TheronShifflett: Bio

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{{Short description|Military campaign in 1531}}
{{orphan|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Expendition to Kalinjar
| width = 320px
| partof =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| date = 1531 A.D.
| place = [[Kalinjar]]
| coordinates = {{coord|24.9997|80.4852|type:landmark|display=inline}}
| map_type = India
| map_relief = Solid
| map_size = 300px
| map_marksize =
| map_caption = Location of Expendition of Kalinjar (1531)
| map_label = Expendition of Kalinjar
| map_mark = Big battle symbol.svg
| territory =
| result = [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] victory<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rpLlPyATQDAC |title=Islamic Culture |date=1996 |pages=70–72, 77 |language=en}}"During he time of Humayun, Raja Pratap Rudra of Kalinjar opposed him in the beginning and refused to accept his overlordship, but later on when he submitted to Humāyün and gave himpeshkash he was allowed to"</ref>
| status =
| combatants_header =
| combatant1 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Mughal Empire]]
| combatant2 = [[Orchha State|Bundela dynasty]]
| combatant3 =
| commander1 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|25px]] [[Humayun]]
| commander2 = Rudra Pratap Bundela (Prataprudra deo){{Surrender}}
| commander3 =
| units1 =
| units2 =
| units3 =
| strength1 = ~Unknown
| strength2 = ~Unknown
| strength3 =
| casualties1 = ~Unknown
| casualties2 = ~Unknown
| casualties3 =
| notes =
| campaignbox =
}}
The '''Expedition of Kalinjar (1531)'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahajan |first=Vidya Dhar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3k9AAAAMAAJ |title=India Since 1526 |date=1967 |publisher=S. Chand |pages=20 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mahajan |first1=Vidya Dhar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UiFuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Muslim Rule in India |last2=Mahajan |first2=Savitri |date=1962 |publisher=S. Chand |pages=19 |language=en}}</ref> or '''Attack on Kalinjar (1531)'''<ref name=":0" /> led by [[Mughal emperors|Mughal]] Emperor [[Humayun]] was a crucial military campaign aimed at besieging the Kalinjar fort. At that time, the fort was under the rule of Rudra Pratap Singh Bundela of [[Bundelkhand]], also known as Prataprudra Deo of [[Kalinjar]]. [[Humayun]] managed to bring the raja under [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] suzerainty, transforming the fort into an advanced [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] military base and strategic stronghold in northern India. This conquest significantly bolstered Mughal control over the region and expanded their territorial influence.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=L. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18EKAQAAIAAJ |title=History of Medieval India (1000-1740 A.D.) |date=1989 |publisher=Konark Publishers |isbn=978-81-220-0042-9 |pages=289 |language=en}}</ref>

==Background==
Within six months of ascending to the throne, [[Humayun]] took on the formidable task of besieging the fortress of [[Kalinjar]] in [[Bundelkhand]]. The ruler of the fortress was believed to have allegiances with the Afghans, prompting [[Humayun]]'s military action to secure the strategic stronghold.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Avasthy |first=Rama Shanker |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tn45AQAAIAAJ |title=The Mughal Emperor Humayun |date=1967 |publisher=History Department, University of Allahabad |pages=90–91 |language=en}}</ref>

Raja Rudra Pratap Singh was a Bundela king of [[Kalinjar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Avasthy |first=Rama Shanker |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tn45AQAAIAAJ&q=Pratap+rudra+orchha |title=The Mughal Emperor Humayun |date=1967 |publisher=History Department, University of Allahabad |language=en}}</ref><ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=187}}</ref> Rudra Pratap sought to expand his territory, prompting [[Humayun]] to take punitive action against him and lead an expedition. Upon reaching [[Kalinjar]], [[Humayun]] demanded the raja's surrender, but Rudra Pratap adamantly refused to comply.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=L. P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18EKAQAAIAAJ |title=History of Medieval India (1000-1740 A.D.) |date=1989 |publisher=Konark Publishers |isbn=978-81-220-0042-9 |pages=289 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ynVDAAAAYAAJ |title=Journal of Indian History |date=1988 |publisher=Department of Modern Indian History |pages=35 |language=en}}</ref>

==The Siege==
[[Humayun]] advanced to [[Kalinjar]], initiating a prolonged siege that endured for several months. Amidst this campaign, news regarding the emergence of Mahmud Lodi caused confusion for [[Humayun]]. Despite the challenging circumstances, Humayun persisted with the siege. Though the Bundela ruler had a formidable reputation for bravery, he eventually surrendered Kalinjar to Humayun following a month-long siege.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC&q=Humayun+Besieged+Kalinjar |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II |date=2005 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-1066-9 |pages=51 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rpLlPyATQDAC |title=Islamic Culture |date=1996 |pages=70–72, 77 |language=en}}</ref> In exchange for accepting Humayun's suzerainty, he was permitted to retain control of the fort.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Qanungo |first=Kalika Ranjan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ue9tAAAAMAAJ |title=Sher Shah and His Times |date=1965 |publisher=Orient Longmans |pages=123–125 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iYocCgAAQBAJ&q=Humayun+defeated+rudra+pratap+of+kalinjar |title=Teacher Eligibility Test Social Studies (For Classes VI-VIII) |publisher=Upkar Prakashan |isbn=978-93-5013-213-5 |pages=91T |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rao |first1=B. S. L. Hanumantha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9SRuAAAAMAAJ |title=Indian History and Culture |last2=Rao |first2=K. Basaveswara |date=1958 |publisher=Commercial Literature Company |pages=14 |language=en}}</ref>

==The Aftermath==
In 1531, [[Humayun]] strategically sought to gain the acceptance of the fragmented nobility by making a play for [[Kalinjar]]. In negotiations with the Raja Rudra Pratap, from the house of [[orchha state|Bundela]], an offer of 6,720 tolas of gold was presented in exchange for peace. Humayun agreed to the terms and, in doing so, assumed the title of Ghazi for his perceived act of 'subduing an infidel'. After taking the surrender of Raja, [[Humayun]] marched out to suppress Mahmud Lodi whom he defeated and subdued.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Congress |first=Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UgpDAAAAYAAJ |title=Proceedings |date=1972 |publisher=Indian History Congress |pages=392–393 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ratna |first=Kalpish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PFndEAAAQBAJ&q=Humayun+Besieged+Kalinjar |title=Bahadur Shah of Gujarat: A King in Search of a Kingdom |date=12 December 2023 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-93-92099-95-3 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Siege of Kalinjar (1544)]]
* [[Siege of Kalinjar]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{improve categories|date=August 2024}}

[[Category:1531]]

Expedition to Kalinjar (1531) - Revision history

TheronShifflett: Bio