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<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Short description|1191 battle near modern Taraori, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox military conflict<br />
| conflict = First Battle of Tarain<br />
| partof = [[Indian campaigns of Muhammad of Ghor]]<br />
| date = 1191<br />
| place = [[Taraori]] (near [[Karnal]])<br />
| territory = Prithviraj retakes the fortress of Tabarhindh after a thirteen month siege (possibly present-day [[Bhatinda]])<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|29.78|N|76.94|E|display=inline}}<br />
| map_type = South Asia<br />
| map_relief = <br />
| map_size = 270px<br />
| map_marksize = <br />
| map_caption = Location of the First Battle of Tarain<br />
| map_label = Tarain<br />
| map_mark = Big battle symbol.svg<br />
| result = [[Rajput]] victory<br><br />
* Ghurid invasion of India repulsed.<br />
| combatant1 = [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurid Empire]]<br />
| combatant2 = [[Rajput|Rajput Confederation]]<br />
| commander1 = [[Muhammad of Ghor]] {{WIA}}<br> [[Qutb al-Din Aibak|Qutubuddin Aibak]]<br/> Qazi Zia ud-Din Tulaki<br />
| commander2 = [[Prithviraj Chauhan]]<br/>[[Pajawan|Pajawan Kachhwaha]]<br/>Govind Rai{{WIA}}<br/>[[Skanda (general)|Skanda]]<br />
| strength1 = Unknown, outnumbered by Rajputs <ref>{{Cite book |author=Paul K.Davis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nv73QlQs9ocC |title=100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-514366-9|page=133|quote=Never had Mohmmad's troops faced such a well-trained foe, and in 1191 (no particular date has been recorded) the Rajputs had the upper hand, no numbers have been recorded either, but all account states that the Rajputs outnumbered the Moslem army|language=en}}</ref><br />
| strength2 = 100,000 Rajput cavalrymen{{sfn|Kaushik Roy|2004|pp=38–39|ps=: "The age of around 800 AD could be termed as age of steepe horsemens. The Rajputs were about to be outclassed by their outdated methods of War in era of brutuality. In 1191, Ghori fought the Rajput confederacy of one lakh Rajput calvalrymen led by Prithviraj at place called Tarain"}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''First Battle of Tarain''', also spelt as the '''First Battle of Taraori''', was fought in 1191 between the invading [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurid army]] led by [[Muhammad of Ghor]] and the [[Rajput|Rajput Confederacy]] led by [[Prithviraj Chauhan]], near Tarain (modern [[Taraori]] in [[Haryana]], India). The battle ended in decisive victory for the Rajputs; however, Muhammad of Ghor managed to escape and returned to Ghazni.<br />
<br />
After the Ghurid armies were routed, they retreated to the Ghazni and left garrison of 2,000 soldiers under Zia ud-Din Tulaki to secure the fort of Tabarhind (present day [[Bhatinda]])<ref name="GoP">{{Cite web|author=|url=https://bathinda.nic.in/history/|title=Bhatinda History|publisher=Government of Punjab}}</ref> to delay the Rajput army and was successful in keeping them at bay for thirteen months, while Muhammad of Ghor, during these months, raised a stronger army of 120,000 men, and invaded again, leading to the [[Second Battle of Tarain]].{{sfn|Kaushik Roy|2004|pp=40-42|ps=: "Cavalry was not suited for laying siege to forts and Rajputs lacked both the siege machines and infantry to storm and destroy fortress walls. Tulaki was able to keep Prithviraj at bay for thirteen months. Within this time, Mahmud Ghori had raised 120,000 cavalry."}}<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
<br />
The contemporary sources for the battle include ''Tajul-Ma'asir'' of [[Hasan Nizami]] (on the Ghurid side) and Jayanaka's ''[[Prithviraja Vijaya]]'' (on the Chahamana side).{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|pp=29-30}}<br />
<br />
Later sources for the battle include the following Persian-language chronicles:{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|pp=86-87}}<br />
<br />
* [[Minhaj-i-Siraj]]'s ''[[Tabaqat-i Nasiri]]'' (1260 CE)<br />
* [[Abdul Malik Isami]]'s ''Futuh-us-Salatin'' (c. 1350)<br />
* [[Yahya bin Ahmad Sirhindi]]'s ''Tarikh-I-Mubarakshahi'' (1434 CE)<br />
* [[Nizamuddin Ahmad|Nizam al-Din Ahmad]]'s ''Tabaqat-i Akbari'' (1593-1594 CE)<br />
* [[`Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni]]'s ''[[Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh]]'' (c. 1590s CE)<br />
* [[Firishta]]'s ''Tarikh-i Firishta'' (early 17th century)<br />
<br />
These chroniclers call Prithviraj by various names including "Rae Kolah Pithorā" (Minhaj), "Pithor Rai" (Sirhindi), and "Pithow Ray" (Firishta). They call Prithviraj's commander-in-chief Govind Rai Tomar as "Gobind Rae" (Minhaj); "Gobind Rai" (Sirhindi); Khand, Khanda, or Khandi (Nizam al-Din and Bada'uni); and Chawund Ray (Firishta).{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|pp=86-87}}<br />
<br />
The later sources written in Indic languages include ''[[Hammira Mahakavya]]'' and ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]''.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=88}}<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
Mu'izz ad-Din captured Multan in 1175, and in 1178, [[Battle of Kasahrada|unsuccessfully invaded]] the [[Chaulukya]] ([[Solanki (clan)|Solanki]]) Kingdom in present-day Gujarat and northern Rajasthan. Subsequently, the [[Siege of Lahore (1186)|Ghurids defeated the Ghaznavids, and conquered Lahore in 1186]].{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=36}}<br />
<br />
Mu'izz ad-Din sent his envoy - the Chief Judge Qiwam-ul Mulk Ruknud Din Hamza - to the court of Prithviraj, to persuade the Indian king to come to a peaceful agreement.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=29}} ''Tajul-Ma'asir'', a chronicle by the Muslim writer [[Hasan Nizami]], describes the envoy as a "prominent dignitary", who conveyed Mu'izz ad-Din's message to Prithviraj "in a refined and graceful manner", using "elegant language". The [[Chahamana]]-sponsored text ''[[Prithviraja Vijaya]]'', which describes Mu'izz ad-Din as an "evil" beef-eating "demon", portrays the envoy as an extremely ugly person whose "ghastly white" complexion made him appear to be suffering from a skin disease, and whose speech was like "the cry of wild birds".{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=30}}<br />
<br />
Prithviraj refused to agree to the Ghurid envoy's terms, which according to Hasan Nizami, included converting to [[Islam]] and accepting the Ghurid suzerainty.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=30}} Mu'izz ad-Din then decided to invade the Chahamana kingdom.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=29}}<br />
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The Ghurid campaign that led to the first battle of Tarain may have started in 1190, but the actual battle was most probably fought in the winter of 1191 CE.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=44}}<br />
<br />
== The battle ==<br />
<br />
Sometime before 1191, Mu'izz ad-Din's army captured the Tabarhindh fort (probably present-day [[Bathinda]]), which was presumably under Chahamana control.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=47}} According to Sirhindi, sometime in 1191 ([[Hijri year]] 587), Prithviraj marched against the Ghurid army with infantry, cavalry, and an [[war elephant|elephant force]].{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=87}} Mu'izz ad-Din was about to leave Tabarhindah, when he received the news of Prithviraj's approach; he then marched against Prithviraj, and the two armies met at Tarain.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|pp=86-87}}<br />
<br />
Prithviraj was accompanied by a number of feudatory rulers, whom Minhaj describes as "the whole of the [[Rana (title)|Ranas]] of Hind". These rulers included Govind Rai, the ruler of Delhi. Sirhindi states that Govind Rai Tomar, seated on an elephant, was at the frontline, suggesting that he was the commander-in-chief of Prithviraj's army.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=87}} Sirhindi and later chroniclers, such as Nizam al-Din and Bada'uni, describe Govind Rai as a brother of Prithviraj.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=87}} Firishta also describes Prithviraj and Govind Rai as brothers, stating that the two men marched against the Ghurids in alliance with other Indian rulers. Firishta portrays Govind Rai as someone who was almost equally as powerful as Prithviraj, presumably because Govind Rai was the ruler of Delhi, which had become politically important by Firishta's time.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=87-88}}<br />
<br />
The Ghurid cavalry initiated the battle by launching arrows at the enemy center. The Chahamana forces counter-attacked from three sides and dominated the battle, pressuring the Ghurid army into a withdrawal.{{sfn|Spencer C. Tucker|2009|p=263}}<br />
<br />
According to Sirhindi, the Ghurid troops suffered reverses despite having fought bravely: when Mu'izz ad-Din saw this, he charged against Govind Rai.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=87}} Minhaj states that Mu'izz ad-Din, who was riding a horse, attacked Govind Rai with a [[lance]], hitting his mouth and breaking two of his teeth. Govind Rai retaliated with a [[javelin]], severely wounding Mu'izz ad-Din's upper arm.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=86}} According to Minhaj, Mu'izz ad-Din would have died or been captured, had a young soldier not led his horse to safety. After his departure from the battlefield, the Ghurid troops were disheartened and defeated.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=47}}<br />
<br />
{{Quote box<br />
|quote=The Sultan turned his charger's head round and receded, and from the agony of the wound he was unable to continue on horseback any longer. Defeat befell the army of Islām so that it was irretrievably routed.<br />
|source=Minhaj in ''[[Tabaqat-i Nasiri]]''{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=86}}<br />
|align=center<br />
|qalign = center<br />
|salign=right<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Mu'izz ad-Din left for Ghazni, leaving behind a garrison at Tabarhindah. Prithviraj besieged the fort, and captured it sometime before the second battle of Tarain.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2015|p=47}} He did not pursue the Ghurid army, either not wanting to invade hostile territory or misjudging Mu'izz ad-Din's ambition.{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2006|p=25}}<br />
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==See also==<br />
* [[List of battles of Rajasthan|List of battles fought in Rajasthan]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
=== Bibliography ===<br />
{{wikiquote}}<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Cynthia Talbot |title=The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj Cauhan and the Indian Past, 1200–2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m3DjCgAAQBAJ |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2015 |isbn=9781107118560 }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Dasharatha Sharma |authorlink=Dasharatha Sharma |title=Early Chauhān Dynasties |publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass |year=1959 |isbn=9780842606189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ }}<br />
* {{Cite book |author=Kaushik Roy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jpXijlqeRpIC |title=India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil |date=2004 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-7824-109-8 |language=en}}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Satish Chandra |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC |year=2006 |publisher=Har-Anand |isbn=978-81-241-1064-5 }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Spencer C. Tucker |title=A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC |year=2009 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-672-5 }}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Battles Of Tarain}}<br />
[[Category:Islamic rule in the Indian subcontinent]]<br />
[[Category:Battles involving the Indian kingdoms|Tarain 1191]]<br />
[[Category:12th century in India]]<br />
[[Category:Battles involving the Ghurids]]<br />
[[Category:Battles involving the Rajputs|Tarain]]<br />
[[Category:Conflicts in 1191]]<br />
[[Category:Conflicts in 1192]]<br />
[[Category:1191 in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:1192 in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Karnal district]]<br />
[[Category:History of Haryana]]<br />
[[Category:Battles involving Turkic peoples]]<br />
[[Category:Battles involving the Tajiks]]</div>Ajay Kumar