Emanuel Bonavia - Revision history

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	== Life and work ==		== Life and work ==
	[[File:AST Bonavia.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Illustrations of Assyrian sacred trees by Bonavia (1888)]]		[[File:AST Bonavia.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Illustrations of Assyrian sacred trees by Bonavia (1888)]]
	Bonavia was born in [[Valletta]] in [[Crown Colony of Malta\|British colonial Malta]], the third son of Mary née Hobson and Calcedonio Bonavia. An older brother [[Giuseppe Bonavia\|Giuseppe]] became an architect in the [[Royal Engineers]] while another brother George became an artist. Emanuel studied medicine at the [[University of Malta]] and at the [[University of Edinburgh]] qualifying [[Royal College of Surgeons of England\|MRCS]] in 1857. He was commissioned Assistant Surgeon in the Indian Medical Service on 4 August 1857 and was present at the capture of Lucknow in March 1858 and saw action at the trans-Gogra campaign. He was promoted Surgeon Major in 1876 and Brigade Surgeon in 1885, retiring in 1888.<ref>{{cite book\|title=A history of the Indian Medical Service 1600-1913. Volume II\|year=1914\|author=Crawford, D.G.\| place=London\| publisher=W. Thacker & Co.\|page=152\|url=https://archive.org/details/b21352148_0/page/n167}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|title=Contemporary Medicine in Malta, 1798-1979\|author=Savona-Ventura, Charles\|publisher=San Gwann\|year=2016\|place=Malta\|page=385}}</ref> He served as Principal of the medical school at Balrampur in 1873.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Secretary of State for India in Council\|title=The India List and India Office List for 1905\|publisher=Harrison and Sons\|year=1905\|place=London\|page=444}}</ref> Trained in medical botany, he came to take charge of the Lucknow garden in 1876.<ref>{{cite book\|title=The vegetable Materia Medica of Western India\| author=Dymock, W.\|edition=2\| publisher=Trubner and Co.\|place=London\|year=1885\|page=253\|url=https://archive.org/details/b20416349/page/253}}</ref> The Lucknow botanical garden began as a park after 1857.<ref>{{cite journal\|author=Burkill, I.H.\|date=1961\|title=Chapters on the History of Botany in India. III: At the middle of the 19th century\|url=https://archive.org/details/burkill/page/n98\|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society\|volume=58\|issue=3\|pages=678–706}}</ref> He then began to study the cultivation of citrus, date palms (an interest in date palms<ref>{{cite journal\|title=Did the Assyrians know the sexes of date-palms?\|author=Bonavia, Emmanuel\| year=1890\|journal=The Babylonian and Oriental Record\|volume=4\|pages=64-69, 89-95, 116-117}}</ref> also led to studies on floral depiction in Assyrian monuments, suggesting that the Assyrian sacred tree was based on multiple trees of value including a date palm as the trunk<ref>{{cite journal\|author=Bonavia, E.\|year=1888\|title=Sacred trees of the Assyrian Monuments. Part 1\|url=https://archive.org/details/babylonianorient03londuoft/page/7\|journal=Babylonian and Oriental Record\|volume=3\|pages=7–12}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|author=Bonavia, E.\|year=1888\|title=Sacred trees of the Assyrian Monuments. Part 2\|url=https://archive.org/details/babylonianorient03londuoft/page/35\|journal=Babylonian and Oriental Record\|volume=3\|pages=35–40}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|author=Bonavia, E.\|year=1888\|title=Sacred trees of the Assyrian Monuments. Part 3\|url=https://archive.org/details/babylonianorient03londuoft/page/56\|journal=Babylonian and Oriental Record\|volume=3\|pages=56–57}}</ref>) and other plants of economic importance. He wrote a book examining the prospects of cultivating date palms in India and ''The Villager's Domestic Medicine'' (1885). He speculated on the ancestry of Indian acid lime.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Bonavia\|first=E.\|date=1886\|title=On the probable Wild Source of the whole Group of Cultivated True Limes (Citrus acida, Roxb., C. medica, var. acida of Brandis, Hooker, and Alph. de Candolle).\|journal=Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany\|language=en\|volume=22\|issue=145\|pages=213–218\|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.1886.tb00463.x}}</ref> He also published on [[sericulture]] in Oudh. He was also interested in other aspects of natural history and wrote a book on evolution which examined such aspects as the evolution of spots and stripes in wild cats and the origins of other animal skin patterning.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Bonavia\|first=E.\|date=1876\|title=A Relapsed Donkey\|url=https://archive.org/details/naturejournal13londuoft/page/486\|journal=Nature\|language=en\|volume=13\|issue=338\|pages=486\|doi=10.1038/013486b0\|bibcode=1876Natur..13..486B\|s2cid=4140958\|issn=0028-0836\|doi-access=free}}</ref> He speculated that these patterns were derived from armoured ancestors such as [[Glyptodont\|glyptodonts]] with the ancestral rosette as seen in the leopard consolidated into spots in cheetahs, blotches, and stripes in other cats. In his ''Contributions to Christology'' (1869) he attempted to identify rational explanations for miracles involving animals. He corresponded with [[Charles Darwin]], and naturalists in India such as [[Allan Octavian Hume]] to whom he sent bird specimens. He was one of the founders of the Lucknow museum (Oudh provincial museum), established in 1863.<ref>{{cite book\|title=Minutes of the Managing Committee from August 1883 to 31st March 1888. The North-Western Provinces and Oudh Provincial Museum\|year=1889\| publisher=Government Press\| place=Allahabad\|url=https://archive.org/details/LucknowMuseum1888/page/n20\|page=xii}}</ref> He contributed specimens to the museum, including that of a [[pink-headed duck]], obtained from the local market.<ref>{{cite journal\|author=Reid, George\|year=1881\|title=The birds of Lucknow Civil Division\|url=https://archive.org/details/strayfeathersjou101887hume/page/79\|journal=Stray Feathers\|volume=10\|page=79-81}}</ref> Bonavia also maintained careful records of weather and examined long-term variation in the patterns of rains, supporting the [[Brückner-Egeson-Lockyer cycle\|theory]] that linked them to sun-spots.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Bonavia\|first=E.\|date=1877\|title=Contribution to the Sun-spot Theory of Rainfall\|url=https://archive.org/details/naturejournal17londuoft/page/61\|journal=Nature\|language=en\|volume=17\|issue=421\|pages=61\|doi=10.1038/017061a0\|bibcode=1877Natur..17...61B\|s2cid=4092191\|issn=0028-0836}}</ref> He also served as a Civil Surgeon at Etawah and worked on public sanitation, making attempts to stop open defecation in Lucknow.<ref>{{cite book\|title=The making of Colonial Lucknow, 1856-1877\|author=Oldenburg, Veena Talwar\|publisher=Princeton University Press\|year=1984\|pages=96–144}}</ref> Bonavia retired in 1888 and lived on Richmond road, [[Worthing]], Sussex, continuing to take an interest in gardening and hybridization of ornamental plants, publishing in the ''Gardener's Chronicle'', until his death.<ref name=":0">{{cite book\|chapter=Giuseppe Bonavia (1881-1885) : a Maltese architect with the Royal Engineers\|author=Thake, Conrad\|pages= 431–490\|title=At home in art. Essays in honour of Mario Buhagiar\|publisher=Midsea Books\| year=~~2022~~}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|year=1908\|title=Obituary. Emanuel Bonavia, M.D.\|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26111129\|journal=The Gardeners' Chronicle\|series=3\|volume=44\|page=385}}</ref>		Bonavia was born in [[Valletta]] in [[Crown Colony of Malta\|British colonial Malta]], the third son of Mary née Hobson and Calcedonio Bonavia. An older brother [[Giuseppe Bonavia\|Giuseppe]] became an architect in the [[Royal Engineers]] while another brother George became an artist. Emanuel studied medicine at the [[University of Malta]] and at the [[University of Edinburgh]] qualifying [[Royal College of Surgeons of England\|MRCS]] in 1857. He was commissioned Assistant Surgeon in the Indian Medical Service on 4 August 1857 and was present at the capture of Lucknow in March 1858 and saw action at the trans-Gogra campaign. He was promoted Surgeon Major in 1876 and Brigade Surgeon in 1885, retiring in 1888.<ref>{{cite book\|title=A history of the Indian Medical Service 1600-1913. Volume II\|year=1914\|author=Crawford, D.G.\| place=London\| publisher=W. Thacker & Co.\|page=152\|url=https://archive.org/details/b21352148_0/page/n167}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|title=Contemporary Medicine in Malta, 1798-1979\|author=Savona-Ventura, Charles\|publisher=San Gwann\|year=2016\|place=Malta\|page=385}}</ref> He served as Principal of the medical school at Balrampur in 1873.<ref>{{cite book\|author=Secretary of State for India in Council\|title=The India List and India Office List for 1905\|publisher=Harrison and Sons\|year=1905\|place=London\|page=444}}</ref> Trained in medical botany, he came to take charge of the Lucknow garden in 1876.<ref>{{cite book\|title=The vegetable Materia Medica of Western India\| author=Dymock, W.\|edition=2\| publisher=Trubner and Co.\|place=London\|year=1885\|page=253\|url=https://archive.org/details/b20416349/page/253}}</ref> The Lucknow botanical garden began as a park after 1857.<ref>{{cite journal\|author=Burkill, I.H.\|date=1961\|title=Chapters on the History of Botany in India. III: At the middle of the 19th century\|url=https://archive.org/details/burkill/page/n98\|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society\|volume=58\|issue=3\|pages=678–706}}</ref> He then began to study the cultivation of citrus, date palms (an interest in date palms<ref>{{cite journal\|title=Did the Assyrians know the sexes of date-palms?\|author=Bonavia, Emmanuel\| year=1890\|journal=The Babylonian and Oriental Record\|volume=4\|pages=64-69, 89-95, 116-117}}</ref> also led to studies on floral depiction in Assyrian monuments, suggesting that the Assyrian sacred tree was based on multiple trees of value including a date palm as the trunk<ref>{{cite journal\|author=Bonavia, E.\|year=1888\|title=Sacred trees of the Assyrian Monuments. Part 1\|url=https://archive.org/details/babylonianorient03londuoft/page/7\|journal=Babylonian and Oriental Record\|volume=3\|pages=7–12}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|author=Bonavia, E.\|year=1888\|title=Sacred trees of the Assyrian Monuments. Part 2\|url=https://archive.org/details/babylonianorient03londuoft/page/35\|journal=Babylonian and Oriental Record\|volume=3\|pages=35–40}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|author=Bonavia, E.\|year=1888\|title=Sacred trees of the Assyrian Monuments. Part 3\|url=https://archive.org/details/babylonianorient03londuoft/page/56\|journal=Babylonian and Oriental Record\|volume=3\|pages=56–57}}</ref>) and other plants of economic importance. He wrote a book examining the prospects of cultivating date palms in India and ''The Villager's Domestic Medicine'' (1885). He speculated on the ancestry of Indian acid lime.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Bonavia\|first=E.\|date=1886\|title=On the probable Wild Source of the whole Group of Cultivated True Limes (Citrus acida, Roxb., C. medica, var. acida of Brandis, Hooker, and Alph. de Candolle).\|journal=Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany\|language=en\|volume=22\|issue=145\|pages=213–218\|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.1886.tb00463.x}}</ref> He also published on [[sericulture]] in Oudh. He was also interested in other aspects of natural history and wrote a book on evolution which examined such aspects as the evolution of spots and stripes in wild cats and the origins of other animal skin patterning.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Bonavia\|first=E.\|date=1876\|title=A Relapsed Donkey\|url=https://archive.org/details/naturejournal13londuoft/page/486\|journal=Nature\|language=en\|volume=13\|issue=338\|pages=486\|doi=10.1038/013486b0\|bibcode=1876Natur..13..486B\|s2cid=4140958\|issn=0028-0836\|doi-access=free}}</ref> He speculated that these patterns were derived from armoured ancestors such as [[Glyptodont\|glyptodonts]] with the ancestral rosette as seen in the leopard consolidated into spots in cheetahs, blotches, and stripes in other cats. In his ''Contributions to Christology'' (1869) he attempted to identify rational explanations for miracles involving animals. He corresponded with [[Charles Darwin]], and naturalists in India such as [[Allan Octavian Hume]] to whom he sent bird specimens. He was one of the founders of the Lucknow museum (Oudh provincial museum), established in 1863.<ref>{{cite book\|title=Minutes of the Managing Committee from August 1883 to 31st March 1888. The North-Western Provinces and Oudh Provincial Museum\|year=1889\| publisher=Government Press\| place=Allahabad\|url=https://archive.org/details/LucknowMuseum1888/page/n20\|page=xii}}</ref> He contributed specimens to the museum, including that of a [[pink-headed duck]], obtained from the local market.<ref>{{cite journal\|author=Reid, George\|year=1881\|title=The birds of Lucknow Civil Division\|url=https://archive.org/details/strayfeathersjou101887hume/page/79\|journal=Stray Feathers\|volume=10\|page=79-81}}</ref> Bonavia also maintained careful records of weather and examined long-term variation in the patterns of rains, supporting the [[Brückner-Egeson-Lockyer cycle\|theory]] that linked them to sun-spots.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Bonavia\|first=E.\|date=1877\|title=Contribution to the Sun-spot Theory of Rainfall\|url=https://archive.org/details/naturejournal17londuoft/page/61\|journal=Nature\|language=en\|volume=17\|issue=421\|pages=61\|doi=10.1038/017061a0\|bibcode=1877Natur..17...61B\|s2cid=4092191\|issn=0028-0836}}</ref> He also served as a Civil Surgeon at Etawah and worked on public sanitation, making attempts to stop open defecation in Lucknow.<ref>{{cite book\|title=The making of Colonial Lucknow, 1856-1877\|author=Oldenburg, Veena Talwar\|publisher=Princeton University Press\|year=1984\|pages=96–144}}</ref> Bonavia retired in 1888 and lived on Richmond road, [[Worthing]], Sussex, continuing to take an interest in gardening and hybridization of ornamental plants, publishing in the ''Gardener's Chronicle'', until his death.<ref name=":0">{{cite book\|chapter=Giuseppe Bonavia (1881-1885) : a Maltese architect with the Royal Engineers\|author=Thake, Conrad\|pages= 431–490\|title=At home in art. Essays in honour of Mario Buhagiar\|publisher=Midsea Books\| year=2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|year=1908\|title=Obituary. Emanuel Bonavia, M.D.\|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26111129\|journal=The Gardeners' Chronicle\|series=3\|volume=44\|page=385}}</ref>

	== References ==		== References ==

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[[File:E._Bonavia.jpg|thumb|A photograph of Dr Bonavia from the J. Paul Getty Museum]]
'''Emanuel W. Bonavia''' (also spelt '''Emmanuel''') (15 July 1829<ref name=":0" /> – 14 November 1908) was a Maltese surgeon in the [[Indian Medical Service]] who wrote on many aspects of natural history, economic botany, and pioneered horticultural research in [[Lucknow]]. He was the first superintendent of the Lucknow Provincial Museum and the founder of the Lucknow Horticultural Gardens.

== Life and work ==
[[File:AST Bonavia.jpg|thumb|left|Illustrations of Assyrian sacred trees by Bonavia (1888)]]
Bonavia was born in [[Valletta]] in [[Crown Colony of Malta|British colonial Malta]], the third son of Mary née Hobson and Calcedonio Bonavia. An older brother [[Giuseppe Bonavia|Giuseppe]] became an architect in the [[Royal Engineers]] while another brother George became an artist. Emanuel studied medicine at the [[University of Malta]] and at the [[University of Edinburgh]] qualifying [[Royal College of Surgeons of England|MRCS]] in 1857. He was commissioned Assistant Surgeon in the Indian Medical Service on 4 August 1857 and was present at the capture of Lucknow in March 1858 and saw action at the trans-Gogra campaign. He was promoted Surgeon Major in 1876 and Brigade Surgeon in 1885, retiring in 1888.<ref>{{cite book|title=A history of the Indian Medical Service 1600-1913. Volume II|year=1914|author=Crawford, D.G.| place=London| publisher=W. Thacker & Co.|page=152|url=https://archive.org/details/b21352148_0/page/n167}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Contemporary Medicine in Malta, 1798-1979|author=Savona-Ventura, Charles|publisher=San Gwann|year=2016|place=Malta|page=385}}</ref> He served as Principal of the medical school at Balrampur in 1873.<ref>{{cite book|author=Secretary of State for India in Council|title=The India List and India Office List for 1905|publisher=Harrison and Sons|year=1905|place=London|page=444}}</ref> Trained in medical botany, he came to take charge of the Lucknow garden in 1876.<ref>{{cite book|title=The vegetable Materia Medica of Western India| author=Dymock, W.|edition=2| publisher=Trubner and Co.|place=London|year=1885|page=253|url=https://archive.org/details/b20416349/page/253}}</ref> The Lucknow botanical garden began as a park after 1857.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Burkill, I.H.|date=1961|title=Chapters on the History of Botany in India. III: At the middle of the 19th century|url=https://archive.org/details/burkill/page/n98|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume=58|issue=3|pages=678–706}}</ref> He then began to study the cultivation of citrus, date palms (an interest in date palms<ref>{{cite journal|title=Did the Assyrians know the sexes of date-palms?|author=Bonavia, Emmanuel| year=1890|journal=The Babylonian and Oriental Record|volume=4|pages=64-69, 89-95, 116-117}}</ref> also led to studies on floral depiction in Assyrian monuments, suggesting that the Assyrian sacred tree was based on multiple trees of value including a date palm as the trunk<ref>{{cite journal|author=Bonavia, E.|year=1888|title=Sacred trees of the Assyrian Monuments. Part 1|url=https://archive.org/details/babylonianorient03londuoft/page/7|journal=Babylonian and Oriental Record|volume=3|pages=7–12}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Bonavia, E.|year=1888|title=Sacred trees of the Assyrian Monuments. Part 2|url=https://archive.org/details/babylonianorient03londuoft/page/35|journal=Babylonian and Oriental Record|volume=3|pages=35–40}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Bonavia, E.|year=1888|title=Sacred trees of the Assyrian Monuments. Part 3|url=https://archive.org/details/babylonianorient03londuoft/page/56|journal=Babylonian and Oriental Record|volume=3|pages=56–57}}</ref>) and other plants of economic importance. He wrote a book examining the prospects of cultivating date palms in India and ''The Villager's Domestic Medicine'' (1885). He speculated on the ancestry of Indian acid lime.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bonavia|first=E.|date=1886|title=On the probable Wild Source of the whole Group of Cultivated True Limes (Citrus acida, Roxb., C. medica, var. acida of Brandis, Hooker, and Alph. de Candolle).|journal=Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany|language=en|volume=22|issue=145|pages=213–218|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.1886.tb00463.x}}</ref> He also published on [[sericulture]] in Oudh. He was also interested in other aspects of natural history and wrote a book on evolution which examined such aspects as the evolution of spots and stripes in wild cats and the origins of other animal skin patterning.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bonavia|first=E.|date=1876|title=A Relapsed Donkey|url=https://archive.org/details/naturejournal13londuoft/page/486|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=13|issue=338|pages=486|doi=10.1038/013486b0|bibcode=1876Natur..13..486B|s2cid=4140958|issn=0028-0836|doi-access=free}}</ref> He speculated that these patterns were derived from armoured ancestors such as [[Glyptodont|glyptodonts]] with the ancestral rosette as seen in the leopard consolidated into spots in cheetahs, blotches, and stripes in other cats. In his ''Contributions to Christology'' (1869) he attempted to identify rational explanations for miracles involving animals. He corresponded with [[Charles Darwin]], and naturalists in India such as [[Allan Octavian Hume]] to whom he sent bird specimens. He was one of the founders of the Lucknow museum (Oudh provincial museum), established in 1863.<ref>{{cite book|title=Minutes of the Managing Committee from August 1883 to 31st March 1888. The North-Western Provinces and Oudh Provincial Museum|year=1889| publisher=Government Press| place=Allahabad|url=https://archive.org/details/LucknowMuseum1888/page/n20|page=xii}}</ref> He contributed specimens to the museum, including that of a [[pink-headed duck]], obtained from the local market.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Reid, George|year=1881|title=The birds of Lucknow Civil Division|url=https://archive.org/details/strayfeathersjou101887hume/page/79|journal=Stray Feathers|volume=10|page=79-81}}</ref> Bonavia also maintained careful records of weather and examined long-term variation in the patterns of rains, supporting the [[Brückner-Egeson-Lockyer cycle|theory]] that linked them to sun-spots.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bonavia|first=E.|date=1877|title=Contribution to the Sun-spot Theory of Rainfall|url=https://archive.org/details/naturejournal17londuoft/page/61|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=17|issue=421|pages=61|doi=10.1038/017061a0|bibcode=1877Natur..17...61B|s2cid=4092191|issn=0028-0836}}</ref> He also served as a Civil Surgeon at Etawah and worked on public sanitation, making attempts to stop open defecation in Lucknow.<ref>{{cite book|title=The making of Colonial Lucknow, 1856-1877|author=Oldenburg, Veena Talwar|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1984|pages=96–144}}</ref> Bonavia retired in 1888 and lived on Richmond road, [[Worthing]], Sussex, continuing to take an interest in gardening and hybridization of ornamental plants, publishing in the ''Gardener's Chronicle'', until his death.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|chapter=Giuseppe Bonavia (1881-1885) : a Maltese architect with the Royal Engineers|author=Thake, Conrad|pages= 431–490|title=At home in art. Essays in honour of Mario Buhagiar|publisher=Midsea Books| year=2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|year=1908|title=Obituary. Emanuel Bonavia, M.D.|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26111129|journal=The Gardeners' Chronicle|series=3|volume=44|page=385}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
* [https://archive.org/details/contributionsto00bonagoog Contributions to Christology (1869)]
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.220889 The Future of the Date Palm in India (1885)]
* [https://archive.org/details/cultivatedorange00bonarich The cultivated oranges and lemons, etc. of India and Ceylon (1888)]
* [https://archive.org/details/philosophicalnot00bona Philosophical notes on botanical subjects (1892)]
* [https://archive.org/details/floraofassyrianm00bona The flora of the Assyrian monuments and its outcomes (1894)]
* [https://archive.org/details/cu31924002996662 Studies in the Evolution of Animals (1895)]

{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bonavia, Emmanuel}}
[[Category:Horticulturists]]
[[Category:1829 births]]
[[Category:1908 deaths]]
[[Category:Maltese surgeons]]
[[Category:People from Valletta]]
[[Category:Indian Medical Service officers]]
[[Category:Maltese people in British India]]
[[Category:University of Malta alumni]]