Farmana - Revision history

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2025-12-31T13:13:26Z

expand section based on references and corrected details

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	'''Farmana Khas''' or '''Daksh Khera''' is an [[archaeological]] site in Meham block of [[Rohtak district]] in northern [[India]]n state of [[Haryana]] spread over 18.5 hectares. It is located near the village of Farmana Khas, about 15 kilometers from the Rohtak-Hissar highway and 60 kilometres from Delhi. It is significant particularly for its burial site, with 70 burials, of the Mature [[Indus Valley ~~Civilization~~\|Harappan]] period (2500–2000 BC) and fairly recent addition (excavation started during 2006)<ref name="~~m.timesofindia.com~~">Times of India.10.10.2011 [~~http~~://m.~~timesofindia~~.com/city/pune/Harappans-married-outside-to-secure-trade-relations/articleshow/10299629.cms] retrieved 29 June 2012</ref><ref name="indianexpress.com">[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/65-graves-point-to-largest-harappan-burial-site-next-door-to-capital/430083/1 65 graves point to largest Harappan burial site next door to capital], ''Indian Express'' 3 March 2009. Access date 7 January 2011.</ref> to [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] sites excavated in India.<ref name="Vasant Shinde 2009">Vasant Shinde, Toshiki Osada, Akinori Uesugi (eds.), ''Harappan Necropolis at Farmana in the Ghaggar Basin'', Special Report No. 4 of the Indian Archaeological Society (2009).</ref>		'''Farmana Khas''' or '''Daksh Khera''' is an [[archaeological]] site in Meham block of [[Rohtak district]] in northern [[India]]n state of [[Haryana]] spread over 18.5 hectares. It is located near the village of Farmana Khas, about 15 kilometers from the Rohtak-Hissar highway and 60 kilometres from Delhi. It is significant particularly for its burial site, with 70 burials, of the Mature [[Indus Valley civilization\|Harappan]] period (2500–2000 BC) and fairly recent addition (excavation started during 2006)<ref name="The Times of India">Times of India.10.10.2011 [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Harappans-married-outside-to-secure-trade-relations/articleshow/10299629.cms] retrieved 29 June 2012</ref><ref name="indianexpress.com">[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/65-graves-point-to-largest-harappan-burial-site-next-door-to-capital/430083/1 65 graves point to largest Harappan burial site next door to capital], ''Indian Express'' 3 March 2009. Access date 7 January 2011.</ref> to [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] sites excavated in India.<ref name="Vasant Shinde 2009">Vasant Shinde, Toshiki Osada, Akinori Uesugi (eds.), ''Harappan Necropolis at Farmana in the Ghaggar Basin'', Special Report No. 4 of the Indian Archaeological Society (2009).</ref>

	==Excavations==		==Excavations==
	This site was excavated under the direction of Vasant Shinde of the Deccan College Post Graduate and Research Institute, [[Pune]]. The project was financed by the Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, [[Kyoto]], which also provided technical expertise. The Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak and Deccan College Post Graduate and Research Institute, Pune under the aegis of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) are the [[India]]n partners of the project.<ref>Vasant Shinde, Toshiki Osada, Akinori Uesugi (eds.), ''Harappan Necropolis at Farmana in the Ghaggar Basin'', Special Report No. 4 of the Indian Archaeological Society (December 2009).</ref><ref name="hindu">{{cite news\|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/holnus/008200903041580.htm \|title=Harappan era burials unearthed near Delhi \|date=4 March 2009 \|work=[[The Hindu]] \|access-date=4 April 2010 \|url-status=~~dead~~ \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606125211/http://www.hinduonnet.com/holnus/008200903041580.htm \|archive-date=6 June 2011 }}</ref>		This site was excavated under the direction of Vasant Shinde of the [[Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute]], [[Pune]]. The project was financed by the Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, [[Kyoto]], which also provided technical expertise. The [[Maharshi Dayanand University]], Rohtak and Deccan College Post Graduate and Research Institute, Pune under the aegis of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) are the [[India]]n partners of the project.<ref>Vasant Shinde, Toshiki Osada, Akinori Uesugi (eds.), ''Harappan Necropolis at Farmana in the Ghaggar Basin'', Special Report No. 4 of the Indian Archaeological Society (December 2009).</ref><ref name="hindu">{{cite news\|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/holnus/008200903041580.htm \|title=Harappan era burials unearthed near Delhi \|date=4 March 2009 \|work=[[The Hindu]] \|access-date=4 April 2010 \|url-status=usurped \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606125211/http://www.hinduonnet.com/holnus/008200903041580.htm \|archive-date=6 June 2011 }}</ref>

	==Architecture and material culture==		==Architecture and material culture==
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	===Complex with 26 rooms===		===Complex with 26 rooms===
	The site has four complexes and so far one complex has been excavated which has 26 rooms, 3 to 4 kitchens, an equal number of bathrooms and a courtyard in the centre.<ref name="toi">{{cite web\|url=~~http~~://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Harappan-era-cemetery-found/articleshow/4221028.cms\|title=Harappan-era cemetery found\|work=[[The Times of India]]\|author=Deswal, Deepender\|date=4 March 2009}}</ref> [[Terracotta]] toys, whistle, wheels and seals, copper bangles, a small ornament of gold and large amount of pottery has been retrieved.		The site has four complexes and so far one complex has been excavated which has 26 rooms, 3 to 4 kitchens, an equal number of bathrooms and a courtyard in the centre.<ref name="toi">{{cite web\|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Harappan-era-cemetery-found/articleshow/4221028.cms\|title=Harappan-era cemetery found\|work=[[The Times of India]]\|author=Deswal, Deepender\|date=4 March 2009}}</ref> [[Terracotta]] toys, whistle, wheels and seals, copper bangles, a small ornament of gold and large amount of pottery has been retrieved.

	===70 burials===		===70 burials===
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	==Scientific testing==		==Scientific testing==

	Vasant Shinde announced in March 2009 the intention to conduct scientific tests on skeletal remains, pottery and botanical evidence found at the site, including DNA tests on bones to attempt to establish the origins of the Harappans, and trace element analyses to help understand their diet.<ref name="indianexpress.com"/><ref name="hindu"/> However DNA extraction from these skeletons did not succeed as they were contaminated due to long exposure and floods.<ref>{{cite news\|title=Who built the Indus Valley civilisation?\|url=~~http~~://www.thehindu.com/news/national/who-built-the-indus-valley-civilisation/article22261315.ece\|work=The Hindu \|date=23 December 2017}}</ref>		Vasant Shinde announced in March 2009 the intention to conduct scientific tests on skeletal remains, pottery and botanical evidence found at the site, including DNA tests on bones to attempt to establish the origins of the Harappans, and trace element analyses to help understand their diet.<ref name="indianexpress.com"/><ref name="hindu"/> However DNA extraction from these skeletons did not succeed as they were contaminated due to long exposure and floods.<ref>{{cite news\|title=Who built the Indus Valley civilisation?\|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/who-built-the-indus-valley-civilisation/article22261315.ece\|work=The Hindu \|date=23 December 2017}}</ref>

	Four-thousand-year-old teeth from skeletal remains in Harappa cemetery & Farmana were examined. Human dental enamels were compared and chemical analysis of water, fauna, rocks of those times using ratio of lead & strontium ration was done. Differences in early molars and late morals indicate people living in Indus Valley Cities migrated from countryside to urban areas.<ref>{{cite news \|url=~~http~~://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/Indus-Valley-people-migrated-from-villages-to-cities-New-study/articleshow/47111875.cms \|title=Indus Valley people migrated from villages to cities: New study \|work=The Times of India \|date=30 April 2015 }}</ref>		Four-thousand-year-old teeth from skeletal remains in Harappa cemetery & Farmana were examined. Human dental enamels were compared and chemical analysis of water, fauna, rocks of those times using ratio of lead & strontium ration was done. Differences in early molars and late morals indicate people living in Indus Valley Cities migrated from countryside to urban areas.<ref>{{cite news \|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/Indus-Valley-people-migrated-from-villages-to-cities-New-study/articleshow/47111875.cms \|title=Indus Valley people migrated from villages to cities: New study \|work=The Times of India \|date=30 April 2015 }}</ref>

	The team also plans to carry out coring tests in lakes around the Farmana site to ascertain climatic conditions prevalent at the time of the Harappan civilization, and investigate whether the decline of the culture followed catastrophic climate change.<ref name="indianexpress.com"/>		The team also plans to carry out coring tests in lakes around the Farmana site to ascertain climatic conditions prevalent at the time of the Harappan civilization, and investigate whether the decline of the culture followed catastrophic climate change.<ref name="indianexpress.com"/>
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	==Plant use and dietary practices==		==Plant use and dietary practices==

	Study of Starch Grains which are plant microfossils, obtained from storing and cooking ceramic vessels, stone tools as well as dental calculus of burials has shed a light on plant usage in [[Indus Valley ~~Civilization~~]]. Use of wheat, barley, millet, gram, garlic whose seeds were found and use of horsegram, eggplant, mango, ginger, turmeric, sedge whose seeds were not found, has been confirmed.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Harappan plant use revealed by starch grains from Farmana, India \|url=~~http~~://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/kashyap326/ \|publisher=Antiquity \|date=December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last1=Abraham \|first1=Shinu Anna \|last2=Gullapalli \|first2=Praveena \|last3=Raczek \|first3=Teresa P. \|last4=Rizvi \|first4=Uzma Z. \|title=Connections and Complexity: New Approaches to the Archaeology of South Asia \|year=2013 \|publisher=Left Coast Press, INC \|location=Walnut Creek, CA \|isbn=9781598746860 \|chapter=10 \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bRHjGtTUr3sC&q=Farmana+plant+use&pg=PA178}}</ref>		Study of Starch Grains which are plant microfossils, obtained from storing and cooking ceramic vessels, stone tools as well as dental calculus of burials has shed a light on plant usage in [[Indus Valley civilization]]. Use of wheat, barley, millet, gram, garlic whose seeds were found and use of horsegram, eggplant, mango, ginger, turmeric, sedge whose seeds were not found, has been confirmed.<ref>{{cite web \|title=Harappan plant use revealed by starch grains from Farmana, India \|url=https://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/kashyap326/ \|publisher=Antiquity \|date=December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last1=Abraham \|first1=Shinu Anna \|last2=Gullapalli \|first2=Praveena \|last3=Raczek \|first3=Teresa P. \|last4=Rizvi \|first4=Uzma Z. \|title=Connections and Complexity: New Approaches to the Archaeology of South Asia \|year=2013 \|publisher=Left Coast Press, INC \|location=Walnut Creek, CA \|isbn=9781598746860 \|chapter=10 \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bRHjGtTUr3sC&q=Farmana+plant+use&pg=PA178}}</ref>

	Presence of cooked ginger & turmeric starch grains inside ceramic pots & teeth of skeletons in burial sites make Farmana (Indus Valley) [[first civilization]] to use spices for cooking.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Curry: Where did it come from? \|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/0/24432750 \|work=BBC \|date=11 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|title=What Did Our Ancestors Eat? Digging For Clues \|url=http://forbesindia.com/article/recliner/what-did-our-ancestors-eat-digging-for-clues/37532/1 \|work=Forbes India \|date=11 April 2014}}</ref>		Presence of cooked ginger & turmeric starch grains inside ceramic pots & teeth of skeletons in burial sites make Farmana (Indus Valley) [[first civilization]] to use spices for cooking.<ref>{{cite news \|title=Curry: Where did it come from? \|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/0/24432750 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011113032/http://www.bbc.co.uk/food/0/24432750 \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=11 October 2013 \|work=BBC \|date=11 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news \|title=What Did Our Ancestors Eat? Digging For Clues \|url=http://forbesindia.com/article/recliner/what-did-our-ancestors-eat-digging-for-clues/37532/1 \|work=Forbes India \|date=11 April 2014}}</ref>

	==Other findings==		==Other findings==
	A recent advance in the study have shown evidence of inter-regional marriage performed by the Harappans for trade purposes as well.<ref>[~~http~~://m.~~timesofindia~~.com/city/pune/Harappans-married-outside-to-secure-trade-relations/articleshow/10299629.cms Times of India 10.10.2011]</ref>		A recent advance in the study have shown evidence of inter-regional marriage performed by the Harappans for trade purposes as well.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Harappans-married-outside-to-secure-trade-relations/articleshow/10299629.cms Times of India 10.10.2011]</ref>

	Bangles and beads made out of conch shells from Gujarat were also found at this site.<ref name="~~m.timesofindia.com~~"/>		Bangles and beads made out of conch shells from Gujarat were also found at this site.<ref name="The Times of India"/>

	==See also==		==See also==
			{{Portal\|India}}

	* [[List of Indus Valley Civilization sites]]		* [[List of Indus Valley Civilization sites]]
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	{{Haryana}}		{{Haryana}}

	[[Category:4th-millennium BC ~~architecture~~]]		[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 4th millennium BC]]
	[[Category:Former populated places in India]]		[[Category:Former populated places in India]]
	[[Category:Indus Valley Civilisation sites]]		[[Category:Indus Valley Civilisation sites]]
	[[Category:Archaeological sites in Haryana]]		[[Category:Archaeological sites in Haryana]]

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2023-08-13T22:37:23Z

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	==See also==		==See also==
	~~{{Portal\|India}}~~

	* [[List of Indus Valley Civilization sites]]		* [[List of Indus Valley Civilization sites]]

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{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Farmana
| settlement_type = Archeological site
| image_skyline =
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| coordinates = {{coord|29|04|N|76|34|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]]
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of India|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_type2 =
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| subdivision_type3 =
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| leader_title =
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| area_total_km2 =
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| area_water_km2 =
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| timezone = Indian Standard Time
| utc_offset = +5.30
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}}

'''Farmana Khas''' or '''Daksh Khera''' is an [[archaeological]] site in Meham block of [[Rohtak district]] in northern [[India]]n state of [[Haryana]] spread over 18.5 hectares. It is located near the village of Farmana Khas, about 15 kilometers from the Rohtak-Hissar highway and 60 kilometres from Delhi. It is significant particularly for its burial site, with 70 burials, of the Mature [[Indus Valley Civilization|Harappan]] period (2500–2000 BC) and fairly recent addition (excavation started during 2006)<ref name="m.timesofindia.com">Times of India.10.10.2011 [http://m.timesofindia.com/city/pune/Harappans-married-outside-to-secure-trade-relations/articleshow/10299629.cms] retrieved 29 June 2012</ref><ref name="indianexpress.com">[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/65-graves-point-to-largest-harappan-burial-site-next-door-to-capital/430083/1 65 graves point to largest Harappan burial site next door to capital], ''Indian Express'' 3 March 2009. Access date 7 January 2011.</ref> to [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] sites excavated in India.<ref name="Vasant Shinde 2009">Vasant Shinde, Toshiki Osada, Akinori Uesugi (eds.), ''Harappan Necropolis at Farmana in the Ghaggar Basin'', Special Report No. 4 of the Indian Archaeological Society (2009).</ref>

==Excavations==
This site was excavated under the direction of Vasant Shinde of the Deccan College Post Graduate and Research Institute, [[Pune]]. The project was financed by the Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, [[Kyoto]], which also provided technical expertise. The Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak and Deccan College Post Graduate and Research Institute, Pune under the aegis of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) are the [[India]]n partners of the project.<ref>Vasant Shinde, Toshiki Osada, Akinori Uesugi (eds.), ''Harappan Necropolis at Farmana in the Ghaggar Basin'', Special Report No. 4 of the Indian Archaeological Society (December 2009).</ref><ref name="hindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/holnus/008200903041580.htm |title=Harappan era burials unearthed near Delhi |date=4 March 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=4 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606125211/http://www.hinduonnet.com/holnus/008200903041580.htm |archive-date=6 June 2011 }}</ref>

==Architecture and material culture==
The site is divided in two areas, one for the living and one for the dead, separated by a distance of 1 km. The finds were made in intensely cultivated, flat land. The habitation site is spread over 18.5 hectare. Excavation has revealed a well-laid-out road with houses on either side.

===Complex with 26 rooms===
The site has four complexes and so far one complex has been excavated which has 26 rooms, 3 to 4 kitchens, an equal number of bathrooms and a courtyard in the centre.<ref name="toi">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Harappan-era-cemetery-found/articleshow/4221028.cms|title=Harappan-era cemetery found|work=[[The Times of India]]|author=Deswal, Deepender|date=4 March 2009}}</ref> [[Terracotta]] toys, whistle, wheels and seals, copper bangles, a small ornament of gold and large amount of pottery has been retrieved.

===70 burials===
The cemetery at Farmana has revealed 70 burials so far and has been assigned to the Mature Harappan phase (2500–2000 BC), whereas the burial site at [[Sanauli]], in the [[Baghpat]] district of [[Uttar Pradesh]], which revealed 116 graves, belongs to a later stage of Harappan culture.<ref name="Vasant Shinde 2009"/> Most of the graves are oriented northwest-southeast, though there are some with north-south and northeast-southwest orientations as well.<ref name="indianexpress.com"/> Notable amongst them is a [[skeleton]] of a middle-aged woman, which had three shell bangles, two copper bangles, copper earrings, beads and ornaments on the feet, indicating her wealthy status.<ref name="toi" />

==Scientific testing==

Vasant Shinde announced in March 2009 the intention to conduct scientific tests on skeletal remains, pottery and botanical evidence found at the site, including DNA tests on bones to attempt to establish the origins of the Harappans, and trace element analyses to help understand their diet.<ref name="indianexpress.com"/><ref name="hindu"/> However DNA extraction from these skeletons did not succeed as they were contaminated due to long exposure and floods.<ref>{{cite news|title=Who built the Indus Valley civilisation?|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/who-built-the-indus-valley-civilisation/article22261315.ece|work=The Hindu |date=23 December 2017}}</ref>

Four-thousand-year-old teeth from skeletal remains in Harappa cemetery & Farmana were examined. Human dental enamels were compared and chemical analysis of water, fauna, rocks of those times using ratio of lead & strontium ration was done. Differences in early molars and late morals indicate people living in Indus Valley Cities migrated from countryside to urban areas.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/Indus-Valley-people-migrated-from-villages-to-cities-New-study/articleshow/47111875.cms |title=Indus Valley people migrated from villages to cities: New study |work=The Times of India |date=30 April 2015 }}</ref>

The team also plans to carry out coring tests in lakes around the Farmana site to ascertain climatic conditions prevalent at the time of the Harappan civilization, and investigate whether the decline of the culture followed catastrophic climate change.<ref name="indianexpress.com"/>

==Plant use and dietary practices==

Study of Starch Grains which are plant microfossils, obtained from storing and cooking ceramic vessels, stone tools as well as dental calculus of burials has shed a light on plant usage in [[Indus Valley Civilization]]. Use of wheat, barley, millet, gram, garlic whose seeds were found and use of horsegram, eggplant, mango, ginger, turmeric, sedge whose seeds were not found, has been confirmed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Harappan plant use revealed by starch grains from Farmana, India |url=http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/kashyap326/ |publisher=Antiquity |date=December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Abraham |first1=Shinu Anna |last2=Gullapalli |first2=Praveena |last3=Raczek |first3=Teresa P. |last4=Rizvi |first4=Uzma Z. |title=Connections and Complexity: New Approaches to the Archaeology of South Asia |year=2013 |publisher=Left Coast Press, INC |location=Walnut Creek, CA |isbn=9781598746860 |chapter=10 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bRHjGtTUr3sC&q=Farmana+plant+use&pg=PA178}}</ref>

Presence of cooked ginger & turmeric starch grains inside ceramic pots & teeth of skeletons in burial sites make Farmana (Indus Valley) [[first civilization]] to use spices for cooking.<ref>{{cite news |title=Curry: Where did it come from? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/0/24432750 |work=BBC |date=11 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=What Did Our Ancestors Eat? Digging For Clues |url=http://forbesindia.com/article/recliner/what-did-our-ancestors-eat-digging-for-clues/37532/1 |work=Forbes India |date=11 April 2014}}</ref>

==Other findings==
A recent advance in the study have shown evidence of inter-regional marriage performed by the Harappans for trade purposes as well.<ref>[http://m.timesofindia.com/city/pune/Harappans-married-outside-to-secure-trade-relations/articleshow/10299629.cms Times of India 10.10.2011]</ref>

Bangles and beads made out of conch shells from Gujarat were also found at this site.<ref name="m.timesofindia.com"/>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}

* [[List of Indus Valley Civilization sites]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indus Valley Civilization}}
{{Haryana}}

[[Category:4th-millennium BC architecture]]
[[Category:Former populated places in India]]
[[Category:Indus Valley Civilisation sites]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Haryana]]