Ezharappallikal - Revision history

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>Br Ibrahim john at 18:42, 7 July 2021

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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Location map+|Kerala|border=Black|caption=Location of Churches|relief=|places =
{{Location map~ | Kerala| label = Maliankara | lat_deg = 10.191087 | lon_deg = 76.178872 }}
{{Location map~ | Kerala | label = Palayoor | lat_deg = 10.5825 | lon_deg = 76.0319 }}
{{Location map~ | Kerala | label = Kokkamangalam | lat_deg = 9.682732 | lon_deg = 76.3752 }}
{{Location map~ | Kerala | label = Kottakkavu | lat_deg = 10.150377 | lon_deg = 76.217356 }}
{{Location map~ | Kerala | label = Niranam | lat_deg = 9.343044 | lon_deg = 76.5275 }}
{{Location map~ | Kerala | label = Kollam | lat_deg = 8.881056 | lon_deg = 76.582552}}
{{Location map~ | Kerala | label = Nilackal | lat_deg = 9.224943 | lon_deg = 76.59526 }}
}}

'''Ezharappallikal''' (pronounced Ēḻarappaḷḷikaḷ) are the seven Churches or Christian communities of [[Saint Thomas Christians]] across [[Malabar Coast]] of India founded by [[Thomas the Apostle]] in the first century.<ref name=rockliff>{{cite book |last=Hill |first= John|title=The Rockliff New Project - Illustrated Geography - The Indian Sub-Continent|year=1963 |publisher=Barrie & Rocklife |location=London|chapter=1-South India|page=28}}</ref> According to Indian Christian traditions, the Apostle Thomas arrived in [[Muziris]] ([[Kodungallur]]) in AD 52, established the Ezharappallikal (Seven royal churches or Seven and a half Churches) and evangelised in present-day Kerala and Tamil Nadu.<ref name="missick">{{cite journal|title=Mar Thoma: The Apostolic Foundation of the Assyrian Church and the Christians of St. Thomas in India|author=Stephen Andrew Missick|journal=Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies|url=http://www.jaas.org/edocs/v14n2/missick.pdf|access-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227170937/http://www.jaas.org/edocs/v14n2/missick.pdf|archive-date=27 February 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Origin of Christianity in India – A Historiographical Critique by Dr. Benedict Vadakkekara. (2007). {{ISBN|81-7495-258-6}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZUBZlth2qgC|title=The Encyclodedia of Christianity|last=Fahlbusch|first=Erwin|date=2008-02-14|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=9780802824172|language=en}}</ref> Many of these churches built near Jewish and Brahmin settlements. These were at Maliankara ([[Kodungallur]]), [[Kollam]], [[Palayoor]], Kottakkayal ([[North Paravur]] or Kottakkavu), [[Kokkamangalam]], [[Niranam]] and [[Nilackal St. Thomas Church|Nilackal]] (Chayal).{{sfnp|Whitehouse|1873}} Of which Church at Maliankara/Kottakavu is considered as first church. [[Thiruvithamcode Arappally|Thiruvithamcode]] church in [[Kanyakumari]] was built on the land given by arachan (king) and hence it is often referred in the name Arappally (half church).{{sfnp|Department of Tourism|2021}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.onlinekanyakumari.com/first-church-in-tamil-nadu/|title=The First Church in Tamil Nadu {{!}} Ara Palli, Thiruvithancode|website=Online Kanyakumari|language=en-US|access-date=2016-03-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://stjosephsyrohvny.org/about/ |title = About Syro Malabar Church|website = St Joseph Syro Malabar Catholic Mission of Hudson Valley, New York.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.trcmst.org/seven-and-half-churches/ | title = St Thomas the Apostle and His Seven and a Half Churches}}</ref> Similarly, the Churches at Malayattoor and Aruvithura are also referred to as Arappallikal.{{sfnp|Department of Tourism|2021}}

[[File: Syro-Malabar_icon_of_Throne_of_Mar_Thoma.jpg|thumb|Icon of Throne of Mar Thoma Sleeha
November 21 : The Feast of the Arrival of Mar Thoma Sleeha in India and The Feast of the Throne of the Mar Thoma Sleeha]]

== Ezharappallikal ==
The seven churches are located at Kodungallur, Kollam, Palayoor, Kottakkavu (Paravoor), Kokkamangalam (South Pallippuram), Niranam and Nilackal (Chayal).{{sfnp|Whitehouse|1873}}
===Kodungallur===
[[File:Kodungaloor Mar Thoma Church.jpg|thumb|Kodungallur Mar Thoma Syro-Malabar Church]]
The Kodungallur church is considered to be one of the oldest churches built by St. Thomas second only to St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Church, Palayoor.{{sfnp|Whitehouse|1873}} The current Marthoma Pontifical shrine (Kodungaloor Mar Thoma Church) church is situated on the banks of the River Periyar about 6 km from Kodungallur, in the village of [[Azhikode and Azhikkal|Azhikode]] in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.muzirisheritage.org/marthoma-pointfical-shrine.php|title=Marthoma Church at Azhikode, Marthoma Pontifical Shrine {{!}} Religious sites at Muziris Heritage Area, Ernakulam|website=www.muzirisheritage.org|access-date=2016-03-05}}</ref>

===Palayur===
[[File:Palayoor St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Church.jpg|thumb|Palayoor St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Church]]
{{Main|St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Church, Palayoor}}
[[St. Thomas Church, Palayoor]] is located at [[Palayoor|Palayur]] (also spelled Palayoor), in [[Thrissur district]] in [[Kerala]] on the west coast of India. According to tradition, it was established in 52 AD by [[Thomas the Apostle|St Thomas]]. It is the first church in India,and is called an [[Apostolic See|Apostolic Church]] credited to the Apostolate of [[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas]] who preached and also started the conversion of people to Christianity here.{{sfnp|Whitehouse|1873}}

===Kottakkavu===
[[File:Kottakkavu Mar Thoma Syro-Malabar Pilgrim Church (Old) founded by St. Thomas.jpg|thumb|Kottakkavu Syro-Malabar Old Church]]
{{Main|Kottakkavu Mar Thoma Syro-Malabar Pilgrim Church, North Paravur}}Kottakkavu Church was established by St. Thomas in North Paravur in the Ernakulam district. It is considered to be one of the oldest Church in Kerala. The second church of Kottakkavu was rebuilt in the 9th century. The third church was built in 1308. [[Pope Gregory XIII]] raised the altar of this church to the status of privileged altar in 1575.{{sfnp|Whitehouse|1873}}

===Kokkamangalam===
[[File:KokkamangalamChurch.jpg|thumb|Kokkamangalam Church]]
{{Main|St. Thomas Church, Kokkamangalam}} Kokkamangalam church (or Gokkamangalam church) is situated at Gokkamangalam near Cherthala in the Alappuzha district. St. Thomas sailed to Gokkamangalam where he preached the gospel for about a year. 1600 people converted to Christianity through him according to the narration in "Rampan Pattu", an ancient form of Christian folksong prevalent in Kerala. He formed a Christian community at Kokkamangalam and enshrined a cross for the faithful.{{sfnp|Department of Tourism|2021}}

===Nilakkal===
{{Main|Nilackal St. Thomas Church}}
[[File:Nilakkal Church front view.jpg|thumb|Nilakkal Church front view]]
[[Nilakkal]] is a forest, almost 52 kilometres east to [[Ranni]] and near [[Sabarimala]] in Pathanamthitta district. This church area was discovered during the time of Malankara Metropolitan Pulikottil Thirumeni (then head of the Orthodox Church). For the harmony of ecumenism among St Thomas Christians, then leadership of the Orthodox church paved the way to dedicate the church for all denominations. It was a mountain route of trade between [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. Saint Thomas accompanied by Habban came over here and baptised 1100 people.{{sfnp|Department of Tourism|2021}}

===Niranam===
{{Main|St. Mary's Orthodox Syrian Church, Niranam}}
[[File:നിരണം പള്ളി.jpg|thumb|236x236px|St.Marys Orthodox Church, Niranam (Niranam Valiyapalli)]]
Niranam Pally is one of the oldest churches in Kerala. It is believed that the church was founded by St. Thomas, in AD 54 at Niranam near Thiruvalla in Pathanamthitta district. The church was reconstructed several times since then. The stones in the church show the reconstruction in 1259. On his way from Kollam, he arrived at Niranam (''Thrikpapaleswaram'') by sea. He converted two Hindu Brahmin families named ''Pattamukkil'' and ''Thayyil'' and two Nair families named ''Manki'' and ''Madathilan'' to Christianity. He also gave priestly powers to the members of ''Pattamukkil'' family.

It is believed to be one of the oldest churches in Kerala and thus in India as well as among the oldest ones in the world. The architecture shows striking similarities to ancient temple architecture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://niranamchurch.com/History.htm|title=History of Niranam Valiapally|website=niranamchurch.com|access-date=2016-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001233/http://niranamchurch.com/History.htm|archive-date=2016-03-04|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{sfnp|Whitehouse|1873}}

===Kollam===
In ancient times, [[Kollam]] was a famous harbour and trade center. According to local tradition, [[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas]] established a church near the port, which is believed to have been destroyed by the [[Arabian Sea]].{{sfnp|Whitehouse|1873}}{{sfnp|Department of Tourism|2021}}

[[File:Thevalakkara Pally.jpg|thumb|Thevalakkara Martha Mariyam Syrian Orthodox Church]]
Those temporarily living near the church immigrated towards [[Thevalakkara]] and constructed this holy church. Martha Mariam Orthodox Syrian Church of [[Thevalakkara]] is one of the main churches near Kollam. It is situated in [[Karunagappalli|Karunagapally Taluk]] within Kollam district. Church is located five kilometers east of Chavara Kuttivattom junction and six kilometers towards west of Sasthamkotta.

==Arappallikal==
The churches at Thiruvithamkode, Malayattoor, and Aruvithura are referred to as Arappallikal, which may be translated either as Half churches or Royal churches.{{sfnp|Department of Tourism|2021}}
===Thiruvithamkode===
{{Main|Thiruvithamcode Arappally}}
Thiruvithamcode St Marys Orthodox Church (Arapalli) or Thomayar Kovil, is located in Thiruvithamcode, Tamil Nadu, India, 30 km to the south of the Kerala state border. It is believed by the Christian communities in Kerala that the historic Thiruvithamcode Arappally, also called ''Amalagiri'' church as named by the Chera King Uthiyan Cheralathan, was built by St. Thomas, known as the Apostle of India, in AD 52.AD[[File:Arappally02.jpg|thumb|Thiruvithamcode Thomayar Kovil (Arappally)]]
===Malayattoor===
[[File:Malayattoor Church - മലയാറ്റൂർ പള്ളി 03.jpg|thumb]]
{{main|St. Thomas Syro-Malabar Church, Malayattoor}}
St. Thomas is believed to have returned to Malankara coast via Malayatur where he establishes ‘the half church’ (a small Christian community dependent on the Church of Maliamkara). Oral tradition says that while travelling through Malayattor, faced with hostile natives, he fled to the hilltop where he said to have remained in prayer and that he left his footprint on one of the rocks. According to beliefs, during prayer, he touched a rock, upon which blood poured from it.{{sfnp|Department of Tourism|2021}}
===Aruvithura===
[[File:Aruvithura church.jpg|thumb|St George's Church, Aruvithura]]
{{main|St. George's Syro-Malabar Catholic Forane Church, Aruvithura}}
It is believed that St. Thomas visited Irapeli and converted a prominent families into christianity and laid a cross on the banks of the Meenachil River. Local traditions also support this belief. This is the first church in the Palai diocese and was built in the 1st century. St. Thomas founded seven and a half churches there. (He laid a cross at Irapoli making the church of Irapeli the half church.){{sfnp|Department of Tourism|2021}} It is reported that the church was rebuilt once or twice before the 16th century. The ancient churches were constructed and maintained by the prominent families in the area until the 16th century. In the beginning of the 16th century a new church was built under the leadership of Kallarackal Kathanar by the prominent families. The church was first dedicated to the Assumption of Saint Mary. In the 14th century when either the Nilackal Church or the Chayal Church founded by St. Thomas was destroyed, several families migrated to Irapeli bringing with them a statue of St. George. Gradually the church itself was re-dedicated to Saint George.

==References==
{{reflist}}
*{{cite book |last= Whitehouse |first= Thomas |title=Lingerings of light in a dark land: Researches into the Syrian church of Malabar|date=1873 |publisher=William Brown and Co.|page=23-42 |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Ie4CAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |language=en |quote= Though Cranganore and Quilon are always mentioned amongst their earliest and most important settlements, five other places are named in conjunction with them, viz., Palúr, North Parúr, South Pallipuram, Neranum, and Nellakkul. The whole group are traditionally styled the Seven Churches founded by St. Thomas the Apostle.}}
*{{cite book |last= Department of Tourism |first= Government of Kerala |title=Seven and half Churches (Ezhara Pallikal)|date=2021 |publisher=Department of Tourism, Government of Kerala |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/christianity/seven-half-churches/7 |language=en}}

==Further reading==
* A.C. Perumalil, ''The Apostles in India'', Patna (India), XTTI, 1971.
* George Menachery, Ed.,"The St.Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India", esp. Vol.2, 1973.
* George Menachery, Ed.,"The Nazranies", Indian Church History Classics, Vol.1, 1998, esp.books fully reproduced in it by Mackenzie, Medlycott,Farquar& many others.

{{Christianity in Kerala}}

[[Category:Saint Thomas Christians]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
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[[Category:Churches in India]]
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