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	\| result = ~~Inconclusive~~<ref name="Kantak1993" /><ref>{{citation\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cYoHOqC7Yx4C&pg=PA290\|others=quote: "First Anglo-Maratha War...The war ends with Descessive Maratha victory forcing brithishers to sign treaty of salbai."\|title=Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture\|author=John Bowman\|page=290\|publisher=Columbia University Press\|isbn=9780231500043\|date=2000-09-05}}</ref>		\| result = Descessive Maratha victory and forces brithishers to beg to sign treaty of salbai<ref name="Kantak1993" /><ref>{{citation\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cYoHOqC7Yx4C&pg=PA290\|others=quote: "First Anglo-Maratha War...The war ends with Descessive Maratha victory forcing brithishers to sign treaty of salbai."\|title=Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture\|author=John Bowman\|page=290\|publisher=Columbia University Press\|isbn=9780231500043\|date=2000-09-05}}</ref>
	*[[Status quo ante bellum]]		*[[Status quo ante bellum]]
	* [[Treaty of Salbai]]		* [[Treaty of Salbai]]

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	*[[Status quo ante bellum]]		*[[Status quo ante bellum]]
	* [[Treaty of Salbai]]		* [[Treaty of Salbai]]

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{{Original research|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict=First Anglo-Maratha War
|image= File:Maratha British Treaty.JPG
|caption= A mural depicting the British surrender during the First Anglo-Maratha War. The mural is a part of the Victory Memorial (Vijay Stambh) located at [[Vadgaon Maval]] (Off NH-4, Malinagar, [[Vadgaon Maval]], [[Pune]])
|date=1775–1782
|partof=the [[Anglo-Maratha Wars]]
|place=[[Central India]]<br />[[Western India]]
|result= Maratha victory<ref name="West2009">{{cite book|last=West|first=Barbara A. |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania|url={{google books|plainurl=yes|id=AMYZAQAAIAAJ|keywords= First Anglo-Maratha War}}|volume=M to Z|year=2009|publisher=Facts On File|isbn=978-0-8160-7109-8|page=509}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|quote=Thereafter the Marathas defeated British-led forces.|title=The American Revolution: A Global War|url=https://archive.org/details/americanrevoluti00dupu|url-access=registration|publisher=David McKay Company, Incorporated|year=1977|author=Richard Ernest Dupuy, Gay M. Hammerman, Grace P. Hayes}}</ref>
* [[Treaty of Salbai]]<ref name="ThorpeThorpe2011">{{cite book|last1=Thorpe|first1=Edgar|last2=Thorpe|first2=Showick|title=Concise General Knowledge Manual|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nywer__WVHMC&pg=PT49|date=2011|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-5512-9|page=49}}</ref>
|combatant1=[[File:Flag of Great Britain.svg|23px]] [[British Empire]]

[[Image:Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg|23px]] [[British East India Company]]

|combatant2=[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Maratha Empire]]
|commander1= [[Image:Flag of Great Britain.svg|23px]] [[Warren Hastings]]<ref name="Kantak1993">{{cite book|last=Kantak|first=M. R. |title=The First Anglo-Maratha War, 1774-1783: A Military Study of Major Battles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cdXnVOKKkssC&pg=PA220|year=1993|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-696-1|pages=220–}}</ref>

[[Image:Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg|23px]] Colonel Keating

[[Image:Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg|23px]] Thomas Wyndhem Goddard<ref name="Kantak1993" />

[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Raghunathrao]]
|commander2=[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Mahadji Shinde]]<ref name="Kantak1993" />

[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Nana Fadnavis]]

[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Sawai Madhavrao]]<ref name="Kantak1993" />

[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Hari Pant|Haripant Phadke]]

[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Tukoji Rao Holkar|Tukoji Holkar]]<ref name="Kantak1993" /><ref name="History of the Mahrattas">{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Al8OAAAAQAAJ&q=Holkar | title=History of the Mahrattas| last1=Duff| first1=James Grant| year=1878}}</ref>

|strength1=93,000 troops total<ref name="West2009" /><ref name="Kantak1993" />
23 ships<ref name="Kantak1993" />
|strength2= Around 146,000 troops total<ref name="West2009" /><ref name="Kantak1993" />
14 ships<ref name="Kantak1993" />}}

{{Campaignbox Anglo-Maratha Wars}}
{{Wars of Great Britain}}

The '''First Anglo-Maratha War''' (1775–1782) was the first of three [[Anglo-Maratha Wars]] fought between the [[British East India Company]] and [[Maratha Empire]] in India. The war began with the [[Treaty of Surat]] and ended with the [[Treaty of Salbai]].

==Background==
After the death of [[Madhavrao Peshwa]] in 1772, his brother [[Narayanrao Peshwa|Narayanrao]] became [[peshwa]] (ruler) of the Maratha Empire. Narayanrao was murdered by his palace guards in August 1773, and his uncle [[Raghunathrao]] (Raghoba) became Peshwa. However, Narayanrao's wife, [[Gangabai]], gave birth to a posthumous son, who was the legal heir to the throne. The newborn infant was named [['Sawai' Madhavrao]] (''Sawai'' means "One and a Quarter"). Twelve Maratha chiefs, known as the Baarbhai<ref>Known as the Baarbhai or Barbhai Council {{Cite book|last=Kulkarni |first=Sumitra |year=1995 |title=The Satara Raj, 1818-1848: A Study in History, Administration, and Culture |location=New Delhi |publisher=Mittal Publications |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=SYOSHaZnBy8C&pg=PA74&lpg=PA74 74] |isbn=978-81-7099-581-4 }}</ref> and led by [[Nana Phadnavis]], directed an effort to install the infant as the new Peshwa and to rule in his name as [[regent]]s.

[[Raghunathrao]], unwilling to give up his position of power, sought help from the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] at [[Bombay]] and signed the [[Treaty of Surat]] on 6 March 1775. According to the treaty, Raghunathrao ceded the territories of [[Salsette]] and [[Vasai|Bassein]] (Vasai) to the British, along with part of the revenues from [[Surat]] and [[Bharuch]] districts. In return, the British promised to provide Raghunathrao with 2,500 soldiers.

The [[British Calcutta Council]] condemned the Treaty of Surat, sending Colonel Upton to [[Pune]] to annul it and make a new treaty with the regency. The [[Treaty of Purandar (1776)|Treaty of Purandhar]] (1 March 1776) annulled that of Surat, Raghunathrao was pensioned and his cause abandoned, but the revenues of Salsette and Broach districts were retained by the British. The Bombay government rejected this new treaty and gave refuge to Raghunathrao. In 1777, Nana Phadnavis violated his treaty with the Calcutta Council by granting the French a port on the West coast. The English retaliated by sending a force towards Pune.

==Initial stage and Treaty of Purandar (1775–1776)==
British troops under the command of Colonel Keating, left [[Surat]] on March 15, 1775 for Pune. But they were checked by Haripant Phadke at Adas and were totally defeated on May 18, 1775.<ref name="Rathod1994" />{{rp|11}} Casualties for Keating's force, accompanied by [[Raghunathrao]], included 96 killed. The Marathas casualties in the Battle of Adas (Gujarat) included 150 killed.<ref name="Naravane2006">{{cite book|first=M. S. |last=Naravane|title=Battles of the Honourable East India Company: Making of the Raj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bxsa3jtHoCEC&pg=PA53|year=2006|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-313-0034-3}}</ref>{{rp|53–56}}

[[Warren Hastings]] estimated that direct actions against Pune would be detrimental. Therefore, the [[Supreme Council of Bengal]] condemned the [[Treaty of Surat]], sending Colonel Upton to [[Pune]] to annul it and make a new treaty with the regency. An agreement between Upton and the ministers of Pune called [[Treaty of Purandar (1776)|Treaty of Purandar]] was signed on March 1, 1776.

The [[Treaty of Purandar (1776)|Treaty of Purandhar]] (1 March 1776) annulled that of [[Treaty of Surat|Surat]], [[Raghunath Rao]] was pensioned and his cause abandoned, but the revenues of Salsette and Broach districts were retained by the British.

==Battle of Wadgaon==
{{Main Article|Battle of Wadgaon}}
Following a treaty between France and the [[Poona]] Government in 1776, the [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]] Government decided to invade and reinstate Raghoba. They sent a force under Col. Egerton reached [[Khopoli]] and made its way through the [[Western Ghats]] at [[Bhor Ghat]] and onwards toward Karla, which was reached on 4 Jan. 1779 while under Maratha attacks. Finally the British were forced to retreat back to Wadgaon, but were soon surrounded. The British surrendered<ref>{{cite news |last= Athale|first= Colonel Anil A|date=12 January 2018|title=How a Maratha general defeated the British|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/column/how-a-maratha-general-defeated-the-british/20180112.htm|newspaper=Rediff News}}</ref> and were forced to sign the [[Treaty of Wadgaon]] on 16 Jan. 1779, a victory for the Marathas.<ref name="Naravane2006" />{{rp|56–58}}

Reinforcements from northern India, commanded by Colonel (later General) Thomas Wyndham Goddard, arrived too late to save the Bombay force. The British [[Governor-General]] in [[Bengal]], [[Warren Hastings]], rejected the treaty on the grounds that the Bombay officials had no legal power to sign it, and ordered Goddard to secure British interests in the area.

Goddard with 6,000 troops stormed [[Bhadra Fort]] and captured [[Ahmedabad]] on February 15, 1779. There was a garrison of 6,000 Arab and Sindhi infantry and 2,000 horses. Losses in the fight totalled 108, including two British.<ref name="toib">{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-12/ahmedabad/28165182_1_bhadra-fort-walled-city-cultural-centre | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216064235/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-12/ahmedabad/28165182_1_bhadra-fort-walled-city-cultural-centre | url-status=dead | archive-date=February 16, 2013 | title=Bhadra Fort to turn into heritage hangout! | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=June 12, 2009 | agency=TNN | access-date=January 17, 2013 | location=Ahmedabad}}</ref><ref name="Duff-446" /><ref name="hb">{{cite book | title=A comprehensive history of India, civil, military and social | publisher=Blackie | last=Beveridge |first=Henry | url=https://archive.org/details/acomprehensiveh02bevegoog | year=1862 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/acomprehensiveh02bevegoog/page/n498 456]–466 }}</ref> Goddard also captured [[Vasai|Bassein]] on December 11, 1780. Another [[Bengal]] detachment led by Captain Popham and assisted by the Rana of Gohad, captured [[Gwalior]] on August 4, 1780, before Mahadji Scindia could make preparations. Skirmishes took place between Mahadji Scindia and General Goddard in Gujarat, but indecisively. Hastings sent yet another force to harass [[Mahadji Shinde]], commanded by Major Camac.{{efn|Camac (not to be confused with Carnac!) received his promotion to Lieutenant-Colonel while on this mission}}

== Central India and the Deccan ==

[[File:Vijay Stambh Vadgaon.JPG|right|thumb| A ''Vijay Stambh'' (Victory Pillar) erected to commemorate Maratha victory over British. The pillar is located at [[Vadgaon Maval|Vadgaon/Wadgaon Maval]], close to the city of [[Pune]], India]]
[[File:Scindia Memorial Vadgaon.JPG|right|thumb|An information plaque describing the Maratha victory over British. The plaque is located at [[Vadgaon Maval|Vadgaon/Wadgaon Maval]], close to the city of [[Pune]], India]]
After capturing [[Vasai|Bassein]], Goddard marched towards [[Pune]]. But he was routed in the [[Battle of Bhor Ghat]] in April 1781 by Parshurambha, [[Hari Pant|Haripant Phadke]] and [[Tukoji Rao Holkar|Tukoji Holkar]].<ref name="Kantak1993" /><ref name="History of the Mahrattas">{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Al8OAAAAQAAJ&q=Holkar | title=History of the Mahrattas| last1=Duff| first1=James Grant| year=1878}}</ref>

In central India, [[Mahadji]] stationed himself at Malwa to challenge Camac. Initially, [[Mahadji]] had an upper hand and British forces under Camac, being harassed and reduced, had to retreat to Hadur.<ref name="Rathod1994">{{cite book|last=Rathod|first=N. G. |title=The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPq640stHJ0C|year=1994|publisher=Sarup & Sons|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-85431-52-9}}</ref>{{rp|20}}

In February 1781 the British beat Shinde to the town of Sipri,<ref name="Duff-446">{{Cite book|last=Duff|first= James Grant |date=1826 |title= A History of the Mahrattas |location=London |publisher=Longman |url=https://archive.org/details/ahistorymahratt01duffgoog |page=[https://archive.org/details/ahistorymahratt01duffgoog/page/n489 446]}}</ref> but every move they made after that was shadowed by his much larger army, and their supplies were cut off, until they made a desperate night raid in late March, capturing not only supplies, but even guns and [[war elephant|elephants]].<ref name="Mill1826">{{cite book|last=Mill|first= James|chapter-url=http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/mill-the-history-of-british-india-vol-4 |title=The History of British India|volume= Vol. 4| chapter=Ch. 6|location=London|publisher= Baldwin |date=1826}}</ref> Thereafter, the military threat from Shinde's forces to the British was much reduced.

The contest was equally balanced now. Where Mahadji scored a significant victory over Camac at [[Battle of Sironj|Sironj]],<ref name="Naravane2006" />{{rp|62}} the latter avenged the loss through the [[Battle of Durdah]]<ref name="Jaques2007">{{cite book|last=Jaques|first=Tony|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3amnMPTPP5MC&pg=PA320|volume=A-E|year=2007|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-33537-2|page=320}}</ref> on March 24, 1781.

Colonel Murre arrived with fresh forces in April, 1781 to assist Popham and Camac. After his defeat at Sipri, [[Mahadaji Shinde|Mahadji Shinde]] got alarmed. Finally, he decisively crushed the forces of Murre on July 1, 1781. Mahadji seemed to be too powerful to be defeated now.

==Treaty of Salbai==

This treaty, known as the [[Treaty of Salbai]], was signed on 17 May 1782, and was ratified by Hastings in June 1782 and by Nana Phadnavis in February 1783. The treaty ended the First Anglo-Maratha War, restored the status quo, and established peace between the two parties for 20 years.<ref name="Naravane2006" />{{rp|63}}

==In popular culture==

The 2013 Hollywood film titled ''[[The Lovers (2013 film)|The Lovers]]'' is based on the backdrop of this war.<ref name="TimeOfIndia">{{Cite web | title = Atul and Milind's The Lovers to be premiered at Cannes | work = The Times of India | date = 10 May 2014 | access-date = 2018-08-13 | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Atul-Kulkarni-Milind-Gunaji-Roland-Joffe-Singularity-The-Lovers-Bipasha-Basu-Abhay-Deol-Ajay-Zankar-Aishwarya-Rai-Vivek-Oberoi/articleshow/34926960.cms }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]]
* [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]]
* [[List of Maratha dynasties and states]]
* [[James Hartley (Indian officer)]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Beck, Sanderson. ''India & Southeast Asia to 1800'' (2006) [http://www.san.beck.org/2-10-Marathas1707-1800.html "Marathas and the English Company 1701–1818" online]. Retrieved Oct. 1, 2004.
* Gordon, Stewart. ''Marathas, marauders, and state formation in eighteenth-century India'' (Oxford University Press, 1994).
* Gordon, Stewart. "The Marathas," in '' New Cambridge History of India,'' II.4, (Cambridge U Press, 1993).
* Seshan, Radhika. "The Maratha State: Some Preliminary Considerations." ''Indian Historical Review'' 41.1 (2014): 35-46. [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0376983614521732 online]

==External links==
* Athale, Anil. [http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/feb/14spec.htm Anil Athale on Joffe's Invaders]. Retrieved July 21, 2011.
* Hameed, Shahul. [https://web.archive.org/web/20041105041122/http://sify.com/itihaas/fullstory.php?id=13258693 The First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–1782)]. Retrieved Oct. 1, 2004.
* [http://www.gatewayforindia.com/history/maratha.htm Indian History – British Period]. Retrieved Oct. 1, 2004.
* Paranjpe, Amit et al. [http://www.mumbainet.com/cityinfo/histmaha.htm#Peshwa History of Maharashtra]. Retrieved Oct. 1, 2004.

{{British colonial campaigns}}
{{MarathaEmpire}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Indian Independence Movement}}

[[Category:Wars involving the British East India Company|Ang]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Maratha Empire|Anglo-Maratha War 1]]
[[Category:Wars involving British India|Anglo-Maratha War 1]]
[[Category:Wars involving Great Britain|Anglo-Maratha War 1]]
[[Category:1775 in India]]
[[Category:1775 in the British Empire]]
[[Category:1776 in India]]
[[Category:1777 in India]]
[[Category:1778 in India]]
[[Category:1779 in India]]
[[Category:1780 in India]]
[[Category:1781 in India]]
[[Category:1782 in India]]
[[Category:1782 in the British Empire]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1775]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1776]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1777]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1778]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1779]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1780]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1781]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1782]]
[[Category:Military history of British India]]

First Anglo-Maratha War - Revision history

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>Ganbaruby: Reverted edits by 112.196.146.104 (talk) (HG) (3.4.10)