Emperor vs Aurobindo Ghosh and others - Revision history

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	===32 Muraripukur Garden House===		===32 Muraripukur Garden House===
	~~[[File:Muraripukur garden house.png\|thumb\|upright\|Muraripukur garden house, in the Manicktolla suburbs of Calcutta. This served as the headquarters of Barin Ghosh and his associates.]]~~
	By 1907, Barin Ghosh had begun gathering around groups of young men attracted to the ''Jugantar'' message. This was at a time that the [[Dhaka Anushilan Samiti]] under Pulin Das was becoming active in seeking to target British administrative officers and interests as targets. Police searches and surveillance of ''Jugantar'' became routine, and the younger Ghosh cut his ties with the paper. A close group of approximately a dozen young men gathered around Barin, some of whom lived in his garden house in 36 Muraripukur lane, in the Manicktolla suburb of Calcutta. The house was intended by Barin to be organised along the lines of an ''[[ashram]]'' or hermitage along the lines of Aurobindo's message in ''Bhawani mandir'', away from the public eye, where revolutionaries could live in strict discipline and prepare for a future revolution. Barin's group had been experimenting with production of explosives from 1906. In 1907, they were joined by [[Ullaskar Dutt]], a self-taught chemist from the [[Howrah]] suburb of Calcutta who was attracted to the ''Jugantar'' message. The group had targeted the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal since 1906. In autumn 1906 Charu Chandra Dutt and [[Prafulla Chaki]] had made a failed attempt to assassinate the governor at [[Darjeeling]].<ref name=Heehs2008p133/> With Dutta's expertise, the plans were revisited. By October that year, Dutta was in a position to manufacture a bomb powerful enough to blow up a train. With dynamite obtained by Barin's group, Dutt produced a bomb with a detonator of his own manufacturing. The intended target was the train carrying the lieutenant governor of Bengal, [[Andrew Henderson Leith Fraser\|Andrew Fraser]]. Through November 1907, two attempts were made to target the train carrying the lieutenant governor, which were unsuccessful. However, the group was at last successful on 5 December when Bibhutibhushan sarkar and Prafulla Chaki successfully detonated Dutt's bomb under the Governor's train at [[Narayangarh, Paschim Medinipur\|Narayangarh]], near [[Midnapore]]. The Governor escaped unhurt, but security was tightened around him in the investigation that followed. In January 1908, Dutt successfully produced a more powerful [[picric acid]] bomb that was tested in [[Deoghar]]. Accidentally, a young revolutionary of [[Rangpur, Bangladesh\|Rangpur]], Prafulla Kumar Chakraborty, died that time. However, by this time Bengal police had infiltrated the Medinapore branch of the ''Samiti'' through an infiltrator, who was able to pass on information on the Manisktolla ''ashram'', which he obtained from Satyendranth Bose. This included the names of Barin Ghosh and Aurobindo, and both were soon the subject of surveillance by Calcutta police. However, the Government desisted from acting against Ghosh's group, fearful they would melt away to regroup in secret.<ref name=Heehs2008p153>{{harvnb\|Heehs\|2008\|p=153}}</ref>		By 1907, Barin Ghosh had begun gathering around groups of young men attracted to the ''Jugantar'' message. This was at a time that the [[Dhaka Anushilan Samiti]] under Pulin Das was becoming active in seeking to target British administrative officers and interests as targets. Police searches and surveillance of ''Jugantar'' became routine, and the younger Ghosh cut his ties with the paper. A close group of approximately a dozen young men gathered around Barin, some of whom lived in his garden house in 36 Muraripukur lane, in the Manicktolla suburb of Calcutta. The house was intended by Barin to be organised along the lines of an ''[[ashram]]'' or hermitage along the lines of Aurobindo's message in ''Bhawani mandir'', away from the public eye, where revolutionaries could live in strict discipline and prepare for a future revolution. Barin's group had been experimenting with production of explosives from 1906. In 1907, they were joined by [[Ullaskar Dutt]], a self-taught chemist from the [[Howrah]] suburb of Calcutta who was attracted to the ''Jugantar'' message. The group had targeted the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal since 1906. In autumn 1906 Charu Chandra Dutt and [[Prafulla Chaki]] had made a failed attempt to assassinate the governor at [[Darjeeling]].<ref name=Heehs2008p133/> With Dutta's expertise, the plans were revisited. By October that year, Dutta was in a position to manufacture a bomb powerful enough to blow up a train. With dynamite obtained by Barin's group, Dutt produced a bomb with a detonator of his own manufacturing. The intended target was the train carrying the lieutenant governor of Bengal, [[Andrew Henderson Leith Fraser\|Andrew Fraser]]. Through November 1907, two attempts were made to target the train carrying the lieutenant governor, which were unsuccessful. However, the group was at last successful on 5 December when Bibhutibhushan sarkar and Prafulla Chaki successfully detonated Dutt's bomb under the Governor's train at [[Narayangarh, Paschim Medinipur\|Narayangarh]], near [[Midnapore]]. The Governor escaped unhurt, but security was tightened around him in the investigation that followed. In January 1908, Dutt successfully produced a more powerful [[picric acid]] bomb that was tested in [[Deoghar]]. Accidentally, a young revolutionary of [[Rangpur, Bangladesh\|Rangpur]], Prafulla Kumar Chakraborty, died that time. However, by this time Bengal police had infiltrated the Medinapore branch of the ''Samiti'' through an infiltrator, who was able to pass on information on the Manisktolla ''ashram'', which he obtained from Satyendranth Bose. This included the names of Barin Ghosh and Aurobindo, and both were soon the subject of surveillance by Calcutta police. However, the Government desisted from acting against Ghosh's group, fearful they would melt away to regroup in secret.<ref name=Heehs2008p153>{{harvnb\|Heehs\|2008\|p=153}}</ref>

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← Older revision		Revision as of 23:34, 4 June 2022
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	{{~~italics~~}}		{{Short description\|Alipore Bomb case}}
	{{Use Indian English\|date=~~July 2016~~}}		{{italic title}}
			{{Use Indian English\|date=March 2022}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=July 2016}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=July 2016}}
	{{Anushilan Samiti}}		{{Anushilan Samiti}}
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	Among the famous accused were [[Aurobindo Ghosh]], his brother [[Barin Ghosh]] as well as 38 other Bengali nationalists of the ''[[Anushilan Samiti]]''. Most of the accused were arrested from Barin Ghosh's Garden house in 36 Murarirupukur Road, in the [[Manicktolla]] suburb of Calcutta. They were held in the [[Alipore Jail\|Presidency Jail in Alipore]] before the trial, where Narendranath Goswami, approver and [[crown-witness]], was shot dead by two fellow accused [[Kanailal Dutta]] and Satyendranath Bose within the jail premises. Goswami's murder led to collapse of the case against [[Aurobindo]]. However, his brother Barin and a number of others were convicted of the charges and faced varying jail terms from life-imprisonment to shorter jail terms.<ref name="SAA">{{cite web \| title=Alipore Bomb Case\| publisher=Sri Aurobindo Ashram Trust, Pondicherry-605002 India\| year=2007 \| url=http://www.sriaurobindoinstitute.org/saioc/Sri_Aurobindo/alipore_bomb_case}}</ref>		Among the famous accused were [[Aurobindo Ghosh]], his brother [[Barin Ghosh]] as well as 38 other Bengali nationalists of the ''[[Anushilan Samiti]]''. Most of the accused were arrested from Barin Ghosh's Garden house in 36 Murarirupukur Road, in the [[Manicktolla]] suburb of Calcutta. They were held in the [[Alipore Jail\|Presidency Jail in Alipore]] before the trial, where Narendranath Goswami, approver and [[crown-witness]], was shot dead by two fellow accused [[Kanailal Dutta]] and Satyendranath Bose within the jail premises. Goswami's murder led to collapse of the case against [[Aurobindo]]. However, his brother Barin and a number of others were convicted of the charges and faced varying jail terms from life-imprisonment to shorter jail terms.<ref name="SAA">{{cite web \| title=Alipore Bomb Case\| publisher=Sri Aurobindo Ashram Trust, Pondicherry-605002 India\| year=2007 \| url=http://www.sriaurobindoinstitute.org/saioc/Sri_Aurobindo/alipore_bomb_case}}</ref>

	Aurobindo Ghosh retired from active nationalist politics after serving a prison sentence awarded in the trial, beginning his journey into spirituality and philosophy that he described as having started with revelations that occurred to him during his incarceration. He later moved to [[Pondicherry]], establishing an ''Ashram''. For ''Anushilan Samiti'', the incarceration of many of its prominent leaders led to a decline in the influence and activity of the Manicktolla branch, and its activities were overtaken by what emerged to be called the ''Jugantar'' branch under the leadership of [[Bagha Jatin]].		Aurobindo Ghosh retired from active nationalist politics after serving a prison sentence awarded in the trial, beginning his journey into spirituality and philosophy that he described as having started with revelations that occurred to him during his incarceration. He later moved to [[Pondicherry]], establishing an ''Ashram''. For ''Anushilan Samiti'', the incarceration of many of its prominent leaders led to a decline in the influence and activity of the Manicktolla branch, and its activities were overtaken by what emerged to be called the ''Jugantar'' branch under the leadership of [[Bagha Jatin]].<ref>{{Cite web \|last=Ghosh \|first=Deepanjan \|date=2020-09-09 \|title=Alipore Bomb Case: A Landmark in Bengal’s Revolutionary Struggle \|url=https://www.livehistoryindia.com/story/eras/alipore-bomb-case \|access-date=2022-03-15 \|website=www.livehistoryindia.com \|language=en}}</ref>

	==Background==		==Background==
	===Anushilan samiti===		===Anushilan samiti===
	{{Main\|Anushilan samiti\|Aurobindo Ghosh\|Barin Ghosh}}		{{Main\|Anushilan samiti\|Aurobindo Ghosh\|Barin Ghosh}}
	<gallery mode=nolines>		<gallery mode="nolines">
	File:Young India; an interpretation and a history of the nationalist movement from within (1916) (14802200463).jpg\|[[Sri Aurobindo\|Aurobindo Ghosh]]		File:Young India; an interpretation and a history of the nationalist movement from within (1916) (14802200463).jpg\|[[Sri Aurobindo\|Aurobindo Ghosh]]
	File:Barindra Kumar Ghosh 01.jpg\|[[Barindra Kumar Ghosh]]		File:Barindra Kumar Ghosh 01.jpg\|[[Barindra Kumar Ghosh]]
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	===Arrest===		===Arrest===
	<gallery mode=nolines>		<gallery mode="nolines">
	File:Aurobindo jail picture.JPG\|Aurobindo on the day of his arrest on May 1, 1908		File:Aurobindo jail picture.JPG\|Aurobindo on the day of his arrest on May 1, 1908
	</gallery>		</gallery>
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	On 19 October 1908, the hearing for the trial began at the court of Charles Poten Beachroft who served as the additional sessions judge of the District 24 Paraganas. Beechcroft and Aurobindo had previously entered the Indian Civil Service Examinations in England in the same year, where Aurobindo had ranked ahead of Beechcroft. The defence team was composed of 15 lawyers, barristers and pleaders. Aurobindo was initially represented by Byomkesh Chakravarty, a leading Calcutta barrister. In addition to the 1500 documents and material evidence, defence team entered further 54 items. However, Chakravarty was successfully able to challenge Norton's attempts to enter Goswami's testimony as evidence, and able to obtain Beachcroft's ruling that Birley broke the law in refusing to allow defence to cross-examine Goswami. The trial continued for a year (1908-1909). In all, 206 witnesses were called, around 400 documents were filed with the court, and more than 5000 exhibits were produced including bombs, revolvers, and acids. However, Chakravarty soon pulled out of Ghosh's defence team, as the funds failed to meet his fees. On the desperate appeal of Ghosh's uncle Krishna Kumar Mitra, the defence was taken over by [[Chittaranjan Das]], then still a [[junior barrister]]. Early in the trial, Barin and his fellow detainees from the Manicktolla ashram withdrew their confessions. Despite this, the scope lay to use their evidences against themselves. However, the prosecution's efforts to link Aurobindo to the group and to implicate him as the leader of the conspiracy began to unravel. With assassination of Naren Goswami, precious little remained to link Aurobindo to the works of Barin's group other than his published views in ''Bande Mataram'' and ''Jugantar''. Das successfully argued that Aurobindo's thoughts and writings on independence were consistent with philosophical thoughts on liberty and freedom held by the English intelligentsia. On material evidences, Das alleged outright fabrication of documents by the police where these linked Aurobindo to the conspiracy.<ref name=Heehs2008p176>{{harvnb\|Heehs\|2008\|p=176}}</ref>		On 19 October 1908, the hearing for the trial began at the court of Charles Poten Beachroft who served as the additional sessions judge of the District 24 Paraganas. Beechcroft and Aurobindo had previously entered the Indian Civil Service Examinations in England in the same year, where Aurobindo had ranked ahead of Beechcroft. The defence team was composed of 15 lawyers, barristers and pleaders. Aurobindo was initially represented by Byomkesh Chakravarty, a leading Calcutta barrister. In addition to the 1500 documents and material evidence, defence team entered further 54 items. However, Chakravarty was successfully able to challenge Norton's attempts to enter Goswami's testimony as evidence, and able to obtain Beachcroft's ruling that Birley broke the law in refusing to allow defence to cross-examine Goswami. The trial continued for a year (1908-1909). In all, 206 witnesses were called, around 400 documents were filed with the court, and more than 5000 exhibits were produced including bombs, revolvers, and acids. However, Chakravarty soon pulled out of Ghosh's defence team, as the funds failed to meet his fees. On the desperate appeal of Ghosh's uncle Krishna Kumar Mitra, the defence was taken over by [[Chittaranjan Das]], then still a [[junior barrister]]. Early in the trial, Barin and his fellow detainees from the Manicktolla ashram withdrew their confessions. Despite this, the scope lay to use their evidences against themselves. However, the prosecution's efforts to link Aurobindo to the group and to implicate him as the leader of the conspiracy began to unravel. With assassination of Naren Goswami, precious little remained to link Aurobindo to the works of Barin's group other than his published views in ''Bande Mataram'' and ''Jugantar''. Das successfully argued that Aurobindo's thoughts and writings on independence were consistent with philosophical thoughts on liberty and freedom held by the English intelligentsia. On material evidences, Das alleged outright fabrication of documents by the police where these linked Aurobindo to the conspiracy.<ref name=Heehs2008p176>{{harvnb\|Heehs\|2008\|p=176}}</ref>

	Significantly, as the hearings proceeded through 1908 into 1909, the government of Bengal came to fear that ''Anushilan Samiti'' would mount a rescue mission to break out the undertrials. A noted rise in militant actions and assassinations linked to ''[[Anushilan Samiti]]'' in wider Bengal began to be reported, reaching the premises of the Alipore court as the hearings drew to a close. In November 1908, two assassinations were attempted in Calcutta two days apart, one targeting Chief of Police Andrew Fraser and the second where Nandalal Bannerjee --- the police officer who had arrested Prafulla Chaki --- was gunned down, both in public. That same month, a police informant was killed and mutilated in Dacca. A shaken Bengal government arrested and deported a number of ''Anushilan'' leaders, including [[Raja Subodh Mallik]], Aurobindo's uncle Krishna Kumar Mitra, and ''Bande Mataram'' editor Shyamsunder Chakravarty to Rangoon. In response, in March 1909, ''Anushilan'' assassinated public prosecutor Ashutosh Biswas when he was gunned down by Charu Bose in the very steps of the Alipore High court where the hearings were beginning to draw to a close.<ref name=Heehs2008p180>{{harvnb\|Heehs\|2008\|p=180}}</ref> The final arguments for prosecution and defence began amidst tight security at the end of March 1909. Das, closing his argument for defense, famously stated:{{~~quote~~\|"''My appeal to you is this, that long after the controversy will be hushed in silence, long after this turmoil, the agitation will have ceased, long after he is dead and gone, he will be looked upon as the poet of patriotism, as the prophet of nationalism and the lover of humanity. Long after he is dead and gone, his words will be echoed and re-echoed, not only in India but across distant seas and lands. Therefore, I say that the man in his position is not only standing before the bar of this Court, but before the bar of the High Court of History. <br/> The time has come for you, sir, to consider your judgment and for you, gentlemen, to consider your verdict...''"}}		Significantly, as the hearings proceeded through 1908 into 1909, the government of Bengal came to fear that ''Anushilan Samiti'' would mount a rescue mission to break out the undertrials. A noted rise in militant actions and assassinations linked to ''[[Anushilan Samiti]]'' in wider Bengal began to be reported, reaching the premises of the Alipore court as the hearings drew to a close. In November 1908, two assassinations were attempted in Calcutta two days apart, one targeting Chief of Police Andrew Fraser and the second where Nandalal Bannerjee --- the police officer who had arrested Prafulla Chaki --- was gunned down, both in public. That same month, a police informant was killed and mutilated in Dacca. A shaken Bengal government arrested and deported a number of ''Anushilan'' leaders, including [[Raja Subodh Mallik]], Aurobindo's uncle Krishna Kumar Mitra, and ''Bande Mataram'' editor Shyamsunder Chakravarty to Rangoon. In response, in March 1909, ''Anushilan'' assassinated public prosecutor Ashutosh Biswas when he was gunned down by Charu Bose in the very steps of the Alipore High court where the hearings were beginning to draw to a close.<ref name=Heehs2008p180>{{harvnb\|Heehs\|2008\|p=180}}</ref> The final arguments for prosecution and defence began amidst tight security at the end of March 1909. Das, closing his argument for defense, famously stated:{{blockquote\|"''My appeal to you is this, that long after the controversy will be hushed in silence, long after this turmoil, the agitation will have ceased, long after he is dead and gone, he will be looked upon as the poet of patriotism, as the prophet of nationalism and the lover of humanity. Long after he is dead and gone, his words will be echoed and re-echoed, not only in India but across distant seas and lands. Therefore, I say that the man in his position is not only standing before the bar of this Court, but before the bar of the High Court of History. <br/> The time has come for you, sir, to consider your judgment and for you, gentlemen, to consider your verdict...''"}}

	===The verdict===		===The verdict===
	<gallery mode=nolines>		<gallery mode="nolines">
	File:Barindra Kumar Ghosh 01.jpg\|[[Barindra Kumar Ghosh]], sentenced to death, later converted to transportation to Cellular Jail, Andamans		File:Barindra Kumar Ghosh 01.jpg\|[[Barindra Kumar Ghosh]], sentenced to death, later converted to transportation to Cellular Jail, Andamans
	</gallery>		</gallery>
	Beechcroft delivered his verdicts on 6 May 1909,<ref name=SAA/> amidst tight security in Calcutta to prevent outbreak of nationalist violence. Observing the popular supports following the executions of Khudiram Bose, [[Kanailal Dutta]] and [[Satyendranath Bosu\|Satyen Bose]], the day of the verdict was kept closely guarded. Additional security measures were put in place, with a reserve force of European officers held ready in case of an outbreak of violence and disorder in the streets of Calcutta. Sessions Judge Charles Porten Beachcroft delivered his verdicts on 6 May 1909, amidst tight security in Calcutta.<ref name=SAA/>		Beechcroft delivered his verdicts on 6 May 1909,<ref name=SAA/> amidst tight security in Calcutta to prevent outbreak of nationalist violence. Observing the popular supports following the executions of Khudiram Bose, [[Kanailal Dutta]] and [[Satyendranath Bosu\|Satyen Bose]], the day of the verdict was kept closely guarded. Additional security measures were put in place, with a reserve force of European officers held ready in case of an outbreak of violence and disorder in the streets of Calcutta. Sessions Judge Charles Porten Beachcroft delivered his verdicts on 6 May 1909, amidst tight security in Calcutta.<ref name=SAA/>

	Regarding Sri Aurobindo, he said: {{~~quote~~\|"''I now come to the case of Arabinda Ghose, the most important accused in the case. He is the accused, whom more than any other the prosecution are anxious to have convicted and but for his presence in the dock there is no doubt that the case would have been finished long ago. It is partly for that reason that I have left his case till last of all and partly because the case against him depends to a very great extent, in fact almost entirely, upon association with other accused persons...		Regarding Sri Aurobindo, he said: {{blockquote\|"''I now come to the case of Arabinda Ghose, the most important accused in the case. He is the accused, whom more than any other the prosecution are anxious to have convicted and but for his presence in the dock there is no doubt that the case would have been finished long ago. It is partly for that reason that I have left his case till last of all and partly because the case against him depends to a very great extent, in fact almost entirely, upon association with other accused persons...
	The point is whether his writings & speeches, which in themselves seem to advocate nothing more than the regeneration of his country, taken with the facts proved against him in this case are sufficient to show that he was a member of the conspiracy. And taking all the evidence together I am of opinion that it falls short of such proof as would justify me in finding him guilty of so serious a charge.''"}}		The point is whether his writings & speeches, which in themselves seem to advocate nothing more than the regeneration of his country, taken with the facts proved against him in this case are sufficient to show that he was a member of the conspiracy. And taking all the evidence together I am of opinion that it falls short of such proof as would justify me in finding him guilty of so serious a charge.''"}}

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	* {{Citation \|last=Popplewell \|first=Richard James \|date=1995 \|title=Intelligence and Imperial Defence: British Intelligence and the Defence of the Indian Empire, 1904-1924 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H44J2uDSE2cC&pg=PP1 \|location=London \|publisher=Frank Cass \|isbn=0-7146-4580-X }}.		* {{Citation \|last=Popplewell \|first=Richard James \|date=1995 \|title=Intelligence and Imperial Defence: British Intelligence and the Defence of the Indian Empire, 1904-1924 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H44J2uDSE2cC&pg=PP1 \|location=London \|publisher=Frank Cass \|isbn=0-7146-4580-X }}.
	* {{citation \|last=Roy \|first=Samren \|year=1997 \|title=M. N. Roy: A Political Biography \|publisher=Orient Longman \|isbn=81-250-0299-5}}		* {{citation \|last=Roy \|first=Samren \|year=1997 \|title=M. N. Roy: A Political Biography \|publisher=Orient Longman \|isbn=81-250-0299-5}}
	* {{citation \|last=Roy \|first=Shantimoy \|year=2006 \|chapter=India Freedom Struggle and Muslims \|editor-last=Engineer \|editor-first=Asghar Ali \|editor-link=Asghar Ali Engineer \|title=They Too Fought for India's Freedom: The Role of Minorities \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-XQCYl6T1vIC&pg=PA105 \|series=Sources of History \|volume=~~Vol.~~ III \|publisher=Hope India Publications \|page=105 \|isbn=9788178710914}}		* {{citation \|last=Roy \|first=Shantimoy \|year=2006 \|chapter=India Freedom Struggle and Muslims \|editor-last=Engineer \|editor-first=Asghar Ali \|editor-link=Asghar Ali Engineer \|title=They Too Fought for India's Freedom: The Role of Minorities \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-XQCYl6T1vIC&pg=PA105 \|series=Sources of History \|volume=III \|publisher=Hope India Publications \|page=105 \|isbn=9788178710914}}
	* {{citation \|last=Sanyal \|first=Shukla \|date=2014 \|title=Revolutionary Pamphlets, Propaganda and Political Culture in Colonial Bengal \|location=Delhi \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn=978-1-107-06546-8 }}.		* {{citation \|last=Sanyal \|first=Shukla \|date=2014 \|title=Revolutionary Pamphlets, Propaganda and Political Culture in Colonial Bengal \|location=Delhi \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn=978-1-107-06546-8 }}.
	* {{Citation \|last=Sen \|first=Sailendra Nath \|year=2010 \|title=An Advanced History of Modern India \|publisher=Macmillan \|isbn=978-0230-32885-3}}		* {{Citation \|last=Sen \|first=Sailendra Nath \|year=2010 \|title=An Advanced History of Modern India \|publisher=Macmillan \|isbn=978-0230-32885-3}}
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	[[Category:Anushilan Samiti]]		[[Category:Anushilan Samiti]]
	[[Category:1908 in India]]		[[Category:1908 in India]]
	~~[[Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]~~
	[[Category:Sri Aurobindo]]		[[Category:Sri Aurobindo]]
	[[Category:Alipore]]		[[Category:Alipore]]
	[[Category:Trials in India]]		[[Category:Trials in India]]
	[[Category:~~History of West Bengal~~]]		[[Category:20th century in Kolkata]]
	[[Category:Indian case law]]		[[Category:Indian case law]]
	[[Category:1909 in India]]		[[Category:1909 in India]]

->Shiva2609 at 15:46, 20 November 2021

2021-11-20T15:46:01Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:16, 20 November 2021
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	{{Use dmy dates\|date=July 2016}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=July 2016}}
	{{Anushilan Samiti}}		{{Anushilan Samiti}}
	'''''Emperor vs Aurobindo Ghosh and others''''', colloquially referred to as the '''Alipore Bomb Case''', the '''Muraripukur conspiracy''', or the '''Manicktolla bomb conspiracy''', was a [[criminal case]] held in India in 1908. The case saw the trial of a number of Indian nationalists of the ''[[Anushilan Samiti]]'' in [[Calcutta]], under charges of "Waging war against the Government" of the [[British Raj]]. The trial was held at Alipore Sessions Court, Calcutta, between May 1908 and May 1909. The trial followed in the wake of the attempt on the life of Presidency Magistrate Douglas Kingsford in Muzaffarpur by Bengali nationalists [[Khudiram Bose]] and [[Prafulla Chaki]] in April 1908, which was recognised by the Bengal police as linked to attacks against the Raj in the preceding years, including attempts to derail the train carrying Lieutenant-Governor Sir Andrew Fraser in December 1907.		'''''Emperor vs Aurobindo Ghosh and others''''', colloquially referred to as the '''Alipore Bomb Case''', the '''Muraripukur conspiracy''', or the '''Manicktolla bomb conspiracy''', was a [[criminal case]] held in India in 1908. The case saw the trial of a number of Indian nationalists of the [[Anushilan Samiti]] in [[Calcutta]], under charges of "Waging war against the Government" of the [[British Raj]]. The trial was held at Alipore Sessions Court, Calcutta, between May 1908 and May 1909. The trial followed in the wake of the attempt on the life of Presidency Magistrate Douglas Kingsford in Muzaffarpur by Bengali nationalists [[Khudiram Bose]] and [[Prafulla Chaki]] in April 1908, which was recognised by the Bengal police as linked to attacks against the Raj in the preceding years, including attempts to derail the train carrying Lieutenant-Governor Sir Andrew Fraser in December 1907.

	Among the famous accused were [[Aurobindo Ghosh]], his brother [[Barin Ghosh]] as well as 38 other Bengali nationalists of the ''[[Anushilan Samiti]]''. Most of the accused were arrested from Barin Ghosh's Garden house in 36 Murarirupukur Road, in the [[Manicktolla]] suburb of Calcutta. They were held in the [[Alipore Jail\|Presidency Jail in Alipore]] before the trial, where Narendranath Goswami, approver and [[crown-witness]], was shot dead by two fellow accused [[Kanailal Dutta]] and Satyendranath Bose within the jail premises. Goswami's murder led to collapse of the case against [[Aurobindo]]. However, his brother Barin and a number of others were convicted of the charges and faced varying jail terms from life-imprisonment to shorter jail terms.<ref name="SAA">{{cite web \| title=Alipore Bomb Case\| publisher=Sri Aurobindo Ashram Trust, Pondicherry-605002 India\| year=2007 \| url=http://www.sriaurobindoinstitute.org/saioc/Sri_Aurobindo/alipore_bomb_case}}</ref>		Among the famous accused were [[Aurobindo Ghosh]], his brother [[Barin Ghosh]] as well as 38 other Bengali nationalists of the ''[[Anushilan Samiti]]''. Most of the accused were arrested from Barin Ghosh's Garden house in 36 Murarirupukur Road, in the [[Manicktolla]] suburb of Calcutta. They were held in the [[Alipore Jail\|Presidency Jail in Alipore]] before the trial, where Narendranath Goswami, approver and [[crown-witness]], was shot dead by two fellow accused [[Kanailal Dutta]] and Satyendranath Bose within the jail premises. Goswami's murder led to collapse of the case against [[Aurobindo]]. However, his brother Barin and a number of others were convicted of the charges and faced varying jail terms from life-imprisonment to shorter jail terms.<ref name="SAA">{{cite web \| title=Alipore Bomb Case\| publisher=Sri Aurobindo Ashram Trust, Pondicherry-605002 India\| year=2007 \| url=http://www.sriaurobindoinstitute.org/saioc/Sri_Aurobindo/alipore_bomb_case}}</ref>
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	File:Barindra Kumar Ghosh 01.jpg\|[[Barindra Kumar Ghosh]]		File:Barindra Kumar Ghosh 01.jpg\|[[Barindra Kumar Ghosh]]
	</gallery>		</gallery>
	Political consciousness and opposition to [[British raj]] in Bengal had grown steadily over the last decades of the 1800s. By 1902, Calcutta had three secret societies working toward the violent overthrow of British rule in India. These included the ''[[Anushilan Samity]]'', founded by a Calcutta student named Satish Chandra Basu with the patronage of the Calcutta barrister [[Pramatha Mitra]], another led by a Bengalee lady by the name of [[Sarala Devi]], and a third one founded by [[Aurobindo Ghosh]]. Ghosh was one of the strongest proponents of militant nationalism at the time.<ref name="Sen244">{{Harvnb\|Sen\|2010\|p=244}} The militant nationalists thought of more direct and violent ways of ending British rule in India ... The chief apostle of militant nationalism in Bengal was Aurobindo Ghose. In 1902, there were three secret societies in Calcutta - Anushilan Samiti, founded by Pramatha Mitra, a barrister of the High Court of Calcutta; a society sponsored by Aurobindo Ghosh and a society started by Sarala Devi.</ref><ref name=Banglapedia>{{cite book \|last=Mohanta \|first=Sambaru Chandra \|year=2012 \|chapter=Mitra, Pramathanath \|chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mitra,_Pramathanath \|editor1-last=Islam \|editor1-first=Sirajul \|editor1-link=Sirajul Islam \|editor2-last=Jamal \|editor2-first=Ahmed A. \|title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh \|edition=Second \|publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> Having forsaken a potential career in the [[Indian Civil Service]], Ghosh had returned to India and taken up an academic post under the patronage of the Maharaja of [[Baroda state\|Baroda]]. Here he came to develop a close relationship with Indian Maratha nationalist Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and through him the nationalist network in Maharashtra. Inspired by the histories of Italian and Irish nationalism, Aurobindo began preparing the grounds and network for an Indian nationalist revolution, in which he found support in Tilak. Aurobindo sought for source of military training to prepare for a revolution in the future. His younger brother [[Barin Ghosh\|Barin]] joined Aurobindo in Baroda. Baroda offered Barin to obtain training in military strategies and armed conflicts. In 1903, Aurobindo Ghosh sent his younger brother [[Barindra Kumar Ghosh]] to Calcutta to rally the nascent organisation. By 1905, the controversial [[1905 partition of Bengal]] had a widespread political impact: it stimulated radical nationalist sentiments in the ''[[Bhadralok]]'' community in Bengal, and helped ''Anushilan'' acquire a support base among of educated, politically conscious and disaffected young in local youth societies throughout Bengal. The works of Aurobindo and his brother [[Barin Ghosh]] allowed ''Anushilan Samity'' to spread through Bengal. ''Anushilan'' began a program of slowly building a support base, preparing slowly and steadily for a nationalist uprising, on the lines of the Italian ''[[Carbonari]]''.<ref name=Heehs2008p133>{{harvnb\|Heehs\|2008\|p=133}}</ref>		Political consciousness and opposition to [[British raj]] in Bengal had grown steadily over the last decades of the 1800s. By 1902, Calcutta had three secret societies working toward the violent overthrow of British rule in India. These included the ''[[Anushilan Samity]]'', founded by a Calcutta student named Satish Chandra Basu with the patronage of the Calcutta barrister [[Pramatha Mitra]], another led by a Bengalee lady by the name of [[Sarala Devi Chaudhurani]], and a third one founded by [[Aurobindo Ghosh]]. Ghosh was one of the strongest proponents of militant nationalism at the time.<ref name="Sen244">{{Harvnb\|Sen\|2010\|p=244}} The militant nationalists thought of more direct and violent ways of ending British rule in India ... The chief apostle of militant nationalism in Bengal was Aurobindo Ghose. In 1902, there were three secret societies in Calcutta - Anushilan Samiti, founded by Pramatha Mitra, a barrister of the High Court of Calcutta; a society sponsored by Aurobindo Ghosh and a society started by Sarala Devi.</ref><ref name=Banglapedia>{{cite book \|last=Mohanta \|first=Sambaru Chandra \|year=2012 \|chapter=Mitra, Pramathanath \|chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mitra,_Pramathanath \|editor1-last=Islam \|editor1-first=Sirajul \|editor1-link=Sirajul Islam \|editor2-last=Jamal \|editor2-first=Ahmed A. \|title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh \|edition=Second \|publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> Having forsaken a potential career in the [[Indian Civil Service]], Ghosh had returned to India and taken up an academic post under the patronage of the Maharaja of [[Baroda state\|Baroda]]. Here he came to develop a close relationship with Indian Maratha nationalist Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and through him the nationalist network in Maharashtra. Inspired by the histories of Italian and Irish nationalism, Aurobindo began preparing the grounds and network for an Indian nationalist revolution, in which he found support in Tilak. Aurobindo sought for source of military training to prepare for a revolution in the future. His younger brother [[Barin Ghosh\|Barin]] joined Aurobindo in Baroda. Baroda offered Barin to obtain training in military strategies and armed conflicts. In 1903, Aurobindo Ghosh sent his younger brother [[Barindra Kumar Ghosh]] to Calcutta to rally the nascent organisation. By 1905, the controversial [[1905 partition of Bengal]] had a widespread political impact: it stimulated radical nationalist sentiments in the ''[[Bhadralok]]'' community in Bengal, and helped ''Anushilan'' acquire a support base among of educated, politically conscious and disaffected young in local youth societies throughout Bengal. The works of Aurobindo and his brother [[Barin Ghosh]] allowed ''Anushilan Samity'' to spread through Bengal. ''Anushilan'' began a program of slowly building a support base, preparing slowly and steadily for a nationalist uprising, on the lines of the Italian ''[[Carbonari]]''.<ref name=Heehs2008p133>{{harvnb\|Heehs\|2008\|p=133}}</ref>

	Aurobindo returned to Bengal in 1906, and with the assistance of [[Subodh Mallik]] and [[Bipin Chandra Pal]], founded in 1907 the radical Bengali nationalist publication of ''[[Jugantar (publication)\|Jugantar]]'' and its English counterpart ''[[Bande Mataram]]''. After a slow start, the journal gradually grew to acquire a mass appeal in Bengal through its radicalist approach and message of revolutionary programmes. Aurobindo, active in nationalist politics in the [[Indian National Congress\|Congress]], increasingly became the prominent voice of radical nationalists including [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] and [[Bipin Pal]] who advocated break-away from Britain and justified violent revolution as a means to this end. Nationalist writings and publications by Aurobindo and his brother Barin included ''[[Bande Mataram (publication)\|Bande Mataram]]'', ''[[Jugantar Patrika\|Jugantar]]'' had a widespread impact among the youth of Bengal. By 1907 it was selling 7,000 copies, which later rose to 20,000. Its message, aimed at elite politically conscious readers was essentially critique and defiance of British rule in India, and justification of political violence.<ref>{{Harvnb\|Sanyal\|2014\|pp=90–91}} "[Sanyal translates from ''Jugantar'':] "In a country where the ruling power relies on brute force to oppress its subjects, it is impossible to bring about Revolution or a change in rulers through moral strength. In such a situation, subjects too must rely on brute force." ... The ''Jugantar'' challenged the legitimacy of British rule ... [its] position thus amounted to a fundamental ''critique'' of the British government ... By 1907 the paper was selling 7000 copies, a figure that went up to 20,000 soon after. The ''Jugantar'' ideology was basically addressed to an elite audience that was young, literate and politically radicalized."</ref> The publication inspired a proportion of the young men who joined ''Anushilan Samiti'' cited the influence of ''Jugantar'' in their decisions.{{citation needed\|date=December 2015}} In 1907, Bipin Chandra Pal and Aurobindo faced prosecution for the message emanating from ''Bande Mataram'', with Pal being convicted. Meanwhile, ''Jugantar'' was also subject to close scrutiny.		Aurobindo returned to Bengal in 1906, and with the assistance of [[Subodh Mallik]] and [[Bipin Chandra Pal]], founded in 1907 the radical Bengali nationalist publication of ''[[Jugantar (publication)\|Jugantar]]'' and its English counterpart ''[[Bande Mataram]]''. After a slow start, the journal gradually grew to acquire a mass appeal in Bengal through its radicalist approach and message of revolutionary programmes. Aurobindo, active in nationalist politics in the [[Indian National Congress\|Congress]], increasingly became the prominent voice of radical nationalists including [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] and [[Bipin Pal]] who advocated break-away from Britain and justified violent revolution as a means to this end. Nationalist writings and publications by Aurobindo and his brother Barin included ''[[Bande Mataram (publication)\|Bande Mataram]]'', ''[[Jugantar Patrika\|Jugantar]]'' had a widespread impact among the youth of Bengal. By 1907 it was selling 7,000 copies, which later rose to 20,000. Its message, aimed at elite politically conscious readers was essentially critique and defiance of British rule in India, and justification of political violence.<ref>{{Harvnb\|Sanyal\|2014\|pp=90–91}} "[Sanyal translates from ''Jugantar'':] "In a country where the ruling power relies on brute force to oppress its subjects, it is impossible to bring about Revolution or a change in rulers through moral strength. In such a situation, subjects too must rely on brute force." ... The ''Jugantar'' challenged the legitimacy of British rule ... [its] position thus amounted to a fundamental ''critique'' of the British government ... By 1907 the paper was selling 7000 copies, a figure that went up to 20,000 soon after. The ''Jugantar'' ideology was basically addressed to an elite audience that was young, literate and politically radicalized."</ref> The publication inspired a proportion of the young men who joined ''Anushilan Samiti'' cited the influence of ''Jugantar'' in their decisions.{{citation needed\|date=December 2015}} In 1907, Bipin Chandra Pal and Aurobindo faced prosecution for the message emanating from ''Bande Mataram'', with Pal being convicted. Meanwhile, ''Jugantar'' was also subject to close scrutiny.
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	*[http://www.gatewayforindia.com/history/british_history3.htm#Alipore%20Bomb%20case British colonial period - Colonial Rule (1858 – August 1918)]		*[http://www.gatewayforindia.com/history/british_history3.htm#Alipore%20Bomb%20case British colonial period - Colonial Rule (1858 – August 1918)]
	*[https://web.archive.org/web/20180305050359/http://www.sriaurobindoashram.org/research/show.php?set=doclife&id=14 Alipore trial]		*[https://web.archive.org/web/20180305050359/http://www.sriaurobindoashram.org/research/show.php?set=doclife&id=14 Alipore trial]

			{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}

	[[Category:Anushilan Samiti]]		[[Category:Anushilan Samiti]]

>Riquix: /* Alipore sessions court */

2021-06-09T06:10:22Z

Alipore sessions court

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