Ajay Kumar: Created a new article

2023-08-30T19:19:10Z

Created a new article

New page

{{short description|Organised series of acts and performances}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Redirect|Festivity|the ship|MV Festivity}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2013}}
[[File:Village Feast Fac simile of a Woodcut of the Sandrin ou Verd Galant facetious Work of the End of the Sixteenth Century edition of 1609.png|right|thumb|Village Feast. Facsimile of a woodcut of the ''Sandrin ou Verd Galant'', facetious work end of 16th century (edition of 1609)]]
[[File:NavigiumIsidis.jpg|thumb|''Procession in Honor of Isis'' depiction of the Egyptian Navigium Isidis festival by [[Frederick Arthur Bridgman]] (1903)]]
A '''festival''' is an extraordinary event celebrated by a community and centering on some characteristic aspect or aspects of that community and its [[religion]] or [[culture]]s. It is often marked as a local or national [[holiday]], [[Melā|mela]], or [[Muslim holidays|eid]]. A festival constitutes typical cases of [[glocalization]], as well as the high culture-low culture interrelationship.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Caves |first=R. W. |title=Encyclopedia of the City |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |isbn=9780415252256 |pages=264}}</ref> Next to religion and [[folklore]], a significant origin is [[agriculture|agricultural]]. Food is such a vital resource that many festivals are associated with [[harvest]] time. Religious commemoration and thanksgiving for good harvests are blended in events that take place in [[autumn]], such as [[Halloween]] in the northern hemisphere and [[Easter]] in the southern.

Festivals often serve to fulfill specific communal purposes, especially in regard to commemoration or thanking to the gods, goddesses or saints: they are called [[patronal festivals]]. They may also provide [[entertainment]], which was particularly important to local communities before the advent of mass-produced entertainment. Festivals that focus on cultural or ethnic topics also seek to inform community members of their traditions; the involvement of [[old age|elders]] sharing stories and experience provides a means for unity among [[family|families]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Why festivals are important |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/188562-why-festivals-are-important |website=www.thenews.com.pk |access-date=10 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Attendants of festivals are often motivated by a desire for escapism, socialization and camaraderie; the practice has been seen as a means of creating geographical connection, belonging and adaptability.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Davies |first=Karen |date=2021 |title=Festivals Post Covid-19 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2020.1774000 |journal=Leisure Sciences |volume=43 |issue=1–2 |pages=184–189 |doi=10.1080/01490400.2020.1774000 |s2cid=225693273 |issn=0149-0400}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Quinn |first=Bernadette |date=2003 |title=Symbols, practices and myth-making: Cultural perspectives on the Wexford Festival Opera |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14616680309710 |journal=Tourism Geographies |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=329–349 |doi=10.1080/14616680309710 |s2cid=143509970 |issn=1461-6688 |access-date=August 21, 2022 |archive-date=August 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828130715/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14616680309710 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Etymology ==
[[File:Alexander van Bredael - A Festival in Antwerp.jpg|thumb|upright= 1.10|A Festival at [[Antwerp]], Belgium, 17th century]]
[[File:Ländliches Fest in Schwaben.jpg|thumb|upright= 1.10|Country Festival in [[Swabia]]]]

The word "festival" was originally used as an adjective from the late fourteenth century, deriving from [[Latin]] via [[Old French]].<ref name=oed1>{{cite web|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/69567 |title=festival, adj. and n. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828130717/https://www.oed.com/start;jsessionid=516303139ACABFDA6DF9FB295946FC00?authRejection=true&url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F69567 |archive-date=August 28, 2022 |website=[[OED Online]] |date=March 2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=April 16, 2014}}</ref> In [[Middle English]], a "festival dai" was a religious holiday.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?type=id&id=MED15806&egs=all |title=festival (adj.) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702174739/http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?type=id&id=MED15806&egs=all |archive-date=July 2, 2014 |website=[[Middle English Dictionary]] |access-date=April 16, 2014}}</ref> Its first recorded used as a noun was in 1589 (as "Festifall").<ref name=oed1/> Feast first came into usage as a noun {{Circa|1200}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/68799 |title=feast, n. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828130719/https://www.oed.com/start;jsessionid=7B4E1C8966F3F709B74E5277161BE93D?authRejection=true&url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F68799 |archive-date=August 28, 2022 |website=[[OED Online]] |date=March 2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=April 16, 2014}}</ref> and its first recorded use as a verb was circa 1300.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/68800 |title=feast, v. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828130718/https://www.oed.com/start;jsessionid=3BAE000C92C9A9622F67045AA8600539?authRejection=true&url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F68800 |archive-date=August 28, 2022 |website=[[OED Online]] |date=March 2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |access-date=April 16, 2014}}</ref>

The word '''gala''' comes from [[Arabic]] word ''khil'a'', meaning robe of honor.<ref>{{cite book |author=James E Glevin |title=The Modern Middle East: A History |year=2020 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0190074067 |page=21}}</ref> The word gala was initially used to describe "festive dress", but came to be a synonym of "festival" starting in the 18th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/gala#etymonline_v_1224|title=gala (n.)|website=[[Online Etymology Dictionary]] |access-date=June 27, 2020|archive-date=June 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627154557/https://www.etymonline.com/word/gala#etymonline_v_1224|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
Festivals have long been significant in human culture and are found in virtually all cultures.{{sfn|Cudny|2016|p=13}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15017471 |title=Time Out of Time: Essays on the Festival |publisher=[[University of New Mexico Press]] |year=1987 |isbn=0-8263-0932-1 |editor-last=Falassi |editor-first=Alessandro |edition= |location= |pages=1 |oclc=15017471 |access-date=August 21, 2022 |archive-date=August 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828130718/https://www.worldcat.org/title/15017471 |url-status=live }}</ref> The importance of festivals, to the present, is found in private and public; secular and religious life.<ref name=":3" /> [[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] and [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] societies relied heavily upon festivals, both communal and administrative.<ref name="Brandt">{{cite book |last= |first= |title=Greek and Roman Festivals: Content, Meaning, and Practice |author2= |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-19-969609-3 |editor-last=Brandt |editor-first=J. Rasmus |edition=1st |location= |pages=1 |editor-last2=Iddeng |editor-first2=Jon W.}}</ref> [[Saturnalia]] was likely influential to Christmas and [[Carnival]].<ref name=":2" /> Celebration of social occasions, religion and nature were common.<ref name=":2" /> Specific festivals have century-long histories and festivals in general have developed over the last few centuries – some traditional festivals in [[Ghana]], for example, predate European [[Colonization|colonisation]] of the 15th century.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Cudny |first=Waldemar |date=2014 |title=The Phenomenon of Festivals: Their Origins, Evolution, and Classifications |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43861801 |journal=Anthropos |volume=109 |issue=2 |pages=640–656 |doi=10.5771/0257-9774-2014-2-640 |jstor=43861801 |issn=0257-9774 |access-date=August 23, 2022 |archive-date=August 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823120027/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43861801 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Odotei |first=Irene |date=2002 |title=Festivals in Ghana: Continuity, Transformation and Politicisation of Tradition |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41406666 |journal=Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana |issue=6 |pages=17–34 |jstor=41406666 |issn=0855-3246 |access-date=August 24, 2022 |archive-date=August 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824192222/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41406666 |url-status=live }}</ref> Festivals prospered following the Second World War.<ref name=":2" /> Both established in 1947, [[Festival d'Avignon|Avignon Festival]] and the [[Edinburgh Festival Fringe]] have been notable in shaping the modern model of festivals.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bartie |first=Angela |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9780748670307.001.0001 |title=The Edinburgh Festivals: Culture and Society in Post-war Britain |date=2013 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-7486-7030-7 |pages=6 |doi=10.3366/edinburgh/9780748670307.001.0001 |access-date=August 24, 2022 |archive-date=August 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828130716/https://apps.crossref.org/coaccess/coaccess.html?doi=10.3366%2Fedinburgh%2F9780748670307.001.0001 |url-status=live }}</ref> Art festivals became more prominent by the turn of the 21st century.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Quinn |first=Bernadette |date=2005 |title=Arts Festivals and the City |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00420980500107250 |journal=Urban Studies |volume=42 |issue=5–6 |pages=927–943 |doi=10.1080/00420980500107250 |s2cid=154354884 |issn=0042-0980}}</ref> In modern times, festivals are commodified as a global tourist prospect although they are commonly [[State ownership|public]] or [[Not-for-Profit|not-for-profit]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Prentice |first1=Richard |last2=Andersen |first2=Vivien |date=2003 |title=Festival as creative destination |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0160738302000348 |journal=Annals of Tourism Research |language=en |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=7–30 |doi=10.1016/S0160-7383(02)00034-8 |access-date=August 21, 2022 |archive-date=June 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623143343/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0160738302000348 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Andersson |first1=Tommy D. |last2=Getz |first2=Donald |date=2008 |title=Stakeholder Management Strategies of Festivals |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1080%2F15470140802323801 |journal=Journal of Convention & Event Tourism |language=en |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=199–220 |doi=10.1080/15470140802323801 |s2cid=154831702 |issn=1547-0148 |access-date=August 28, 2022 |archive-date=August 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827194803/https://www.tandfonline.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1080%2F15470140802323801 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Traditions==
Many festivals have religious origins and entwine cultural and religious significance in traditional activities. The most important religious festivals such as [[Christmas]], [[Rosh Hashanah]], [[Diwali]], [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid-al-Fitr]] and [[Eid al-Adha|Eid-al-Adha]] serve to mark out the year. Others, such as [[harvest festival]]s, celebrate seasonal change. Events of historical significance, such as important [[military]] victories or other nation-building events also provide the impetus for a festival. An early example is the festival established by [[Ancient Egypt]]ian Pharaoh [[Ramesses III]] celebrating his victory over the Libyans.<ref name=Berrett>{{cite book|last=Berrett|first=LaMar C.|title=Discovering the world of the Bible|year=1996|publisher=Grandin Book Co.|location=Provo, Utah|isbn=0-910523-52-5|page=289|edition=3rd ed., rev.|author2=Ogden D. Kelly}}</ref> In many countries, royal holidays commemorate dynastic events just as agricultural holidays are about harvests. Festivals are often commemorated annually.

There are numerous [[Outline of festivals#Types of festivals|types of festivals]] in the world and most countries celebrate important events or traditions with traditional cultural events and activities. Most culminate in the consumption of specially prepared food (showing the connection to "feasting") and they bring people together. Festivals are also strongly associated with national holidays. Lists of national festivals are published to make participation easier.<ref>See for example: [[List of festivals in Australia]]; [[List of festivals in Bangladesh|Bangladesh]]; [[List of festivals in Canada|Canada]]; [[Traditional Chinese holidays|China]]; [[List of festivals in Colombia|Colombia]]; [[List of festivals in Costa Rica|Costa Rica]]; [[List of festivals in Fiji|Fiji]]; [[Public holidays in India|India]]; [[List of festivals in Indonesia|Indonesia]]; [[List of festivals in Iran|Iran]]; [[List of festivals in Japan|Japan]]; [[List of festivals in Laos|Laos]]; [[List of festivals in Morocco|Morocco]]; [[List of festivals in Nepal|Nepal]]; [[List of festivals in Pakistan|Pakistan]]; [[List of festivals in the Philippines|Philippines]]; [[List of festivals in Romania|Romania]]; [[List of festivals in Tunisia|Tunisia]]; [[List of festivals in Turkey|Turkey]]; [[List of festivals in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]]; [[List of festivals in the United States|United States]]; [[List of festivals in Vietnam|Vietnam]].
</ref>

==Types of festivals==
The scale of festivals varies; in location and attendance, they may range from a local to national level.{{sfn|Cudny|2016|p=15}}<ref name=":2" /> Music festivals, for example, often bring together disparate groups of people, such that they are both localised and global.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1105916920 |title=Music Practices Across Borders : (E)Valuating Space, Diversity and Exchange |date=2019 |publisher=Transcript |isbn=978-3-8394-4667-6 |editor-last=Hondros |editor-first=Konstantin |location= |pages=86 |oclc=1105916920 |editor-last2=Silva |editor-first2=Glaucia Peres da |access-date=August 24, 2022 |archive-date=August 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828130718/https://www.worldcat.org/title/1105916920 |url-status=live }}</ref> The "vast majority" of festivals are, however, local, modest and populist.<ref name=":4" /> The abundance of festivals significantly hinders quantifying the total there of.<ref name=":3" /> There exists significant variation among festivals, beyond binary dichotomies of sacred and secular, rural and urban, people and establishment.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Waterman |first=Stanley |date=1998 |title=Carnivals for elites? The cultural politics of arts festivals |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/030913298672233886 |journal=Progress in Human Geography |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=54–74 |doi=10.1191/030913298672233886 |s2cid=144867877 |issn=0309-1325}}</ref>

===Religious festivals===
{{main|Religious festival}}
Among many [[religion]]s, a feast is a set of celebrations in honour of [[God]] or [[gods]].<ref name="Bleeker">{{Cite book |last=Bleeker |first=Claas Jouco |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=35M3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA29 |title=Egyptian Festivals: Enactments of Religious Renewal |date=1967 |publisher=Brill Archive |language=en |access-date=August 27, 2022 |archive-date=August 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828130716/https://books.google.com/books?id=35M3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA29 |url-status=live }}</ref> A feast and a festival are historically interchangeable. Most religions have festivals that recur annually and some, such as [[Passover]], Easter and Eid al-Adha are [[moveable feast]]s – that is, those that are determined either by lunar or agricultural cycles or the calendar in use at the time. The [[Sed festival]], for example, celebrated the thirtieth year of an Egyptian [[pharaoh]]'s rule and then every three (or four in one case) years after that.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Heb-Sed (Egyptian feast)|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/258986/Heb-Sed|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=16 April 2014|archive-date=May 4, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504215701/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/258986/Heb-Sed|url-status=live}}</ref> Among the [[Ashanti people|Ashantis]], most of their traditional festivals are linked to gazette sites which are believed to be sacred with several rich biological resources in their pristine forms. Thus, the annual commemoration of the festivals helps in maintaining the buoyancy of the conserved natural site, assisting in biodiversity conservation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Robson|first=James P.|date=2007|title=Local approaches to biodiversity conservation: lessons from Oaxaca, southern Mexico|journal=International Journal of Sustainable Development|volume=10|issue=3|pages=267|doi=10.1504/ijsd.2007.017647|issn=0960-1406}}</ref>

In the [[Christianity|Christian]] [[liturgical calendar]], there are two principal feasts, properly known as the Feast of the Nativity of our Lord (Christmas) and the Feast of the Resurrection (Easter), but minor [[patronal festivals|festivals in honour of local patron saints]] are celebrated in almost all countries influenced by Christianity. In the [[Catholic Church|Catholic]], [[Eastern Orthodox]], and [[Anglican]] liturgical calendars there are a great number of lesser feasts throughout the year commemorating saints, sacred events or doctrines. In the [[Philippines]], each day of the year has at least one specific religious festival, either from Catholic, Islamic, or indigenous origins.<ref>{{cite web |title=Calendar of Philippine Festivals and Monthly Observances / Theme {{!}} Tourism Promotions Board |url=https://www.tpb.gov.ph/tpb-calendar-of-promotions-and-marketing-activities/calendar-of-philippine-festivals-and-monthly-observances-theme/ |website=www.tpb.gov.ph |access-date=10 February 2023}}</ref>

[[Buddhism|Buddhist]] religious festivals, such as [[Esala Perahera]] are held in Sri Lanka and Thailand.<ref name=Gerson>{{cite book|last=Gerson|first=Ruth|title=Traditional festivals in Thailand|year=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Kuala Lumpur; New York|isbn=9676531111|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/traditionalfesti00gers}}</ref> [[List of Sindhi festivals|Hindu festivals]], such as [[Holi]] are very ancient. The [[Sikh]] community celebrates the [[Vaisakhi]] festival marking the new year and birth of the [[Khalsa]].<ref name="Roy2005">{{cite book|last=Roy|first=Christian|title=Traditional Festivals, Vol. 2 [M – Z]: A Multicultural Encyclopedia|year=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-089-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/traditionalfesti0000royc/page/480 480]|chapter=Sikh Vaisakhi: Anniversary of the Pure|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/traditionalfesti0000royc/page/480}}</ref>

{{Gallery
|title=Religious festivals
|width=180
|height=150
|lines=3
|align=center
|File:Golden Haggadah cleaning.jpg|Cleaning in preparation for [[Passover]] ({{Circa|1320}})
|File:Radha celebrating Holi, c1788.jpg|Radha celebrating [[Holi]], Kangra, India (c1788)
|File:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - A Christmas mass at the church of the holy Sepulchre, in Bethlehem (1).jpg|A [[Christmas]] mass at the [[Church of the Nativity]], in [[Bethlehem]], Palestine (1979)
|File:Mahoma en el castillo de Villena.JPG|Moors and Christian festival in [[Villena]], Spain
|File:Decoration_of_a_God_Krishna_in_India.jpg|Decoration of god Krishna on [[Krishnastami]] in India.
}}

===Arts festivals===
{{main|Arts festival}}

Among the many offspring of general arts festivals are also more specific types of festivals, including ones that showcase intellectual or creative achievement such as [[science festival]]s, [[literary festival]]s and [[music festival]]s.<ref>See [[List of music festivals]].</ref> Sub-categories include [[comedy festival]]s, [[rock festival]]s, [[List of jazz festivals|jazz festivals]] and [[buskers festival]]s; [[poetry]] festivals,<ref>Some such as such as [[Cúirt International Festival of Literature]] started as a poetry festival and then broadened in scope.</ref> [[theatre festival]]s, and [[storytelling festival]]s; and re-enactment festivals such as [[Renaissance fair]]s. In the [[Philippines]], aside from numerous art festivals scattered throughout the year, February is known as national arts month, the culmination of all art festivals in the entire archipelago.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kasilag|first=Giselle P.|date=February 1999|title=Performances, exhibits around the country mark National Arts Month|journal=BusinessWorld (SanJuan, Philippines)|pages=1|issn=0116-3930|via=Nexis Uni}}</ref> The modern model of music festivals began in the 1960s-70s and have become a lucrative global industry.<ref name=":0" /> Predecessors extend back to the 11th century and some, such as the Three Choirs Festival, remain to this day.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Frey |first=Bruno S. |date=1994 |title=The Economics of Music Festivals |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01207151 |journal=Journal of Cultural Economics |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=29–39 |doi=10.1007/bf01207151 |s2cid=153806851 |issn=0885-2545 |access-date=August 25, 2022 |archive-date=August 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828130718/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01207151 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Film festival]]s involve the screenings of several different films, and are usually held annually. Some of the most significant film festivals include the [[Berlin International Film Festival]], the [[Venice Film Festival]] and the [[Cannes Film Festival]].

{{Gallery
|title=Arts festivals
|width=180
|height=150
|lines=3
|align=center
|File:RIAN archive 100588 All-Union Pushkin Poetry Festival.jpg|[[Alexander Pushkin|Pushkin]] Poetry Festival, Russia
|File:Plage du Martinez.jpg|Television studio at the Hôtel Martinez during the [[Cannes Film Festival]], France (2006)
|File:Swami opening.jpg|The opening ceremony at the [[Woodstock]] [[rock festival]], United States (1969)
}}

{{main|Food festival}}
A food festival is an event celebrating food or drink. These often highlight the output of producers from a certain region. Some food festivals are focused on a particular item of food, such as the [[National Peanut Festival]] in the United States, or the [[Galway International Oyster Festival]] in Ireland. There are also specific beverage festivals, such as the famous [[Oktoberfest]] in Germany for [[Beer festival|beer]]. Many countries hold festivals to celebrate [[wine festival|wine]]. One example is the global celebration of the arrival of [[Beaujolais nouveau]], which involves shipping the new wine around the world for its release date on the third Thursday of November each year.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hyslop|first=Leah|title=Beaujolais Nouveau day: 10 facts about the wine|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/wine/10465236/Beaujolais-Nouveau-day-10-facts-about-the-wine.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/wine/10465236/Beaujolais-Nouveau-day-10-facts-about-the-wine.html |archive-date=January 11, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|date=21 November 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="Haine2006">{{cite book|last=Haine|first=W. Scott|title=Culture and Customs of France|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qCf6aOTZsuYC&pg=PA103|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-32892-3|page=103|access-date=December 15, 2015|archive-date=May 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501083008/https://books.google.com/books?id=qCf6aOTZsuYC&pg=PA103|url-status=live}}</ref> Both Beaujolais nouveau and the Japanese rice wine [[sake]] are associated with harvest time. In the Philippines, there are at least two hundred festivals dedicated to food and drinks.{{Citation needed|date=February 2018}}

{{Gallery
|title=Food and drink festivals
|width=180
|height=150
|lines=3
|align=center
|File:SowetoWineFestival.JPG|[[Soweto]] Wine Festival, South Africa (2009)
|File:Holi festival celebration in Kapilvastu.jpg|[[Holi]] India (2011)
|File:La Tomatina (25.08.2010) - Spain, Buñol 30.jpg|[[La Tomatina]], Spain (2010)
|File:031 Trachtenumzug Bierwagen Hofbraeu.JPG|Beer horse cart from the Hofbräuhaus brewery at [[Oktoberfest]] Germany (2013)

}}

===Seasonal and harvest festivals===
Seasonal festivals, such as [[Beltane]], are determined by the [[solar calendar|solar]] and the [[lunar calendar]]s and by the cycle of the [[season]]s, especially because of its effect on food supply, as a result of which there is a [[list of harvest festivals|wide range]] of ancient and modern [[harvest festival]]s. Ancient Egyptians relied upon the seasonal [[inundation]] caused by the [[Nile River]], a form of [[irrigation]], which provided fertile land for crops.<ref name="Bunson">{{cite book|last=Bunson|first=Margaret|title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-6EJ0G-4jyoC&pg=PA277|year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0997-8|page=278|chapter=Nile festivals|access-date=December 15, 2015|archive-date=May 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507054755/https://books.google.com/books?id=-6EJ0G-4jyoC&pg=PA277|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[Alps]], in autumn the return of the cattle from the mountain [[pasture]]s to the stables in the valley is celebrated as ''[[Almabtrieb]]''. A recognized winter festival, the [[Chinese New Year]], is set by the lunar calendar, and celebrated from the day of the second new moon after the [[Dongzhi (solar term)|winter solstice]]. [[Dree Festival]] of the Apatanis living in Lower Subansiri District of Arunachal Pradesh is celebrated every year from July 4 to 7 by praying for a bumper crop harvest.<ref name="GoAP PR">{{cite web|url=http://arunachalpradesh.nic.in/press/04-05/050704a.htm|title=Press release – Dree festival|date=5 July 2004|publisher=Directorate of Information, Govt of Arunachal Pradesh|access-date=2009-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718153132/http://arunachalpradesh.nic.in/press/04-05/050704a.htm|archive-date=July 18, 2011|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

[[Midsummer]] or St John's Day, is an example of a seasonal festival, related to the [[feast day]] of a Christian saint as well as a celebration of the time of the [[summer solstice]] in the northern hemisphere, where it is particularly important in Sweden. [[Winter carnival]]s also provide the opportunity to utilise to celebrate creative or sporting activities requiring snow and ice. In the [[Philippines]], each day of the year has at least one festival dedicated to harvesting of crops, fishes, crustaceans, milk, and other local goods.{{Citation needed|date=February 2018}}

{{Gallery
|title=Seasonal and harvest festivals
|width=180
|height=150
|lines=3
|align=center
|File:Nileshwar 22.jpg|Temple Festival in India
|File:Chateau de Montsoreau Museum of contemporary art sky lantern.jpg|[[Château de Montsoreau-Museum of Contemporary Art]] [[Sky lantern]] Festival, in [[Loire Valley]]
|File:Midsommardans av Anders Zorn 1897.jpg|Midsummer dance by [[Anders Zorn]], Sweden (1897)
|File:Sendai-tanabata-aug2008.jpg|[[Tanabata]] summer festival in [[Sendai Prefecture|Sendai]], [[Japan]]
|File:Grand Parade 3.jpg|Grand Parade at the [[Sydney Royal Easter Show]], Australia (2009)
|File:Calabaza de Halloween.jpg|[[Halloween]] pumpkins show the close relationship between a harvest and religious festivals
||Kalise Festival in Spain
}}

== Politics ==
Scholarly literature notes that festivals functionally disseminate political values and meaning, such as ownership of place, which undergoes transformation in accordance with the festival.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> Furthermore, a festival may act as an artefact which allows citizens to achieve "certain ideals", including those of identity and ideology.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jeong |first1=Sunny |last2=Santos |first2=Carla Almeida. |date=2004 |title=Cultural Politics and Contested Place Identity |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0160738304000210 |journal=Annals of Tourism Research |language=en |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=640–656 |doi=10.1016/j.annals.2004.01.004}}</ref> Festivals may be used to rehabilitate or elevate the image of a city; the [[ephemerality]] of festivals means that their impact is often incorporeal, of name, memory and perception.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> In deviating from routine, festivals may reinforce the convention, be it social, cultural or economic.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" />

==Study of festivals==
* [[Festive ecology]] – explores the relationships between the [[symbol]]ism and the [[ecology]] of the [[plant]]s, [[fungi]] and [[animal]]s associated with cultural events such as festivals, processions and special occasions.
* [[Heortology]] – the study of [[religious festival]]s. It was originally only used in respect of [[Christianity|Christian]] festivals,<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Heortology}}</ref> but it now covers all [[religion]]s, in particular those of Ancient [[Greece]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parker |first=Robert |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32590127 |title=Athenian religion : a history |date=1996 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=0-19-814979-4 |location=Oxford |oclc=32590127 |access-date=August 27, 2022 |archive-date=May 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512143609/http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32590127 |url-status=live }}</ref> See [[list of foods with religious symbolism]] for some topical overlap.

==See also==
{{Portal|Society|Holidays}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* {{in title|Festival}}
* [[Convention (meeting)|Convention]]
* [[Event planning]]
* [[Fair]]
* [[Festive ecology]]
* [[Holiday]]
* [[Lists of festivals]]
* [[Outline of festivals]]
* [[Patronal festival]]
* [[Procession]]
* [[Trade show]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
*{{Cite book |last=Cudny |first=Waldemar |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-31997-1 |title=Festivalisation of Urban Spaces |series=Springer Geography |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-3-319-31997-1 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-31997-1|s2cid=168194339 }}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|title=Festival and events management: an international arts and culture perspective|year=2004|publisher=Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann|location=Amsterdam|isbn=9780750658720|edition=1st ed., repr.|editor=Ian Yeoman}}

==External links==
{{NIE Poster|year=1905|Festivals}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Festivals}}
* {{Wiktionary-inline|fest|Festival}}

{{Parties}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Festivals| ]]
[[Category:Social events]]
[[Category:Social gatherings]]

Festival - Revision history

Igorsiw: adjusted intro per sources and cleaned formatting for clarity

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article