Fortaleza da São Tomé - Revision history

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← Older revision		Revision as of 22:43, 16 October 2022
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	[[File:Cranganor, Plan de la forteresse de Cranganor. 1709.jpg\|thumb\|Plan of the fort <ref>{{Cite web\|last=Bellin\|first=Jacques Nicolas\|title=Plan de la ville et du port de Macao\|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.14711/spcol/b537641\|access-date=2021-07-15\|website=Rare & Special e-Zone}}</ref>]]		[[File:Cranganor, Plan de la forteresse de Cranganor. 1709.jpg\|thumb\|Plan of the fort <ref>{{Cite web\|last=Bellin\|first=Jacques Nicolas\|title=Plan de la ville et du port de Macao\|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.14711/spcol/b537641\|access-date=2021-07-15\|website=Rare & Special e-Zone}}</ref>]]
	[[File:Fortrelic.jpg\|thumb\|Battery]]		[[File:Fortrelic.jpg\|thumb\|Battery]]
	'''Fortaleza da São Tomé''', ~~otherwise~~ known as ~~[[Kodungallur\|~~'''Cranganore'''~~]] Fort,~~ or [['''Kottapuram'''~~]] Fort~~, is situated in [[Kodungallur]] of [[Thrissur District]] in [[Kerala]], India.<ref name=":0" /> It was of 18 feet in thickness and was made of [[laterite]]. The stone fort was built by the [[Portuguese Empire\|Portuguese]] in 1523, and was named after ~~Mar Thoma Sleeha (~~[[Thomas the Apostle]]).<ref>{{cite web
			The '''Fortaleza da São Tomé''', also known as '''Cranganore Fort''' or '''Kottapuram Fort''', is situated in [[Kodungallur]] of [[Thrissur District]] in [[Kerala]], India.<ref name=":0" /> It was of 18 feet in thickness and was made of [[laterite]]. The stone fort was built by the [[Portuguese Empire\|Portuguese]] in 1523 and was named after [[Thomas the Apostle]].<ref>{{cite web
	\|url=http://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-article/193/kodungallur.php		\|url=http://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-article/193/kodungallur.php
	\|title=Kodungallur		\|title=Kodungallur
	\|publisher=Kerala Tourism		\|publisher=Kerala Tourism
	\|access-date=2010-10-15}}</ref> The fort was enlarged in 1565, and passed into the hands of the [[Dutch East India Company\|Dutch]] in 1663 who destroyed the fort.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.keralatourism.org/muziris/kottappuram-fort.php\|title=Kottappuram fort\|work=muzirisheritage.org\|publisher=Kerala Tourism Department\|access-date=24 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="EB1911">{{cite EB1911\|wstitle=Kodungalur\|volume=15\|page=885}}</ref>		\|access-date=2010-10-15}}</ref> The fort was enlarged in 1565 and passed into the hands of the [[Dutch East India Company\|Dutch]] in 1663, who destroyed the fort.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.keralatourism.org/muziris/kottappuram-fort.php\|title=Kottappuram fort\|work=muzirisheritage.org\|publisher=Kerala Tourism Department\|access-date=24 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="EB1911">{{cite EB1911\|wstitle=Kodungalur\|volume=15\|page=885}}</ref>

	Kottapuram Fort was an important part of the [[Nedumkotta]] fort built by [[Travancore]] under the leadership of [[Eustachius De Lannoy\|Eustachius Benedictus de Lenoy]] to defend Tipu Sultan.		Kottapuram Fort was an important part of the [[Nedumkotta]] fort built by [[Travancore]] under the leadership of [[Eustachius De Lannoy\|Eustachius Benedictus de Lenoy]] to defend against Tipu Sultan.

	==History==		==History==
	[[File:Historicrelic.jpg\|thumb\|left\|250px\|Department of Archaeology of Travancore erected a memorial pillar inside the fort in 1909]]		[[File:Historicrelic.jpg\|thumb\|left\|250px\|Department of Archaeology of Travancore erected a memorial pillar inside the fort in 1909]]
	Kottappuram Fort, also known as Crangannoor (Kodungallur) Fort was built by the Portuguese in 1523 and was named after [[Thomas the ~~apostle~~]].<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Amit\|first=Chilka\|title=Sea Forts of India\|publisher=Osmora Inc.\|year=2014\|isbn=9782765903611}}</ref> it was later enlarged in 1565. It is located at a strategic location on the entrance of the [[Periyar River]] before it joins the [[Arabian Sea]]. Therefore, from the fort, it was easy to control the ships and boats passing to Kodungallur through this river. The fort was constructed under the supervision of Pedro Álvares Cabral<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Muziris boat ride: A trip back to Kerala's glorious past\|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2019/06/21/muziris-boat-ride-trip-back-kerala-glorious-past.html\|access-date=2021-07-15\|website=OnManorama}}</ref> and was under the command of Urbano Fialho Ferreira after the completion.		[[File:Description at the site.jpg\|thumb\|Description at the site]]

			Kottappuram Fort, also known as Crangannoor (Kodungallur) Fort, was built by the Portuguese in 1523 and was named after [[Thomas the Apostle]].<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Amit\|first=Chilka\|title=Sea Forts of India\|publisher=Osmora Inc.\|year=2014\|isbn=9782765903611}}</ref> it was later enlarged in 1565. It is located at a strategic location on the entrance of the [[Periyar River]] before it joins the [[Arabian Sea]]. Therefore, from the fort, it was easy to control the ships and boats passing to Kodungallur through this river. The fort was constructed under the supervision of Pedro Álvares Cabral<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Muziris boat ride: A trip back to Kerala's glorious past\|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2019/06/21/muziris-boat-ride-trip-back-kerala-glorious-past.html\|access-date=2021-07-15\|website=OnManorama}}</ref> and was under the command of Urbano Fialho Ferreira after the completion.

			[[File:Remains of the Wall of fort.jpg\|thumb\|Remains of the wall of the fort]]

	In 1663 Dutch Army conquered the ~~Fort~~ after much struggle.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Kottappuram Fort - the ancient Cranganore fort built by Portuguese {{!}} Historic sites at Muziris Heritage Area, Ernakulam\|url=https://www.muzirisheritage.org/kottappuram-fort.php\|access-date=2021-07-15\|website=www.muzirisheritage.org}}</ref> In 1662 ~~The~~ Dutch besieged land and sea and began to build a tunnel near the fort. But they could not hold their own against the artillery of the Portuguese. The Dutch demanded a truce, but Fialho who was holding the fort, intensified the attack.		In 1663 Dutch Army conquered the fort after much struggle.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Kottappuram Fort - the ancient Cranganore fort built by Portuguese {{!}} Historic sites at Muziris Heritage Area, Ernakulam\|url=https://www.muzirisheritage.org/kottappuram-fort.php\|access-date=2021-07-15\|website=www.muzirisheritage.org}}</ref> In 1662 the Dutch besieged land and sea and began to build a tunnel near the fort. But they could not hold their own against the artillery of the Portuguese. The Dutch demanded a truce, but Fialho who was holding the fort, intensified the attack.

	Later when [[Paliyattachan]] betrayed the Portuguese things became easy. Paliyattachan, who had strategically left the fort, met the Dutch and told them the easiest way to enter the fort. On January 15, 1662, the Dutch resumed their offensive. They were able to crack the fort with artillery and get in through it. After the ~~dutch~~ army captured important parts of the fort, the Portuguese boarded boats and escaped to the [[Ambazhakkad]] seminary. Fialho, 200 Portuguese soldiers and about 100 [[Nair]] soldiers were killed. After taking over the fort, the Dutch destroyed it and used it as an outhouse to guard their trade ships.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web\|title=Kottappuram Fort {{!}} Forts protected by Department of Archaeology {{!}} Protected Monuments\|url=http://www.archaeology.kerala.gov.in/monuments/kottappuram-fort/31\|access-date=2021-07-15\|website=Archaeology}}</ref>		Later when [[Paliyattachan]] betrayed the Portuguese things became easy. Paliyattachan, who had strategically left the fort, met the Dutch and told them the easiest way to enter the fort. On January 15, 1662, the Dutch resumed their offensive. They were able to crack the fort with artillery and get in through it. After the Dutch army captured important parts of the fort, the Portuguese boarded boats and escaped to the [[Ambazhakkad]] seminary. Fialho, 200 Portuguese soldiers and about 100 [[Nair]] soldiers were killed. After taking over the fort, the Dutch destroyed it and used it as an outhouse to guard their trade ships.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web\|title=Kottappuram Fort {{!}} Forts protected by Department of Archaeology {{!}} Protected Monuments\|url=http://www.archaeology.kerala.gov.in/monuments/kottappuram-fort/31\|access-date=2021-07-15\|website=Archaeology}}</ref>

	However, during the reign of [[Tipu Sultan]], when he conquered [[Malabar Coast\|Malabar]] and targeted Travancore, Travancore began to fortify the fort. The ~~King~~ of Cochin was the feudatory lord of [[Mysore]]. On July 31, 1789, he bought the Kodungallur fort and the [[pallipuram fort]] from the Dutch for Rs. 3 Lakhs. The agreement was executed between [[Raja Kesava Das]], the Diwan of Travancore and [[John Gerard Van Angelbeck]], the Dutch ~~Governor~~.<ref>Shungoonny Menon, P., A History of Travancore, Trivandrum, 1983, pp.176- 177.</ref> At the same time, Tipu Sultan was claiming the fort from the King of Cochin. The construction of Nedunkotta or the Travancore Lines is ~~consideref~~ to be a unique and unparallel episode in Indian History by historians.		However, during the reign of [[Tipu Sultan]], when he conquered [[Malabar Coast\|Malabar]] and targeted Travancore, Travancore began to fortify the fort. The king of Cochin was the feudatory lord of [[Mysore]]. On July 31, 1789, he bought the Kodungallur fort and the [[pallipuram fort]] from the Dutch for Rs. 3 Lakhs. The agreement was executed between [[Raja Kesava Das]], the Diwan of Travancore and [[John Gerard Van Angelbeck]], the Dutch governor.<ref>Shungoonny Menon, P., A History of Travancore, Trivandrum, 1983, pp.176- 177.</ref> At the same time, Tipu Sultan was claiming the fort from the King of Cochin. The construction of Nedunkotta or the Travancore Lines is considered to be a unique and unparallel episode in Indian History by historians.
	<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Panikkar\|first=K. N.\|last2=Fernandes\|first2=Praxy\|date=August 1991\|title=Men of Valour and Vision\|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3517708\|journal=Social Scientist\|volume=19\|issue=8/9\|pages=109\|doi=10.2307/3517708\|issn=0970-0293}}</ref>		<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Panikkar\|first=K. N.\|last2=Fernandes\|first2=Praxy\|date=August 1991\|title=Men of Valour and Vision\|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3517708\|journal=Social Scientist\|volume=19\|issue=8/9\|pages=109\|doi=10.2307/3517708\|issn=0970-0293}}</ref>
	Before moving on to a war, he wrote to Governor Holland to make a decision on the forts with the ~~Governor~~ of Madras, an ally of Travancore, and sent Governor Powni to speak with the King.<ref>Mil. Cons. Vol.134A, 1790, p.684. Letter from George Powney to William Meadows, Paroor, 6th March, 1790.</ref> The Maharaja requested the Madras ~~Governor~~ (Mr. Holland) to issue orders to the British contingent to co-operate with him in case of an attack from Tippu Sultan which was expected every moment. Aid was promised but not rendered. However, when things could not be settled amicably, the Mysore army attacked the upper part of [[Nedumkotta]] in December 1787 and captured a part of it. The Travancore army were initially dispersed but retaliated with increased vigor. The Mysore army suffered heavy casualties and retreated. Army commanders like [[Semal Beg]] were killed on the Mysore side.<ref name="ഡോ: കെ.കെ.എൻ. 2007">{{cite book \|last=ഡോ: കെ.കെ.എൻ. \|first=കുറുപ്പ്= \|authorlink=കെ.കെ.എൻ. കുറുപ്പ് \|title=നവാബ് ടിപ്പു സുൽത്താൻ - ഒരു പഠനം \|year= 2007\|publisher=മാതൃഭൂമി പബ്ലീഷേസ് \|location= കോഴിക്കോട്\|isbn=81-8264-546-8 }}</ref>		Before moving on to a war, he wrote to Governor Holland to make a decision on the forts with the governor of Madras, an ally of Travancore, and sent Governor Powni to speak with the King.<ref>Mil. Cons. Vol.134A, 1790, p.684. Letter from George Powney to William Meadows, Paroor, 6th March, 1790.</ref> The Maharaja requested the Madras governor (Mr. Holland) to issue orders to the British contingent to co-operate with him in case of an attack from Tippu Sultan which was expected every moment. Aid was promised but not rendered. However, when things could not be settled amicably, the Mysore army attacked the upper part of [[Nedumkotta]] in December 1787 and captured a part of it. The Travancore army were initially dispersed but retaliated with increased vigor. The Mysore army suffered heavy casualties and retreated. Army commanders like [[Semal Beg]] were killed on the Mysore side.<ref name="ഡോ: കെ.കെ.എൻ. 2007">{{cite book \|last=ഡോ: കെ.കെ.എൻ. \|first=കുറുപ്പ്= \|authorlink=കെ.കെ.എൻ. കുറുപ്പ് \|title=നവാബ് ടിപ്പു സുൽത്താൻ - ഒരു പഠനം \|year= 2007\|publisher=മാതൃഭൂമി പബ്ലീഷേസ് \|location= കോഴിക്കോട്\|isbn=81-8264-546-8 }}</ref>

	English historians consider the attack to be unwarranted and unnecessary. Mark Wilks records that the Sultan was directly involved in the attack, that he suffered a leg injury and was crippled for life, and that his valuable jewelry was confiscated.<ref>Wilks, Mark, Historical Sketches of South India, Vol.III, Trivandrum, 1899, p.114.</ref> However, based on the Mathilakam documents, A. P. Ibrahim Kunju evaluates that the Sultan was not directly involved.<ref>Ibrahim Kunju, A.P., Mysore-Kerala Relations in the 18th Century, Trivandrum, 1784, p.34.</ref> The Madras ~~Governor~~, Mr. Holland, refused to help Travancore, because he thought that the Maharaja had acted unlawfully in purchasing the Dutch forts <ref>Mil.Con.Gra., Vol.39, 1790, Letter from Raja of Travancore to John Holland, 1 January 1790.</ref><ref>7 Abraham, M.V., A Concise History of Travancore, Tiruvala, 1942, p.25.</ref><ref>36 Correspondence of Marquis of Cornwallis, Vol.II, p.52. 96</ref>		English historians consider the attack to be unwarranted and unnecessary. Mark Wilks records that the Sultan was directly involved in the attack, that he suffered a leg injury and was crippled for life, and that his valuable jewelry was confiscated.<ref>Wilks, Mark, Historical Sketches of South India, Vol.III, Trivandrum, 1899, p.114.</ref> However, based on the Mathilakam documents, A. P. Ibrahim Kunju evaluates that the Sultan was not directly involved.<ref>Ibrahim Kunju, A.P., Mysore-Kerala Relations in the 18th Century, Trivandrum, 1784, p.34.</ref> The Madras governor, Mr. Holland, refused to help Travancore, because he thought that the Maharaja had acted unlawfully in purchasing the Dutch forts <ref>Mil.Con.Gra., Vol.39, 1790, Letter from Raja of Travancore to John Holland, 1 January 1790.</ref><ref>7 Abraham, M.V., A Concise History of Travancore, Tiruvala, 1942, p.25.</ref><ref>36 Correspondence of Marquis of Cornwallis, Vol.II, p.52. 96</ref>

	Unable to influence the King of Travancore in any way, from 12 April 1790, the Mysore army again attacked Nedumkotta. In many places they broke through the walls and advanced. The East India Company, on the other hand, refrained from aiding the king.<ref>{{cite book \|last=ഏ. \|first=ശ്രീധരമേനോൻ \|authorlink= ഏ. ശ്രീധരമേനോൻ\|title= കേരളചരിത്രം \|year= 1997\|publisher=എസ്.വിശ്വനാഥൻ പ്രിന്റേഴ്സ് ആൻഡ് പബ്ലീഷേർസ്. പ്രൈവറ്റ് ലിമിറ്റഡ് \|location= ചെട്പേട്ട് ചെന്നൈ\|isbn= }}</ref>		Unable to influence the King of Travancore in any way, from 12 April 1790, the Mysore army again attacked Nedumkotta. In many places they broke through the walls and advanced. The East India Company, on the other hand, refrained from aiding the king.<ref>{{cite book \|last=ഏ. \|first=ശ്രീധരമേനോൻ \|authorlink= ഏ. ശ്രീധരമേനോൻ\|title= കേരളചരിത്രം \|year= 1997\|publisher=എസ്.വിശ്വനാഥൻ പ്രിന്റേഴ്സ് ആൻഡ് പബ്ലീഷേർസ്. പ്രൈവറ്റ് ലിമിറ്റഡ് \|location= ചെട്പേട്ട് ചെന്നൈ\|isbn= }}</ref>
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	{{Coord\|10.197\|76.212\|display=title}}		{{Coord\|10.197\|76.212\|display=title}}
			{{Forts and fortresses of the Portuguese empire\|state=collapsed}}
	{{Forts in India}}		{{Forts in India}}
	{{Tourist attractions in Thrissur}}		{{Tourist attractions in Thrissur}}

imported>Keith D: /* History */Fix cite date error

2021-07-19T10:25:30Z

History: Fix cite date error

New page

{{Short description|Fort in Kottappuram, Kodungallur, Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox military installation
|name = Fortaleza da São Tomé
|partof =
|location = [[Kodungallur]], [[Thrissur District]], [[Kerala]]
|image = Cranganorefort.jpg
|image_size = 300px
|caption =
|map_type=
|map_size =
|map_caption =
|type = Cultural
|coordinates =
|built = 1523
|builder =
|materials = Stone
|height =
|used =
|demolished = Mostly
|condition = Structure
|ownership = [[Government of Kerala]]
|open_to_public = Yes
|controlledby = {{flagcountry|Portuguese Empire}} <br/>{{flagcountry|The Netherlands}}<br/>{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}}<br/>{{flagcountry|India}}
|garrison =
|current_commander =
|commanders =
|occupants =
|battles =
|events =
|image2 =
|caption2 =
}}

[[File:Cranganor, Plan de la forteresse de Cranganor. 1709.jpg|thumb|Plan of the fort <ref>{{Cite web|last=Bellin|first=Jacques Nicolas|title=Plan de la ville et du port de Macao|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.14711/spcol/b537641|access-date=2021-07-15|website=Rare & Special e-Zone}}</ref>]]
[[File:Fortrelic.jpg|thumb|Battery]]
'''Fortaleza da São Tomé''', otherwise known as [[Kodungallur|'''Cranganore''']] Fort, or [['''Kottapuram''']] Fort, is situated in [[Kodungallur]] of [[Thrissur District]] in [[Kerala]], India.<ref name=":0" /> It was of 18 feet in thickness and was made of [[laterite]]. The stone fort was built by the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] in 1523, and was named after Mar Thoma Sleeha ([[Thomas the Apostle]]).<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-article/193/kodungallur.php
|title=Kodungallur
|publisher=Kerala Tourism
|access-date=2010-10-15}}</ref> The fort was enlarged in 1565, and passed into the hands of the [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch]] in 1663 who destroyed the fort.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralatourism.org/muziris/kottappuram-fort.php|title=Kottappuram fort|work=muzirisheritage.org|publisher=Kerala Tourism Department|access-date=24 August 2012}}</ref><ref name="EB1911">{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Kodungalur|volume=15|page=885}}</ref>

Kottapuram Fort was an important part of the [[Nedumkotta]] fort built by [[Travancore]] under the leadership of [[Eustachius De Lannoy|Eustachius Benedictus de Lenoy]] to defend Tipu Sultan.

==History==
[[File:Historicrelic.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Department of Archaeology of Travancore erected a memorial pillar inside the fort in 1909]]
Kottappuram Fort, also known as Crangannoor (Kodungallur) Fort was built by the Portuguese in 1523 and was named after [[Thomas the apostle]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Amit|first=Chilka|title=Sea Forts of India|publisher=Osmora Inc.|year=2014|isbn=9782765903611}}</ref> it was later enlarged in 1565. It is located at a strategic location on the entrance of the [[Periyar River]] before it joins the [[Arabian Sea]]. Therefore, from the fort, it was easy to control the ships and boats passing to Kodungallur through this river. The fort was constructed under the supervision of Pedro Álvares Cabral<ref>{{Cite web|title=Muziris boat ride: A trip back to Kerala's glorious past|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2019/06/21/muziris-boat-ride-trip-back-kerala-glorious-past.html|access-date=2021-07-15|website=OnManorama}}</ref> and was under the command of Urbano Fialho Ferreira after the completion.

In 1663 Dutch Army conquered the Fort after much struggle.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kottappuram Fort - the ancient Cranganore fort built by Portuguese {{!}} Historic sites at Muziris Heritage Area, Ernakulam|url=https://www.muzirisheritage.org/kottappuram-fort.php|access-date=2021-07-15|website=www.muzirisheritage.org}}</ref> In 1662 The Dutch besieged land and sea and began to build a tunnel near the fort. But they could not hold their own against the artillery of the Portuguese. The Dutch demanded a truce, but Fialho who was holding the fort, intensified the attack.

Later when [[Paliyattachan]] betrayed the Portuguese things became easy. Paliyattachan, who had strategically left the fort, met the Dutch and told them the easiest way to enter the fort. On January 15, 1662, the Dutch resumed their offensive. They were able to crack the fort with artillery and get in through it. After the dutch army captured important parts of the fort, the Portuguese boarded boats and escaped to the [[Ambazhakkad]] seminary. Fialho, 200 Portuguese soldiers and about 100 [[Nair]] soldiers were killed. After taking over the fort, the Dutch destroyed it and used it as an outhouse to guard their trade ships.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Kottappuram Fort {{!}} Forts protected by Department of Archaeology {{!}} Protected Monuments|url=http://www.archaeology.kerala.gov.in/monuments/kottappuram-fort/31|access-date=2021-07-15|website=Archaeology}}</ref>

However, during the reign of [[Tipu Sultan]], when he conquered [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]] and targeted Travancore, Travancore began to fortify the fort. The King of Cochin was the feudatory lord of [[Mysore]]. On July 31, 1789, he bought the Kodungallur fort and the [[pallipuram fort]] from the Dutch for Rs. 3 Lakhs. The agreement was executed between [[Raja Kesava Das]], the Diwan of Travancore and [[John Gerard Van Angelbeck]], the Dutch Governor.<ref>Shungoonny Menon, P., A History of Travancore, Trivandrum, 1983, pp.176- 177.</ref> At the same time, Tipu Sultan was claiming the fort from the King of Cochin. The construction of Nedunkotta or the Travancore Lines is consideref to be a unique and unparallel episode in Indian History by historians.
<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Panikkar|first=K. N.|last2=Fernandes|first2=Praxy|date=August 1991|title=Men of Valour and Vision|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3517708|journal=Social Scientist|volume=19|issue=8/9|pages=109|doi=10.2307/3517708|issn=0970-0293}}</ref>
Before moving on to a war, he wrote to Governor Holland to make a decision on the forts with the Governor of Madras, an ally of Travancore, and sent Governor Powni to speak with the King.<ref>Mil. Cons. Vol.134A, 1790, p.684. Letter from George Powney to William Meadows, Paroor, 6th March, 1790.</ref> The Maharaja requested the Madras Governor (Mr. Holland) to issue orders to the British contingent to co-operate with him in case of an attack from Tippu Sultan which was expected every moment. Aid was promised but not rendered. However, when things could not be settled amicably, the Mysore army attacked the upper part of [[Nedumkotta]] in December 1787 and captured a part of it. The Travancore army were initially dispersed but retaliated with increased vigor. The Mysore army suffered heavy casualties and retreated. Army commanders like [[Semal Beg]] were killed on the Mysore side.<ref name="ഡോ: കെ.കെ.എൻ. 2007">{{cite book |last=ഡോ: കെ.കെ.എൻ. |first=കുറുപ്പ്= |authorlink=കെ.കെ.എൻ. കുറുപ്പ് |title=നവാബ് ടിപ്പു സുൽത്താൻ - ഒരു പഠനം |year= 2007|publisher=മാതൃഭൂമി പബ്ലീഷേസ് |location= കോഴിക്കോട്|isbn=81-8264-546-8 }}</ref>

English historians consider the attack to be unwarranted and unnecessary. Mark Wilks records that the Sultan was directly involved in the attack, that he suffered a leg injury and was crippled for life, and that his valuable jewelry was confiscated.<ref>Wilks, Mark, Historical Sketches of South India, Vol.III, Trivandrum, 1899, p.114.</ref> However, based on the Mathilakam documents, A. P. Ibrahim Kunju evaluates that the Sultan was not directly involved.<ref>Ibrahim Kunju, A.P., Mysore-Kerala Relations in the 18th Century, Trivandrum, 1784, p.34.</ref> The Madras Governor, Mr. Holland, refused to help Travancore, because he thought that the Maharaja had acted unlawfully in purchasing the Dutch forts <ref>Mil.Con.Gra., Vol.39, 1790, Letter from Raja of Travancore to John Holland, 1 January 1790.</ref><ref>7 Abraham, M.V., A Concise History of Travancore, Tiruvala, 1942, p.25.</ref><ref>36 Correspondence of Marquis of Cornwallis, Vol.II, p.52. 96</ref>

Unable to influence the King of Travancore in any way, from 12 April 1790, the Mysore army again attacked Nedumkotta. In many places they broke through the walls and advanced. The East India Company, on the other hand, refrained from aiding the king.<ref>{{cite book |last=ഏ. |first=ശ്രീധരമേനോൻ |authorlink= ഏ. ശ്രീധരമേനോൻ|title= കേരളചരിത്രം |year= 1997|publisher=എസ്.വിശ്വനാഥൻ പ്രിന്റേഴ്സ് ആൻഡ് പബ്ലീഷേർസ്. പ്രൈവറ്റ് ലിമിറ്റഡ് |location= ചെട്പേട്ട് ചെന്നൈ|isbn= }}</ref>
The Kodungallur fort was captured and destroyed by the Mysore army on May 7, 1790. Mysore troops captured [[Aikotta]], [[North Paravur|Paravur]] and [[Kuryappilly]] one by one and advanced towards [[Aluva]].<ref name="ഡോ: കെ.കെ.എൻ. 2007"/> At the same time, however, the Sovereign Government of Bengal considered declaring war on the Sultan's Company through this war and considered another alliance with the [[Nizam]] and the [[Marathas]] in Mysore. The Company declared war on the Sultan in May 1790. This was the beginning of the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]]. Upon learning of this, the Mysore Army withdrew from Kerala and went back to [[Srirangapatnam]].

==See also==
*[[Mysore invasion of Kerala]]
*{{C|Portuguese forts in India}}
*{{Commons category-inline|position=left}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Coord|10.197|76.212|display=title}}
{{Forts in India}}
{{Tourist attractions in Thrissur}}
{{Tourism in Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Forts in Kerala]]
[[Category:Portuguese forts in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Colonial Kerala]]
[[Category:Dutch India]]
[[Category:History of Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Mysorean invasion of Malabar]]
[[Category:Portuguese in Kerala]]
[[Category:Infrastructure completed in 1523]]
[[Category:1523 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1520s establishments in Portuguese India]]
[[Category:16th-century forts in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Thrissur district]]
[[Category:1523 establishments in the Portuguese Empire]]
[[Category:1661 establishments in the Dutch Empire]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:23, 4 March 2026
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	[[File:Description at the site.jpg\|thumb\|Description at the site]]		[[File:Description at the site.jpg\|thumb\|Description at the site]]

	Kottappuram Fort, also known as Crangannoor (Kodungallur) Fort, was built by the Portuguese in 1523 and was named after [[Thomas the Apostle]].<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Amit\|first=Chilka\|title=Sea Forts of India\|publisher=Osmora Inc.\|year=2014\|isbn=9782765903611}}</ref> it was later enlarged in 1565. It is located at a strategic location on the entrance of the [[Periyar River]] before it joins the [[Arabian Sea]]. Therefore, from the fort, it was easy to control the ships and boats passing to Kodungallur through this river. The fort was constructed under the supervision of Pedro Álvares Cabral<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Muziris boat ride: A trip back to Kerala's glorious past\|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2019/06/21/muziris-boat-ride-trip-back-kerala-glorious-past.html\|access-date=2021-07-15\|website=OnManorama}}</ref> and was under the command of Urbano Fialho Ferreira after the completion.		Kottappuram Fort, also known as Crangannoor (Kodungallur) Fort, was built by the Portuguese in 1523 and was named after [[Thomas the Apostle]].<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Amit\|first=Chilka\|title=Sea Forts of India\|publisher=Osmora Inc.\|year=2014\|isbn=9782765903611}}</ref> It was later enlarged in 1565. It is located at a strategic location on the entrance of the [[Periyar River]] before it joins the [[Arabian Sea]]. Therefore, from the fort, it was easy to control the ships and boats passing to Kodungallur through this river. The fort was constructed under the supervision of Pedro Álvares Cabral<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Muziris boat ride: A trip back to Kerala's glorious past\|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2019/06/21/muziris-boat-ride-trip-back-kerala-glorious-past.html\|access-date=2021-07-15\|website=OnManorama}}</ref> and was under the command of Urbano Fialho Ferreira after the completion.

	[[File:Remains of the Wall of fort.jpg\|thumb\|Remains of the wall of the fort]]		[[File:Remains of the Wall of fort.jpg\|thumb\|Remains of the wall of the fort]]

	In 1663 Dutch Army conquered the fort after much struggle.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Kottappuram Fort - the ancient Cranganore fort built by Portuguese {{!}} Historic sites at Muziris Heritage Area, Ernakulam\|url=https://www.muzirisheritage.org/kottappuram-fort.php\|access-date=2021-07-15\|website=www.muzirisheritage.org}}</ref> In 1662 the Dutch besieged land and sea and began to build a tunnel near the fort. But they could not hold their own against the artillery of the Portuguese. The Dutch demanded a truce, but Fialho who was holding the fort, intensified the attack.		In 1663 Dutch Army conquered the fort after much struggle.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Kottappuram Fort - the ancient Cranganore fort built by Portuguese {{!}} Historic sites at Muziris Heritage Area, Ernakulam\|url=https://www.muzirisheritage.org/kottappuram-fort.php\|access-date=2021-07-15\|website=www.muzirisheritage.org\|archive-date=20 September 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920201229/https://www.muzirisheritage.org/kottappuram-fort.php\|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1662 the Dutch besieged land and sea and began to build a tunnel near the fort. But they could not hold their own against the artillery of the Portuguese. The Dutch demanded a truce, but Fialho who was holding the fort, intensified the attack.

	Later when [[Paliyattachan]] betrayed the Portuguese things became easy. Paliyattachan, who had strategically left the fort, met the Dutch and told them the easiest way to enter the fort. On January ~~15,~~ 1662, the Dutch resumed their offensive. They were able to crack the fort with artillery and get in through it. After the Dutch army captured important parts of the fort, the Portuguese boarded boats and escaped to the [[Ambazhakkad]] seminary. Fialho, 200 Portuguese soldiers and about 100 [[Nair]] soldiers were killed. After taking over the fort, the Dutch destroyed it and used it as an outhouse to guard their trade ships.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web\|title=Kottappuram Fort {{!}} Forts protected by Department of Archaeology {{!}} Protected Monuments\|url=http://www.archaeology.kerala.gov.in/monuments/kottappuram-fort/31\|access-date=2021-07-15\|website=Archaeology}}</ref>		Later when [[Paliyattachan]] betrayed the Portuguese things became easy. Paliyattachan, who had strategically left the fort, met the Dutch and told them the easiest way to enter the fort. On 15 January 1662, the Dutch resumed their offensive. They were able to crack the fort with artillery and get in through it. After the Dutch army captured important parts of the fort, the Portuguese boarded boats and escaped to the [[Ambazhakkad]] seminary. Fialho, 200 Portuguese soldiers and about 100 [[Nair]] soldiers were killed. After taking over the fort, the Dutch destroyed it and used it as an outhouse to guard their trade ships.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web\|title=Kottappuram Fort {{!}} Forts protected by Department of Archaeology {{!}} Protected Monuments\|url=http://www.archaeology.kerala.gov.in/monuments/kottappuram-fort/31\|access-date=2021-07-15\|website=Archaeology}}</ref>

	However, during the reign of [[Tipu Sultan]], when he conquered [[Malabar Coast\|Malabar]] and targeted Travancore, Travancore began to fortify the fort. The king of Cochin was the feudatory lord of [[Mysore]]. On July ~~31,~~ 1789, he bought the Kodungallur fort and the [[pallipuram fort]] from the Dutch for Rs. 3 Lakhs. The agreement was executed between [[Raja Kesava Das]], the Diwan of Travancore and [[John Gerard Van Angelbeck]], the Dutch governor.<ref>Shungoonny Menon, P., A History of Travancore, Trivandrum, 1983, pp.176- 177.</ref> At the same time, Tipu Sultan was claiming the fort from the King of Cochin. The construction of Nedunkotta or the Travancore Lines is considered to be a unique and unparallel episode in Indian History by historians.		However, during the reign of [[Tipu Sultan]], when he conquered [[Malabar Coast\|Malabar]] and targeted Travancore, Travancore began to fortify the fort. The king of Cochin was the feudatory lord of [[Mysore]]. On 31 July 1789, he bought the Kodungallur fort and the [[pallipuram fort]] from the Dutch for Rs. 3 Lakhs. The agreement was executed between [[Raja Kesava Das]], the Diwan of Travancore and [[John Gerard Van Angelbeck]], the Dutch governor.<ref>Shungoonny Menon, P., A History of Travancore, Trivandrum, 1983, pp.176- 177.</ref> At the same time, Tipu Sultan was claiming the fort from the King of Cochin. The construction of Nedunkotta or the Travancore Lines is considered to be a unique and unparallel episode in Indian History by historians.
	<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Panikkar\|first=K. N.\|last2=Fernandes\|first2=Praxy\|date=August 1991\|title=Men of Valour and Vision\|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3517708\|journal=Social Scientist\|volume=19\|issue=8/9\|pages=109\|doi=10.2307/3517708\|issn=0970-0293}}</ref>		<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Panikkar\|first=K. N.\|last2=Fernandes\|first2=Praxy\|date=August 1991\|title=Men of Valour and Vision\|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3517708\|journal=Social Scientist\|volume=19\|issue=8/9\|pages=109\|doi=10.2307/3517708\|issn=0970-0293\|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
	Before moving on to a war, he wrote to Governor Holland to make a decision on the forts with the governor of Madras, an ally of Travancore, and sent Governor Powni to speak with the King.<ref>Mil. Cons. Vol.134A, 1790, p.684. Letter from George Powney to William Meadows, Paroor, 6th March, 1790.</ref> The Maharaja requested the Madras governor (Mr. Holland) to issue orders to the British contingent to co-operate with him in case of an attack from Tippu Sultan which was expected every moment. Aid was promised but not rendered. However, when things could not be settled amicably, the Mysore army attacked the upper part of [[Nedumkotta]] in December 1787 and captured a part of it. The Travancore army were initially dispersed but retaliated with increased vigor. The Mysore army suffered heavy casualties and retreated. Army commanders like [[Semal Beg]] were killed on the Mysore side.<ref name="ഡോ: കെ.കെ.എൻ. 2007">{{cite book \|last=ഡോ: കെ.കെ.എൻ. \|first=കുറുപ്പ്= \|authorlink=കെ.കെ.എൻ. കുറുപ്പ് \|title=നവാബ് ടിപ്പു സുൽത്താൻ - ഒരു പഠനം \|year= 2007\|publisher=മാതൃഭൂമി പബ്ലീഷേസ് \|location= കോഴിക്കോട്\|isbn=81-8264-546-8 }}</ref>		Before moving on to a war, he wrote to Governor Holland to make a decision on the forts with the governor of Madras, an ally of Travancore, and sent Governor Powni to speak with the King.<ref>Mil. Cons. Vol.134A, 1790, p.684. Letter from George Powney to William Meadows, Paroor, 6th March, 1790.</ref> The Maharaja requested the Madras governor (Mr. Holland) to issue orders to the British contingent to co-operate with him in case of an attack from Tippu Sultan which was expected every moment. Aid was promised but not rendered. However, when things could not be settled amicably, the Mysore army attacked the upper part of [[Nedumkotta]] in December 1787 and captured a part of it. The Travancore army were initially dispersed but retaliated with increased vigor. The Mysore army suffered heavy casualties and retreated. Army commanders like [[Semal Beg]] were killed on the Mysore side.<ref name="ഡോ: കെ.കെ.എൻ. 2007">{{cite book \|last=ഡോ: കെ.കെ.എൻ. \|first=കുറുപ്പ്= \|authorlink=കെ.കെ.എൻ. കുറുപ്പ് \|title=നവാബ് ടിപ്പു സുൽത്താൻ - ഒരു പഠനം \|year= 2007\|publisher=മാതൃഭൂമി പബ്ലീഷേസ് \|location= കോഴിക്കോട്\|isbn=81-8264-546-8 }}</ref>

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	Unable to influence the King of Travancore in any way, from 12 April 1790, the Mysore army again attacked Nedumkotta. In many places they broke through the walls and advanced. The East India Company, on the other hand, refrained from aiding the king.<ref>{{cite book \|last=ഏ. \|first=ശ്രീധരമേനോൻ \|authorlink= ഏ. ശ്രീധരമേനോൻ\|title= കേരളചരിത്രം \|year= 1997\|publisher=എസ്.വിശ്വനാഥൻ പ്രിന്റേഴ്സ് ആൻഡ് പബ്ലീഷേർസ്. പ്രൈവറ്റ് ലിമിറ്റഡ് \|location= ചെട്പേട്ട് ചെന്നൈ\|isbn= }}</ref>		Unable to influence the King of Travancore in any way, from 12 April 1790, the Mysore army again attacked Nedumkotta. In many places they broke through the walls and advanced. The East India Company, on the other hand, refrained from aiding the king.<ref>{{cite book \|last=ഏ. \|first=ശ്രീധരമേനോൻ \|authorlink= ഏ. ശ്രീധരമേനോൻ\|title= കേരളചരിത്രം \|year= 1997\|publisher=എസ്.വിശ്വനാഥൻ പ്രിന്റേഴ്സ് ആൻഡ് പബ്ലീഷേർസ്. പ്രൈവറ്റ് ലിമിറ്റഡ് \|location= ചെട്പേട്ട് ചെന്നൈ\|isbn= }}</ref>
	The Kodungallur fort was captured and destroyed by the Mysore army on May 7, 1790. Mysore troops captured [[Aikotta]], [[North Paravur\|Paravur]] and [[Kuryappilly]] one by one and advanced towards [[Aluva]].<ref name="ഡോ: കെ.കെ.എൻ. 2007"/> At the same time, however, the Sovereign Government of Bengal considered declaring war on the Sultan's Company through this war and considered another alliance with the [[Nizam]] and the [[Marathas]] in Mysore. The Company declared war on the Sultan in May 1790. This was the beginning of the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]]. Upon learning of this, the Mysore Army withdrew from Kerala and went back to [[Srirangapatnam]].		The Kodungallur fort was captured and destroyed by the Mysore army on 7 May 1790. Mysore troops captured [[Aikotta]], [[North Paravur\|Paravur]] and [[Kuryappilly]] one by one and advanced towards [[Aluva]].<ref name="ഡോ: കെ.കെ.എൻ. 2007"/> At the same time, however, the Sovereign Government of Bengal considered declaring war on the Sultan's Company through this war and considered another alliance with the [[Nizam]] and the [[Marathas]] in Mysore. The Company declared war on the Sultan in May 1790. This was the beginning of the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]]. Upon learning of this, the Mysore Army withdrew from Kerala and went back to [[Srirangapatnam]].

	==See also==		==See also==
Line 84:		Line 84:
	[[Category:Portuguese forts in India]]		[[Category:Portuguese forts in India]]
	[[Category:Buildings and structures in Thrissur district]]		[[Category:Buildings and structures in Thrissur district]]
	~~[[Category:Colonial Kerala]]~~
	[[Category:Dutch India]]		[[Category:Dutch India]]
	[[Category:History of Thrissur district]]		[[Category:History of Thrissur district]]
	[[Category:Mysorean invasion of Malabar]]		[[Category:Mysorean invasion of Malabar]]
	[[Category:Portuguese in Kerala]]		[[Category:Portuguese in Kerala]]
	[[Category:~~Infrastructure~~ completed in 1523]]		[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1523]]
	[[Category:1523 establishments in India]]		[[Category:1523 establishments in India]]
	[[Category:1520s establishments in Portuguese India]]		[[Category:1520s establishments in Portuguese India]]
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	[[Category:1523 establishments in the Portuguese Empire]]		[[Category:1523 establishments in the Portuguese Empire]]
	[[Category:1661 establishments in the Dutch Empire]]		[[Category:1661 establishments in the Dutch Empire]]
			[[Category:Kingdom of Cochin]]