=7 September 2021|title=The de Saram Law firm in Sri Lanka. D. L. & F. de Saram }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=GENEALOGY OF THE FAMILY OF LOOS OF CEYLON |journal=The Journal of the Dutch Burgher Union |page=110 |url=http://thedutchburgherunion.org/genealogy/ancestry-l/JDBU%201949%20Vol%2039%20No%203%20p104-123%20-%20Loos%20Ancestry%281%29.pdf |access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref>

Educated at [[Royal College, Colombo]], where he was head prefect, the captained the college cricket team in the [[Royal–Thomian]] and won the coveted [[Dornhorst Memorial Prize]]. He then entered [[Keble College, Oxford]] in 1932, where he earned [[Blue (university sport)|Blue]]s in cricket and tennis (he was later runner-up in the 1939 Ceylon tennis championships to Hildon Sansoni).<ref name=":ceylon1939">{{cite news|date=17 April 1939|title=The Sansonis To The Fore|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q7E-AAAAIBAJ&pg=PA7&article_id=6912,1406013|accessdate=15 November 2024}}</ref> He was captain of [[Oxford University Cricket Club|the university cricket team]]. He returned to Ceylon in 1937, having qualified as a [[barrister]] and became an [[advocate]] starting his legal practice in the [[unofficial bar]]. Some years later, become a proctor and notary public, becoming a partner in the family firm, D. L. & F. de Saram.<ref>{{cite web |title=1953 Ferguson's Ceylon Directory |url=https://www.historyofceylontea.com/ceylon-publications/fergusons-directory/1959-fergusons-ceylon-directory/pdf/viewer.php |publisher=Ferguson's Ceylon Directory |access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref> In 1939 he was elected to the executive committee of the [[Ceylon National Congress]] along with [[J. R. Jayewardene]] among others.<ref>{{cite book |last1=De Silva |first1=K. M. |title=J.R. Jayewardene of Sri Lanka: 1906-1956 |publisher=William Howard Wriggins |page=93}}</ref>

== Cricket career ==

A right-handed batsman, de Saram made 128 playing for Oxford University against [[Australia cricket team|the Australians]] in 1934. The Australian side included [[Stan McCabe]], [[Chuck Fleetwood-Smith]] and [[Clarrie Grimmett]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/14/14970.html| title = Oxford University v Australians 1934| publisher=CricketArchive| access-date = 23 October 2015}}</ref> In his 40 [[first-class cricket|first-class]] games for Ceylon and Oxford University, de Saram made 2789 runs at an average of 39.84 with six centuries and a highest score of 208. He captained the [[Sri Lanka cricket team|Ceylon cricket team]] from 1949 to 1954. He was appointed a [[Member of the Order of the British Empire]] (MBE) (Civil Division) in the [[1949 Birthday Honours|1949 King's Birthday honours]] for his service to sport.<ref>Ceylon list: {{London Gazette |issue=38631 |supp=y |date=3 June 1949 |pages=2835–2836 }}</ref> In later years he coached his alma mater, Royal College Colombo in Cricket. He was also actively involved with [[S. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia]], and was conferred the status of being an honorary Thomian. He was cricket coach for Royal College Colombo, when his son, D. A. de Saram, played for St Thomas' as a coloursman at the Royal Thomian Cricket encounter.

==Military service==

=== Ceylon Defence Force ===

De Saram was commissioned as a [[second lieutenant]] in the 1st (Heavy) Regiment, [[Ceylon Garrison Artillery]] (CGA) in 1939 and served in the personal staff of the [[British Governor of Ceylon]] as an [[Aide-de-Camp|Extra Aide-de-Camp]].<ref>{{cite web |title=T H E CEYLON GOVERNMENT GAZETTE |url=http://diglib.natlib.lk/bitstream/handle/123456789/27504/018_1939-APRIL-JUNE_8461_I_E.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |website=natlib.lk |access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=T H E CEYLON GOVERNMENT GAZETTE |url=http://220.247.247.85:8081/bitstream/handle/123456789/27767/018_1939-OCTOMBER-DECEMBER_8539_I_E.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |publisher=Sri Lanka Archives |access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref> He was mobilized for war service gaining rapid promotion with the expansion of the [[Ceylon Defence Force]] during [[World War II]]. In 1942, he was deployed with the 2nd Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment to defend the vital [[Royal Navy]] base at [[Trincomalee]]. de Saram was a [[Officer Commanding|battery commander]] of the anti-aircraft batteries deployed at Diamond Hill, Hoodstower and he personally commanded the Ostenberg anti-aircraft battery which provided air defence of Trincomalee during the [[Indian Ocean Raid#Trincomalee and Batticaloa.2C Sri Lanka|Japanese attack on Trincomalee]] on 9 April 1942. With the prospect of a Japanese invasion of Ceylon, he was approached by [[British Intelligence]] to serve with their underground should Ceylon fall to the Japanese in 1942.<ref>[https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2003/02/02/fea01.html Coup of 1962: an inside story, by former diplomat T. D. S. A. Dissanayaka, son of C.C. "Jungle" Dissanayake] </ref> In 1946 as a Major, de Saram served on the staff of the [[Governor of Ceylon]] as an [[Aide-de-camp|Extra Aide-de-camp]] to the Governor and was promoted to the rank of [[lieutenant colonel]].<ref>{{cite book |title=1946 Fergusons Ceylon Directory |publisher=Fergusons |page=42 |url=https://www.historyofceylontea.com/ceylon-publications/fergusons-directory/1946-fergusons-ceylon-directory/pdf/resources/1946-fergusons-ceylon-directory.pdf |access-date=6 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=THE CEYLON GOVERNMENT GAZETTE E X T R A O R D IN A R Y |url=http://220.247.247.85:8081/bitstream/handle/123456789/31222/012_1947-JANUARY-JUNE_9664_I_E.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |publisher=Sri Lanka Archives |access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref>

=== Ceylon Army ===

With Ceylon gaining independence in 1948 as the [[Dominion of Ceylon]], the [[Ceylon Army]] was formed on 1 October 1949. Having attended the Long Gunnery Staff Course at the [[Royal School of Artillery]] and qualified as an instructor in Gunnery (IG), Lieutenant Colonel de Saram transferred to the regular force and took command of one of the first two combat units formed in the new Ceylon Army as the first [[commanding officer]], 1st Heavy Anti-Aircraft/Coast Artillery Regiment which became the first regular regiment of the [[Ceylon Artillery]]. The other regular combat regiment of the Ceylon Army was the [[Sri Lanka Light Infantry|Ceylon Infantry Regiment]] under the command of Lieutenant Colonel [[Winston Wijeyekoon]]. With much of the personal from the CGA transferred to the 2nd (Volunteer) Coastal Artillery / Anti-Aircraft Regiment, he was tasked with establishing the a regular artillery regiment to take over the [[air defense]] and [[coastal artillery]] role from the [[Royal Artillery]]. He was deployed with his regiment during the [[1953 Ceylonese Hartal]] to control civil unrest. On 1 May 1954, de Saram retired from the regular force, transferred to the volunteer force and became the commanding officer, 2nd (Volunteer) Coast Artillery Regiment. In May 1958, the Ceylon Volunteer Force was mobilized to assist the police to suppress rioting during the [[1958 Ceylonese riots]]. Lt. Colonel de Saram lead a detachment opening fire on an armed mod near the Ceylon Transport Board depot at [[Ratmalana]].<ref name="Jeyaraj12">{{cite news |last1=Jeyaraj |first1=D. B. S. |title=Police and Army top brass resentment led to 1962 coup attempt |work=Daily News |url=https://www.ft.lk/columns/Police-and-Army-top-brass-resentment-led-to-1962-coup-attempt/4-745048 |access-date=6 May 2023}}</ref> Promoted to [[colonel]], he was appointed as the [[Commandant of the Volunteer Force|deputy commandant]] of the [[Ceylon Volunteer Force]] in 1960.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sri Lanka Army at Seventy: Recalling The First Decade |url=http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=211804 |access-date=5 May 2020 |publisher=Island}}</ref>

==Coup==

De Saram was a member of the [[Christians|Christian]] [[elite]] that saw a gradual erosion of their influence and position in the country following the [[Sinhalaisation]] process started by de Saram's cousin, [[S.W.R.D. Bandaranaike]], and carried on by [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]]. Thus, de Saram, along with several other disgruntled [[Christians|Christian]] officers of the army, navy and police, began to plot a coup along the lines of that waged by General [[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub Khan]] in [[Pakistan]].

The [[coup d'état]] was planned for midnight on 27 January 1962 under the leadership of de Saram with the support of troops from the [[Ceylon Artillery]] and [[Ceylon Armoured Corps]] as well as several other volunteer units. The plan was the detain the Prime Minister [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]] at [[Temple Trees]], the official residence of the prime minister, and round up government ministers, the Permanent Secretary for Defence and External affairs, the Inspector General of Police, DIG (CID), SP (CID), the Acting Navy Commander, and the Army Commander. Colombo would be placed under curfew and cut off from regular army units from the [[Panagoda Cantonment]]. After the coup members gained control, de Saram as [[General Officer Commanding]] Ceylon would command all military establishments and have [[Governor-General of Ceylon]], [[Sir]] [[Oliver Goonetilleke]] [[dissolve parliament]].

However, an officer, who had been brought in on the plot the morning of the set date, warned the government and several of the plotters were arrested. de Saram drove to [[Temple Trees]] alone, but there he was arrested. Since no actual coup had taken place, the government had no real evidence to use to punish the accused and thus confined them to solitary confinement in hope of getting a confession. de Saram confessed taking sole responsibility of the coup. This would go on to become the prosecution's main article of evidence. On 3 June 1963, de Saram was convicted along with 11 of the other 24 accused to 10 years in jail as well confiscation of property after laws had been specially modified by the government in order to convict the plotters. The conviction was eventually overruled on appeal to the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]], which ruled that the new Act had denied the [[right to a fair trial]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/DM_BLOG/Sections/frmNewsDetailView.aspx?ARTID=69218 |title="OPERATION HOLDFAST": THE ATTEMPTED COUP D’ETAT OF JAN 1962 |access-date=5 December 2009 |archive-date=12 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812152304/https://www.dailymirror.lk/DM_BLOG/Sections/frmNewsDetailView.aspx?ARTID=69218 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Later life==

De Saram spent much of the 1970s as a partner of [[DL and F de Saram]] and coaching the [[Royal College, Colombo]] cricket and rugby teams. He died on 11 April 1983 at age 70.

==Family==

De Saram married Nedra Obeysekera, daughter of [[Stanley Obeysekere]]. They had three daughters, Tara, Rhunie and Oosha and a son, Dijen. Tara and Oosha both excelled in sports at a national level, Tara in swimming and Oosha in both swimming and tennis. [[Julian Bolling]] and [[Dipika Chanmugam]] are de Saram's grandchildren.

== Honors and decorations ==

For his military service he was made an [[Officer of the Order of the British Empire]] (OBE) (Military Division) in the [[1950 New Year Honours|1950 King's New Year's Honours]], having been awarded a [[Member of the Order of the British Empire]] (MBE) (Civil Division) in the [[1949 Birthday Honours|1949 King's Birthday honours]] for his service to sport. He had received the [[Efficiency Decoration]] for volunteer service; for wartime service, he had been awarded the [[Defence Medal (United Kingdom)|Defence Medal]] and the [[War Medal 1939–1945]], and for service in the Ceylon Army, he received the [[Ceylon Armed Services Inauguration Medal]].<ref>Ceylon :{{London Gazette |issue=38800 |date=30 December 1949 |pages=41–42 |supp=y |nolink=yes }}</ref>

<div class="center">

[[File:Order of the British Empire (Military) Ribbon.svg|110px]]
[[File:Defence Medal BAR.svg|110px]]

[[File:Ribbon - War Medal.png|108px]]
[[File:UK King George V Silver Jubilee Medal ribbon.svg|110px]]
[[File:Efficiency Decoration.gif|110px]]
[[File:Ceylon Armed Services Inauguration Medal ribbon bar.svg|110px]]

</div>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080428201947/http://www.dailynews.lk/2006/06/01/fea05.asp Significance of the abortive 1962 military coup]
*[http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~lkawgw/gen3126.html de Saram – Family #3126 rootsweb.ancestry.com]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110716210144/http://www.lawnet.lk/docs/case_law/nlr/common/html/NLR67V193.htm THE QUEEN v.FREDERICK CECIL DE SARAM]
*[http://www.sundaytimes.lk/061224/Plus/006_pls.html He stood by the country when democracy was in peril, 18th death anniversary of the 7th post-independence IGP ~ Stanley Senanayake]
*[http://www.sundaytimes.lk/990516/sports3.html Coup d'etat of 1962 and Police rugby]
*[https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2003/02/02/fea01.html Coup of 1962: an inside story, by former diplomat T. D. S. A. Dissanayaka, son of C.C. "Jungle" Dissanayake]
* {{cricinfo|ref=srilanka/content/player/48614.html}}
* [http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/228585.html Wisden obituary]
* {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20080516041703/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/02/20/stories/0720028a.htm Two Sri Lankan masters ]}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saram, Fredrick}}
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