Firuz Shah Tughlaq - Revision history

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	{{Infobox royalty		{{Infobox royalty
	\|name = Firoz Shah Tughlaq		\|name = Firoz Shah Tughlaq
	\|title = Firoz shah Tuglaq ibne Malik Rajjab		\|title = Firoz shah Tuglaq ibne Malik Rajjab
	~~<br/>~~[[Sultan of Delhi]]		\|succession = [[Sultan of Delhi]]
	\|image =		\|image = File:Firoz Shah Taghlak.jpg
	\|caption = Firoz Shah Tughlaq		\|caption = Firoz Shah Tughlaq
	\|reign =23 March 1351 – 20 September 1388		\|reign =23 March 1351 – 20 September 1388
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	\|dynasty =[[Tughlaq dynasty]]		\|dynasty =[[Tughlaq dynasty]]
	\|father = Malik Rajab		\|father = Malik Rajab
	\|mother = Bibi Naila		\|mother = Bibi Naila (Unknown Caste)
	\|birth_date =1309		\|birth_date =1309
	\|birth_place =		\|birth_place =
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	==Background==		==Background==
	His father's name was Rajab (the younger brother of [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq\|Ghazi Malik]]) who had the title ''Sipahsalar''. His mother Naila was a ~~[[Bhati\|Bhati Rajput]] princess (daughter of Rana Mal)~~ from ~~[[Dipalpur]].~~<ref>{{cite book \|title=A History of Jaipur \|first=Jadunath \|last=Sarkar \|author-link=Jadunath Sarkar \|edition=Reprinted, revised \|publisher=Orient Blackswan \|year=1994 \|orig-year=1984 \|isbn=978-8-12500-333-5 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&pg=PA37 \|page=37}}</ref>		His father's name was Rajab (the younger brother of [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq\|Ghazi Malik]]) who had the title ''Sipahsalar''. His mother Naila who was a Kayasth women from Haryana <ref>{{cite book \|title=A History of Jaipur \|first=Jadunath \|last=Sarkar \|author-link=Jadunath Sarkar \|edition=Reprinted, revised \|publisher=Orient Blackswan \|year=1994 \|orig-year=1984 \|isbn=978-8-12500-333-5 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&pg=PA37 \|page=37}}</ref>

	==Rule==		==Rule==
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	"The southern states had drifted away from the Sultanate and there were rebellions in Gujarat and Sindh", while "Bengal asserted its independence." He led expeditions to against Bengal in 1353 and 1358. He captured [[Cuttack]], desecrated the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri]], and forced Raja Gajpati of Jajnagar in [[Orissa, India\|Orissa]] to pay tribute. He converted [[Chauhan]] Rajputs from Hinduism to Islam in the 14th century. They are now known as [[Qaimkhani]]s in [[Rajasthan]].		"The southern states had drifted away from the Sultanate and there were rebellions in Gujarat and Sindh", while "Bengal asserted its independence." He led expeditions to against Bengal in 1353 and 1358. He captured [[Cuttack]], desecrated the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri]], and forced Raja Gajpati of Jajnagar in [[Orissa, India\|Orissa]] to pay tribute. He converted [[Chauhan]] Rajputs from Hinduism to Islam in the 14th century. They are now known as [[Qaimkhani]]s in [[Rajasthan]].

	He laid siege to [[Kangra Fort]] and forced Nagarkot to pay tribute, and did the same with [[Thatta]].<ref name="sen2"/>		He laid siege to [[Kangra Fort]] and forced Nagarkot to pay tribute, and did the same with [[Thatta]].<ref name="sen2"/> During his time Tatar Khan of [[Greater Khorasan]] attacked Punjab multiple times and during final battle in [[Gurdaspur]] his face was slashed by the sword given by [[Feroz Shah Tughlaq]] to Raja Kailash Pal of Mau-Paithan from Nagarkot region. Feroz Shah Tughlaq married off his daughter with Raja Kailash Pal, embraced him to Islam and sent the couple to rule [[Greater Khorasan]], where eleven sons known by the caste of 'badpagey' were born to the queen.<ref>{{Cite book\|title=Twarikye Rajghrane Pathania\|first=Raghunath Singh\|last=Pathania\|year=1904\|publisher=English version, 2004 Language & Culture Department Himachal Pradesh Govt.}}</ref>

	Rather than awarding position based on merit, Tughlaq allowed a noble's son to succeed to his father's position and [[jagir]] after his death.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Jackson \|first=Peter \|author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) \|year=1999 \|title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|location=Cambridge, England \|page=304 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA304 \|isbn=978-0-521-40477-8}}</ref> The same was done in the army, where an old soldier could send his son, son-in-law or even his slave in his place. He increased the salary of the nobles. He stopped all kinds of harsh punishments such as cutting off hands. He also lowered the land taxes that Muhammad had raised. Tughlaq's reign has been described as the greatest age of corruption in medieval India: he once gave a golden tanka to a distraught soldier so that he could bribe the clerk to pass his sub-standard horse.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Chaurasia \|first=Radhey Shyam \|year=2002 \|title=History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. \|publisher=Atlantic Publishers \|location=New Delhi \|page=75 \|isbn=978-81-269-0123-4 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC&pg=PA75}}</ref>		Rather than awarding position based on merit, Tughlaq allowed a noble's son to succeed to his father's position and [[jagir]] after his death.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Jackson \|first=Peter \|author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) \|year=1999 \|title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|location=Cambridge, England \|page=304 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA304 \|isbn=978-0-521-40477-8}}</ref> The same was done in the army, where an old soldier could send his son, son-in-law or even his slave in his place. He increased the salary of the nobles. He stopped all kinds of harsh punishments such as cutting off hands. He also lowered the land taxes that Muhammad had raised. Tughlaq's reign has been described as the greatest age of corruption in medieval India: he once gave a golden tanka to a distraught soldier so that he could bribe the clerk to pass his sub-standard horse.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Chaurasia \|first=Radhey Shyam \|year=2002 \|title=History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. \|publisher=Atlantic Publishers \|location=New Delhi \|page=75 \|isbn=978-81-269-0123-4 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC&pg=PA75}}</ref>

	==Infrastructure and education==		==Infrastructure and education==
	~~Tughlaq~~ instituted economic policies to increase the material welfare of his people. Many rest houses (''sarai''), gardens and tombs([[Tughluq tombs]]) were built. A number of [[madrasas]] (Islamic religious schools) were opened to encourage the religious education of Muslims. He set up hospitals for the free treatment of the poor and encouraged physicians in the development of [[Unani medicine]].<ref>Tibb Firoz Shahi (1990) by [[Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman]], Department of History of Medicine and Science, [[Jamia Hamdard]], New Delhi, 79pp</ref> He provided money for the marriage of girls belonging to poor families under the department of Diwan-i-khairat. He commissioned many public buildings in [[Delhi]]~~. He built [[Firoz Shah~~ Palace Complex]] at [[Hisar (city)\|Hisar]] in 1354 CE, over 300 villages and dug five major canals, including the renovation of [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] era [[Western Yamuna Canal]], for irrigation bringing more land under cultivation for growing grain and fruit. For day-to-day administration, Sultan Firoz Shah Tughlaq heavily depended on [[Malik Maqbul]], previously commander of [[Warangal fort]], who was captured and converted to Islam.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Ahmend \|first=Manazir \|year=1978 \|title=Sultan Firoz Shah Tughlaq, 1351–1388 A.D.\|publisher=Chugh Publications \|location=Allahabad \|pages=46, 95 \|oclc=5220076}}</ref> When Tughlaq was away on a campaign to Sind and Gujarat for six months and no news was available about his whereabouts Maqbul ably protected Delhi.<ref>{{cite book \|title=A History of India \|url=https://archive.org/details/historyindiathir00kulk \|url-access=limited \|first1=Hermann \|last1=Kulke \|author-link1=Hermann Kulke \|first2=Dietmar \|last2=Rothermund \|author-link2=Dietmar Rothermund \|year=1998 \|publisher=Routledge \|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyindiathir00kulk/page/n177 167] \|isbn=0-415-15482-0}}</ref> He was the most highly favoured among the significant number of the nobles in Tughlaq's court and retained the trust of the sultan.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Jackson \|first=Peter \|author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) \|year=1999 \|title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|location=Cambridge, England \|page=186 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA186 \|isbn=978-0-521-40477-8}}</ref> Sultan Feroze Shah Tughlaq used to call Maqbul as 'brother'. The sultan remarked that ''Khan-i-Jahan'' (Malik Maqbul) was the real ruler of Delhi.<ref>{{cite book \|title=Medieval India; From Sultanat to the Mughals \|first=Satish \|last=Chandra \|year=2007 \|publisher=Har Anand Publications \|page=122 \|isbn=978-81-241-1064-5}}</ref>		He instituted economic policies to increase the material welfare of his people. Many rest houses (''sarai''), gardens and tombs([[Tughluq tombs]]) were built. A number of [[madrasas]] (Islamic religious schools) were opened to encourage the religious education of Muslims. He set up hospitals for the free treatment of the poor and encouraged physicians in the development of [[Unani medicine]].<ref>Tibb Firoz Shahi (1990) by [[Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman]], Department of History of Medicine and Science, [[Jamia Hamdard]], New Delhi, 79pp</ref> He provided money for the marriage of girls belonging to poor families under the department of Diwan-i-khairat. He commissioned many public buildings in [[Delhi]]
			Palace Complex]] at [[Hisar (city)\|Hisar]] in 1354 CE, over 300 villages and dug five major canals, including the renovation of [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] era [[Western Yamuna Canal]], for irrigation bringing more land under cultivation for growing grain and fruit. For day-to-day administration, Sultan Firoz Shah Tughlaq heavily depended on [[Malik Maqbul]], previously commander of [[Warangal fort]], who was captured and converted to Islam.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Ahmend \|first=Manazir \|year=1978 \|title=Sultan Firoz Shah Tughlaq, 1351–1388 A.D.\|publisher=Chugh Publications \|location=Allahabad \|pages=46, 95 \|oclc=5220076}}</ref> When Tughlaq was away on a campaign to Sind and Gujarat for six months and no news was available about his whereabouts Maqbul ably protected Delhi.<ref>{{cite book \|title=A History of India \|url=https://archive.org/details/historyindiathir00kulk \|url-access=limited \|first1=Hermann \|last1=Kulke \|author-link1=Hermann Kulke \|first2=Dietmar \|last2=Rothermund \|author-link2=Dietmar Rothermund \|year=1998 \|publisher=Routledge \|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyindiathir00kulk/page/n177 167] \|isbn=0-415-15482-0}}</ref> He was the most highly favoured among the significant number of the nobles in Tughlaq's court and retained the trust of the sultan.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Jackson \|first=Peter \|author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) \|year=1999 \|title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|location=Cambridge, England \|page=186 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA186 \|isbn=978-0-521-40477-8}}</ref> Sultan Feroze Shah Tughlaq used to call Maqbul as 'brother'. The sultan remarked that ''Khan-i-Jahan'' (Malik Maqbul) was the real ruler of Delhi.<ref>{{cite book \|title=Medieval India; From Sultanat to the Mughals \|first=Satish \|last=Chandra \|year=2007 \|publisher=Har Anand Publications \|page=122 \|isbn=978-81-241-1064-5}}</ref>

	Hindu religious works were translated from [[Sanskrit]] to [[Persian language\|Persian]] and [[Arabic]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book\|title=Medieval India\|last=Thapar\|first=Romilla\|publisher=NCERT\|year=1967\|isbn=81-7450-359-5\|pages=38}}</ref> He had a large personal library of manuscripts in Persian, [[Arabic language\|Arabic]] and other languages. He brought 2 [[Ashoka Pillar\|Ashokan Pillar]]s from [[Meerut]], and Topra near Radaur in [[Yamunanagar district]] of [[Haryana]], carefully cut and wrapped in silk, to Delhi in bullock cart trains. He re-erected one of them on the roof of his palace at Firoz Shah Kotla.<ref name=":0" />		Hindu religious works were translated from [[Sanskrit]] to [[Persian language\|Persian]] and [[Arabic]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book\|title=Medieval India\|last=Thapar\|first=Romilla\|publisher=NCERT\|year=1967\|isbn=81-7450-359-5\|pages=38}}</ref> He had a large personal library of manuscripts in Persian, [[Arabic language\|Arabic]] and other languages. He brought 2 [[Ashoka Pillar\|Ashokan Pillar]]s from [[Meerut]], and Topra near Radaur in [[Yamunanagar district]] of [[Haryana]], carefully cut and wrapped in silk, to Delhi in bullock cart trains. He re-erected one of them on the roof of his palace at Firoz Shah Kotla.<ref name=":0" />
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	==Coin gallery==		==Coin gallery==
	<gallery>		<gallery>
			File:Gold Tanka of Firoz Shah Tughlaq.jpg\|Gold coin of Firuz Shah
	File:Firoz Shah (1).jpg\|Jital of 40 Rati		File:Firoz Shah (1).jpg\|Jital of 40 Rati
	File:Firoz Shah (2).jpg\|Billon Tanka of Hazrat Dehli Dated AH 771		File:Firoz Shah (2).jpg\|Billon Tanka of Hazrat Dehli Dated AH 771

2405:204:A22A:8452:91C6:449C:8330:635A at 02:48, 26 June 2021

2021-06-26T02:48:58Z

New page

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox royalty
|name = Firoz Shah Tughlaq
|title = Firoz shah Tuglaq ibne Malik Rajjab
<br/>[[Sultan of Delhi]]
|image =
|caption = Firoz Shah Tughlaq
|reign =23 March 1351 – 20 September 1388
|coronation =
|full name = Firuz Shah Tughlaq
|predecessor = [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]]
|successor =[[Tughluq Khan]]
|spouse =
|issue = {{unbulleted list
|Fateh Khan
|Zafar Khan
|[[Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III]]
}}
|royal house = Tughlaq
|dynasty =[[Tughlaq dynasty]]
|father = Malik Rajab
|mother = Bibi Naila
|birth_date =1309
|birth_place =
|death_date = 20 September 1388 (aged 79)
|death_place = [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]]
|date of burial = 20 September 1388
|place of burial = Tomb of Firoz Shah at Jaunpur,<br/>[[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]]
|religion = [[Islam]]
}}

'''Sultan Firoz Shah Tughlaq''' (1309 – 20 September 1388) was a [[Muslim]] ruler of the [[Tughlaq dynasty]], who reigned over the [[Sultanate of Delhi]]<ref name="Peter Jackson 288">{{cite book|title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|author=Peter Jackson|author-link=Peter Jackson (historian)|page= 288}}</ref> from 1351 to 1388.<ref name="t">[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V02_404.gif Tughlaq Shahi Kings of Delhi: Chart] [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]], 1909, v. 2, ''p. 369.''.</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=A History of Jaipur |first=Jadunath |last=Sarkar |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |edition=Reprinted, revised |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=1994 |orig-year=1984 |isbn=978-8-12500-333-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&pg=PA37 |page=37}}</ref> He succeeded his cousin [[Muhammad bin Tughlaq]] following the latter's death at [[Thatta]] in [[Sindh]], where Muhammad bin Tughlaq had gone in pursuit of Taghi the ruler of [[Gujarat]]. For the first time in the history of Delhi Sultanate, a situation was confronted wherein nobody was ready to accept the reins of power. With much difficulty, the camp followers convinced Firoz to accept the responsibility. In fact, Khwaja Jahan, the Wazir of Muhammad bin Tughlaq had placed a small boy on throne claiming him to the son of Muhammad bin Tughlaq,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Banerjee|first1=Anil Chandra|title=A New History Of Medieval India|date=1983|publisher=S Chand & Company|location=Delhi|pages=61–62}}</ref> who meekly surrendered afterwards. Due to widespread unrest, his realm was much smaller than Muhammad's. Tughlaq was forced by rebellions to concede virtual independence to [[Bengal Sultanate|Bengal]] and other provinces. He established [[Sharia]] across his realm.<ref name="Peter Jackson 288"/>

==Background==
His father's name was Rajab (the younger brother of [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq|Ghazi Malik]]) who had the title ''Sipahsalar''. His mother Naila was a [[Bhati|Bhati Rajput]] princess (daughter of Rana Mal) from [[Dipalpur]].<ref>{{cite book |title=A History of Jaipur |first=Jadunath |last=Sarkar |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |edition=Reprinted, revised |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=1994 |orig-year=1984 |isbn=978-8-12500-333-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&pg=PA37 |page=37}}</ref>

==Rule==
We know of Firoz Shah Tughlaq in part through his 32-page autobiography, titled ''Futuhat-e-firozshahi''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tughlaq |first=Firoz Shah |title=Futūḥāt-i Fīrūz Shāhī |year=1949 |edition=Reprinted by Aligarh Muslim University |oclc=45078860}}</ref><ref>See {{Cite book|author=Nizami, Khaliq Ahmad|year=1974|chapter=The ''Futuhat-i-Firuz Shahi'' as a medieval inscription|title=Proceedings of the Seminar on Medieval Inscriptions (6–8th Feb. 1970)|publisher=Centre of Advanced Study, Department of History, Aligarh Muslim University|location=Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh|pages=28–33|oclc=3870911|url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049818340}} and {{Cite book|author=Nizami, Khaliq Ahmad|year=1983|title=On History and Historians of Medieval India|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|location=New Delhi|pages=205–210|oclc=10349790}}</ref> He was 42 when he became [[Sultan of Delhi]] in 1351. He ruled until 1388. At his succession, after the death of Muhammad Tughlaq, he faced many rebellions, including in Bengal, [[Gujarat]] and [[Warangal]]. Nonetheless he worked to improve the infrastructure of the empire building canals, rest-houses and hospitals, creating and refurbishing reservoirs and digging wells. He founded several cities around Delhi, including [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]], [[Firozpur]], [[Hissar-Firoza|Hissar]], [[Firoz Shah Kotla|Firozabad]], [[Fatehabad, Haryana|Fatehabad]].<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=97–100}}</ref> Most of Firozabad was destroyed as subsequent rulers dismantled its buildings and reused the [[spolia]] as building materials,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019xzz000007682u00011000.html |title=West Gate of Firoz Shah Kotla |publisher=British Library}}</ref> and the rest was subsumed as New Delhi grew.

==Religious and administrative policies==
Tughlaq was a fervent Muslim and adopted [[sharia]] policies. He made a number of important concessions to theologians. He imposed Jizya tax on all non-Muslims. He tried to ban practices that the orthodox theologians considered un-Islamic, an example being his prohibition of the practice of Muslim women going out to worship at the graves of saints. He persecuted a number of sects which were considered heretical by the Muslim theologians.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}
Tughlaq took to heart the mistakes made during his cousin Muhammad's rule. He decided not to reconquer areas that had broken away, nor to keep further areas from taking their independence. He was indiscriminately benevolent and lenient as a sultan.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chaurasia |first=Radhey Shyam |year=2002 |title=History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. |publisher=Atlantic Publishers |location=New Delhi |pages=67–76 |isbn=978-81-269-0123-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC&pg=PA67}}</ref> He decided to keep nobles and the [[Ulema]] happy so that they would allow him to rule his kingdom peacefully.

"The southern states had drifted away from the Sultanate and there were rebellions in Gujarat and Sindh", while "Bengal asserted its independence." He led expeditions to against Bengal in 1353 and 1358. He captured [[Cuttack]], desecrated the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri]], and forced Raja Gajpati of Jajnagar in [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] to pay tribute. He converted [[Chauhan]] Rajputs from Hinduism to Islam in the 14th century. They are now known as [[Qaimkhani]]s in [[Rajasthan]].

He laid siege to [[Kangra Fort]] and forced Nagarkot to pay tribute, and did the same with [[Thatta]].<ref name="sen2"/>

Rather than awarding position based on merit, Tughlaq allowed a noble's son to succeed to his father's position and [[jagir]] after his death.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jackson |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) |year=1999 |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, England |page=304 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA304 |isbn=978-0-521-40477-8}}</ref> The same was done in the army, where an old soldier could send his son, son-in-law or even his slave in his place. He increased the salary of the nobles. He stopped all kinds of harsh punishments such as cutting off hands. He also lowered the land taxes that Muhammad had raised. Tughlaq's reign has been described as the greatest age of corruption in medieval India: he once gave a golden tanka to a distraught soldier so that he could bribe the clerk to pass his sub-standard horse.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chaurasia |first=Radhey Shyam |year=2002 |title=History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. |publisher=Atlantic Publishers |location=New Delhi |page=75 |isbn=978-81-269-0123-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC&pg=PA75}}</ref>

==Infrastructure and education==
Tughlaq instituted economic policies to increase the material welfare of his people. Many rest houses (''sarai''), gardens and tombs([[Tughluq tombs]]) were built. A number of [[madrasas]] (Islamic religious schools) were opened to encourage the religious education of Muslims. He set up hospitals for the free treatment of the poor and encouraged physicians in the development of [[Unani medicine]].<ref>Tibb Firoz Shahi (1990) by [[Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman]], Department of History of Medicine and Science, [[Jamia Hamdard]], New Delhi, 79pp</ref> He provided money for the marriage of girls belonging to poor families under the department of Diwan-i-khairat. He commissioned many public buildings in [[Delhi]]. He built [[Firoz Shah Palace Complex]] at [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]] in 1354 CE, over 300 villages and dug five major canals, including the renovation of [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] era [[Western Yamuna Canal]], for irrigation bringing more land under cultivation for growing grain and fruit. For day-to-day administration, Sultan Firoz Shah Tughlaq heavily depended on [[Malik Maqbul]], previously commander of [[Warangal fort]], who was captured and converted to Islam.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ahmend |first=Manazir |year=1978 |title=Sultan Firoz Shah Tughlaq, 1351–1388 A.D.|publisher=Chugh Publications |location=Allahabad |pages=46, 95 |oclc=5220076}}</ref> When Tughlaq was away on a campaign to Sind and Gujarat for six months and no news was available about his whereabouts Maqbul ably protected Delhi.<ref>{{cite book |title=A History of India |url=https://archive.org/details/historyindiathir00kulk |url-access=limited |first1=Hermann |last1=Kulke |author-link1=Hermann Kulke |first2=Dietmar |last2=Rothermund |author-link2=Dietmar Rothermund |year=1998 |publisher=Routledge |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyindiathir00kulk/page/n177 167] |isbn=0-415-15482-0}}</ref> He was the most highly favoured among the significant number of the nobles in Tughlaq's court and retained the trust of the sultan.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jackson |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) |year=1999 |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, England |page=186 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA186 |isbn=978-0-521-40477-8}}</ref> Sultan Feroze Shah Tughlaq used to call Maqbul as 'brother'. The sultan remarked that ''Khan-i-Jahan'' (Malik Maqbul) was the real ruler of Delhi.<ref>{{cite book |title=Medieval India; From Sultanat to the Mughals |first=Satish |last=Chandra |year=2007 |publisher=Har Anand Publications |page=122 |isbn=978-81-241-1064-5}}</ref>

Hindu religious works were translated from [[Sanskrit]] to [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Medieval India|last=Thapar|first=Romilla|publisher=NCERT|year=1967|isbn=81-7450-359-5|pages=38}}</ref> He had a large personal library of manuscripts in Persian, [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and other languages. He brought 2 [[Ashoka Pillar|Ashokan Pillar]]s from [[Meerut]], and Topra near Radaur in [[Yamunanagar district]] of [[Haryana]], carefully cut and wrapped in silk, to Delhi in bullock cart trains. He re-erected one of them on the roof of his palace at Firoz Shah Kotla.<ref name=":0" />

[[File:Remains of buildings at Firoze Shah Kotla, Delhi.jpg|right|thumb|Remains of buildings at [[Firoz Shah Kotla]], Delhi, 1795.]]
Transfer of capital was the highlight of his reign. When the [[Qutb Minar]] struck by lightning in 1368 AD, knocking off its top storey, he replaced them with the existing two floors, faced with red sandstone and white marble. One of his hunting lodges, Shikargah, also known as Kushak Mahal, is situated within the [[Teen Murti Bhavan]] complex, Delhi. The nearby Kushak Road is named after it, as is the Tughlaq Road further on.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian cavalry's victorious trysts with India's history |url=http://www.asianage.com/ideas/indian-cavalry-s-victorious-trysts-india-s-history-453 |work=Asian Age |date=6 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119043942/http://www.asianage.com/ideas/indian-cavalry-s-victorious-trysts-india-s-history-453 |archive-date=19 January 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=King's resort in the wild |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/King-s-resort-in-the-wild/Article1-908406.aspx |work=Hindustan Times |date=4 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617092823/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/King-s-resort-in-the-wild/Article1-908406.aspx |archive-date=17 June 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref>

==Legacy==
His eldest son, Fath Khan, died in 1376. He then abdicated in August 1387 and made his other son, Prince Muhammad, king. A slave rebellion forced him to confer the royal title to his grandson, Tughluq Khan.<ref name="sen2"/>

Tughlaq's death led to a war of succession coupled with nobles rebelling to set up independent states. His lenient attitude had strengthened the nobles, thus weakening the his position. His successor [[Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughlaq II]] could not control the slaves or the nobles. The army had become weak and the empire had shrunk in size. Ten years after his death, [[Timur]]'s invasion devastated Delhi. His [[Tughluq tombs#Firoz Shah Tughluq|tomb]] is located in Hauz Khas (New Delhi), close to the tank built by Alauddin Khalji. Attached to the tomb is a madrasa built by Firoz Shah in 1352–53.

==Coin gallery==
<gallery>
File:Firoz Shah (1).jpg|Jital of 40 Rati
File:Firoz Shah (2).jpg|Billon Tanka of Hazrat Dehli Dated AH 771
File:Firoz Shah (3).jpg|Coin of 32 Rati
File:Firoz Shah (4).jpg|Jital of 40 Rati
File:Firoz sh.jpg|Jital of 40 Rati
File:Firoz Tughlaq.jpg|Jital of Firoz Shah
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/addorimss/t/019addor0005475u00024vrb.html The Dargah Qadam Sharif or Shrine of the Holy Foot, Delhi]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box |
before=[[Muhammad bin Tughlaq]] |
title=[[Delhi Sultanate|Sultan of Delhi]] |
years=1351–1388 |
after=[[Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughlaq II]]
}}

{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tughlaq, Firoz Shah}}
[[Category:Tughluq sultans]]
[[Category:1309 births]]
[[Category:1388 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:14th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:14th-century Turkic people]]
[[Category:14th century in India]]