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{{About|the diplomatic principles between India and China|the Indonesian national philosophy|Pancasila (politics)}}

The '''Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence''' ({{zh |s = 和平共处五项原则 }}), also known as the '''Panchsheel Treaty: Non-interference in others internal affairs and respect for each other's territorial unity integrity and sovereignty''' (from [[Sanskrit]], ''panch'': five, ''sheel'': virtues), are a set of principles to govern relations between states.

Their first formal codification in treaty form was in an agreement between [[China]] and [[India]] in 1954 — the "[[Sino–Indian Agreement 1954|Agreement (with exchange of notes) on trade and intercourse between Tibet Region of China and India]]", which was signed at Peking on 28 April 1954.<ref>The full text of this agreement (which entered into force on 3 June 1954) is in ''United Nations Treaty Series'', vol. 299, United Nations, pp. 57-81. Available at http://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/unts/volume%20299/v29.pdf</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE REPUBLIC OF INDIA AND THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON TRADE AND INTERCOURSE BETWEEN TIBET REGION OF CHINA AND INDIA [1954] INTSer 5|url=http://www.commonlii.org/in/other/treaties/INTSer/1954/5.html|access-date=2020-06-24|website=www.commonlii.org}}</ref> The Panchsheel was subsequently adopted in a number of resolutions and statements across the world including the preamble to the [[Constitution of the People's Republic of China|Constitution of China]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Jiabao|first=Wen|date=28 June 2004|others=Speech by Wen Jiabao Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China At Rally Commemorating the 50th Anniversary of The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence|title=Carrying Forward the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence in the Promotion of Peace and Development|url=http://tr.china-embassy.org/eng/xwdt/t140777.htm|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-01|website=tr.china-embassy.org|quote=Enshrined in China's Constitution, the Five Principles have long been held as the cornerstone of China's independent foreign policy of peace.}}</ref>

== Principles ==
The Five Principles, as stated in the [[Sino–Indian Agreement 1954]], are listed as:
# mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty,
# mutual non-aggression,
# mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs,
# equality and mutual benefit, and
# peaceful co-existing.

== History ==
The panchsheel agreement served as one of the most important relation build between India and China to further the economic and security cooperation. An underlying assumption of the Five Principles was that newly independent states after [[decolonization]] would be able to develop a new and more principled approach to international relations.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}}

According to [[V. V. Paranjpe]], an Indian diplomat and expert on China, the principles of Panchsheel were first publicly formulated by [[Zhou Enlai]] — "While receiving the Indian delegation to the Tibetan trade talks on Dec. 31, 1953 [...] he enunciated them as "five principles governing China’s relations with foreign countries."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Paranjpe|first=V. V.|author-link=V. V. Paranjpe|date=2004-06-26|title=Panchsheel: The untold story|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/panchsheel-the-untold-story/story-slr90x4s083wXbl8AqWIKM.html|access-date=2020-11-10|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> Then in a joint statement in Delhi on 18 June 1954,<ref name=":2" /> the principles were emphasized by the Prime Minister of India, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], and Premier [[Zhou Enlai]] in a broadcast speech made at the time of the Asian Prime Ministers Conference in [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]] just a few days after the signing of the Sino-Indian treaty in Beijing. Nehru went so far as to say: "If these principles were recognized in the mutual relations of all countries, then indeed there would hardly be any conflict and certainly no war."<ref>Nehru, "The Colombo Powers’ Peace Efforts", broadcast from Colombo 2 May 1954, ''Jawaharlal Nehru’s and Mr Sanju from Poojapura, Speeches'', vol. 3, ''March 1953–August 1957'' (New Delhi: Government of India, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, 1958), p. 253.</ref> It has been suggested that the five principles had partly originated as the five principles of the Indonesian state. In June 1945 [[Sukarno]], the Indonesian nationalist leader, had proclaimed five general principles, or [[pancasila (politics)|pancasila]], on which future institutions were to be founded. Indonesia became independent in 1949.<ref>Henri Grimal, ''Decolonization: The British, French, Dutch and Belgian Empires, 1919-1963'', trans. Stephan de Vos, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1978, pp. 190 and 209-12.</ref>

The five principles were incorporated in modified form in a statement of ten principles issued in April 1955 at the historic [[Asian-African Conference]] in [[Bandung]], [[Indonesia]], which did more than any other meeting to form the idea that post-colonial states had something special to offer the world. "A resolution on peaceful co-existence jointly presented by India, Yugoslavia and Sweden was unanimously adopted in 1957 by the [[United Nations General Assembly]]".<ref>Somnath Ghosh. [https://www.rgics.org/wp-content/uploads/From-Panchsheel-to-RCEP.pdf India's Place in the World: From Panchsheel to RCEP]. [[Rajiv Gandhi Foundation|''Rajiv Gandhi Institute for Contemporary Studies'']]. Retrieved on 10 November 2020.</ref> The Five Principles as they had been adopted in Colombo and elsewhere formed the basis of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]], established in Belgrade, [[Yugoslavia]] in 1961.<ref name="Mohan">{{cite web|last=Mohan|first=C. Raja|date=7 March 2011|title=How to intervene|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/how-to-intervene/758818/|access-date=25 September 2020|publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref>

China has often emphasized its close association with the Five Principles.<ref name="50anniv">{{Cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-04/08/content_2803638.htm|title=Backgrounder: Five principles of peaceful coexistence|date=2005-04-08|access-date=2009-09-23|publisher=[[Xinhua News Agency|Xinhuanet]]}}</ref> It had put them forward, as the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, at the start of negotiations that took place in [[Delhi]] from December 1953 to April 1954 between the Delegation of the PRC Government and the Delegation of the Indian Government on the relations between the two countries with respect to the disputed territories of [[Aksai Chin]] and what China calls [[South Tibet]] and India [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. The 28 April 1954 agreement mentioned above was set to last for eight years.<ref>The 8-year provision is in Article 6 of the Agreement.</ref> When it lapsed, relations were already souring, the provision for renewal of the agreement was not taken up, and the [[Sino-Indian War]] broke out between the two sides.

In 1979, when [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], then India's Foreign Minister and future Prime Minister, went to China, the word ''Panchsheel,'' found its way into the conversation during talks with the Chinese.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Trumbull|first=Robert|date=1979-02-18|title='Panchsheel' Is Revived, But . . .|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/02/18/archives/more-than-himalayas-still-separate-india-china.html|access-date=2020-11-10|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> On the 50th anniversary of the treaty, the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China]], said that "a new international order on the basis of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence" should be built.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 April 2004|title=Build a new international order on the basis of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence — Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China|url=http://in.china-embassy.org/eng/ssygd/fiveprinciple/t82103.htm|access-date=25 September 2020|website=Embassy of China in New Delhi}}</ref> Also in 2004, Premier [[Wen Jiabao]] said,<ref name=":3" />

{{Blockquote|text=It is on the basis of the Five Principles that China has established and developed diplomatic relations with 165 countries and carried out trade, economic, scientific, technological and cultural exchanges and cooperation with over 200 countries and regions. It is on the basis of the Five Principles that China has, through peace negotiations, resolved the boundary issues with most neighbors and maintained peace and stability in its surrounding areas. And it is on the basis of the Five Principles that China has provided economic and technical aid with no political strings attached [...]}}

In June 2014, Vice President of India [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari|Hamid Ansari]] was welcomed by China into the [[Great Hall of the People]] in Beijing for the commemoration of the 60th anniversary of the signing Panchsheel Treaty.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Krishnan|first=Ananth|date=2014-06-24|title=In China's new diplomacy, a revival of 'Panchsheel'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/In-China%E2%80%99s-new-diplomacy-a-revival-of-%E2%80%98Panchsheel%E2%80%99/article11625142.ece|access-date=2020-09-25|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2017, [[Paramount leader|Chinese leader]] [[Xi Jinping]] said that "China is ready to work with India to seek guidance from the five principles of Panchsheel".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-09-05|title=Modi China visit: Xi Jinping hails JL Nehru in meet with PM Modi, says willing to work with India on principles of Panchsheel|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/world-news/modi-china-visit-xi-jinping-hails-jl-nehru-in-meet-with-pm-modi-says-willing-to-work-with-india-on-principles-of-panchsheel/841705/|access-date=2020-11-10|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Commentary and criticism ==
[[B. R. Ambedkar|Bhimrao Ambedkar]] said of the treaty in the [[Rajya Sabha]] "I am indeed surprised that our Hon’ble Prime Minister is taking this Panchsheel seriously [...] you must be knowing that Panchsheel is one of the significant parts of the Buddha Dharma. If Shri Mao had even an iota of faith in Panchsheel, he would have treated the Buddhists in his country in a different manner."<ref name=":0">LL Mehrotra (2000). [https://tibet.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Inidas-Tibet-Policy.pdf India’s Tibet Policy: An Appraisal And Options]. pp 25, 26. Tibetan Parliamentary and Policy Research Centre. Third edition. New Delhi.</ref> In 1958, [[Acharya Kriplani]] had said the Panchsheel was "born in sin" because it was set forth with the destruction of a nation; India had approved of ancient Tibet's destruction.<ref name=":0" />

In 2014, Zhao Gancheng, a Chinese scholar said that on the surface Panchsheel seemed very superficial; but under [[Xi Jinping Administration]] it has become relevant again.<ref name=":1" /> In 2014, [[Ram Madhav]] wrote a piece in the [[The Indian Express|''Indian Express'']] titled, "Moving beyond the Panchsheel deception" and said that if India and China decide to move on from the Panchsheel framework, it will benefit both countries.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Madhav|first=Ram|author-link=Ram Madhav|date=2014-06-28|title=Moving beyond the Panchsheel deception|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/moving-beyond-the-panchsheel-deception/|access-date=2020-09-25|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== List of documents containing the five principles ==
{{Incomplete list|date=February 2021}}

=== China ===

* Preamble to the Constitution of China<ref name=":3" />

=== China and Afghanistan ===

* Friendship and Mutual Non-Aggression Agreement, 1960<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Tzou|first=Byron N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OHuybRYYE4YC|title=China and International Law: The Boundary Disputes|date=1990|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-93462-0|pages=32|language=en}}</ref>
* Boundary Treaty, 1963<ref name=":4" />

=== China and Burma ===

* Joint Statement, June 20, 1954<ref name=":4" />
* Treaty of Friendship and Mutual Non-Aggression Agreement, 1960<ref name=":4" />
* Agreement on the Question of Boundary, 1960<ref name=":4" />
* Boundary Treaty, 1960<ref name=":4" />

=== China and Cambodia ===

* Joint Statement, 1958<ref name=":4" />
* Treaty of Friendship and Mutual Non-Aggression Agreement, 1960<ref name=":4" />
* Joint Communique, 1960<ref name=":4" />

=== China and India ===
* India China joint press communique, 23 December 1988<ref>{{cite web |title = Sino-Indian Joint Press Communique (Beijing, 23 December 1988) |url = https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/t15800.shtml |url-status=live|access-date=2021-02-28|website=www.fmprc.gov.cn}}</ref>
* [[Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement, 1993]]
* [[Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement, 1993#Agreement on Military Confidence Building Measures, 1996|Agreement on Military Confidence Building Measures, 1996]]
* Declaration on Principles for Relations and Comprehensive Cooperation, 2003
* Protocol on Modalities for the Implementation of Military Confidence Building Measures along the Line of Actual Control, 2005
* [[Agreement on the Political Parameters and Guiding Principles for the Settlement of the India-China Boundary Question, 2005]]
*China-India Strategic and Cooperative Partnership for Peace and Prosperity, 2005<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 April 2005|title=China, India to Build Strategic Partnership|url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/2005/Apr/125627.htm|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-02|website=www.china.org.cn|publisher=Xinhua News Agency}}</ref>
* MOU between the Ministry of Defence of India and the Ministry of National Defence of China for Exchanges and Cooperation in the field of Defence, 2006<ref>{{cite web |title = Memorandum of Understanding between the Ministry of Defence of the Republic of India and the Ministry of National Defence of the People's Republic of China for Exchanges and Cooperation in the field of Defence (May 28, 2006) |url = https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/6169/Memorandum_of_Understanding_between_the_Ministry_of_Defence_of_the_Republic_of_India_and_the_Ministry_of_National_Defence_of_the_Peoples_Republic_of_C|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-01|website=www.mea.gov.in}}</ref>
*Joint Statement on Building a Closer Developmental Partnership, 2014<ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=Joint Statement between the Republic of India and the People's Republic of China on Building a Closer Developmental Partnership (September 19, 2014)|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/24022/Joint+Statement+between+the+Republic+of+India+and+the+Peoples+Republic+of+China+on+Building+a+Closer+Developmental+Partnership|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-01|website=www.mea.gov.in}}</ref>

=== China and Nepal ===
* Agreement on the normalisation of diplomatic relations, 1955<ref name=":4" />
* Treaty between the PRC and the Kingdom of Nepal, 1956<ref name=":4" />
* Agreement on Economic Assistance to Nepal, 1956<ref name=":4" />
* Agreement on the Question of Boundary, 1960<ref name=":4" />
* Treaty of peace and friendship, 1960<ref name=":4" />
* Boundary Treaty, 1961<ref name=":4" />

=== China and Pakistan ===
* Boundary Agreement, 1963 (Ten principles)<ref name=":4" />

== See also ==
* [[History of Indian foreign relations]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* (June 2014) ''[http://www.mea.gov.in/Uploads/PublicationDocs/191_panchsheel.pdf Panchsheel]''. External Publicity Division, Ministry Of External Affairs, Government Of India.
* Sophie Richardson (December 2009). ''China, Cambodia, and the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence''. Columbia University Press. {{ISBN|9780231143868}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Five Principles Of Peaceful Coexistence}}
[[Category:Constitution of China]]
[[Category:China–India relations]]
[[Category:People's Republic of China diplomacy]]
[[Category:Foreign policy doctrines of India]]
[[Category:Zhou Enlai]]

Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence - Revision history

Wazid: general adjust layout based on references also and corrected details

>DiplomatTesterMan: /* China and India */ +1