Electric vehicle - Revision history

Shivamchand at 07:56, 16 October 2026

2026-10-16T07:56:07Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:26, 16 October 2026
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	==== Charging stations ====		==== Charging stations ====
	Electric vehicle charging stations are operated by utilities, private companies, and property owners, subject to applicable electricity, safety, and building regulations.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Guidelines for Installation and Operation of Electric Vehicle Charging		Electric vehicle charging stations are operated by utilities, private companies, and property owners, subject to applicable electricity, safety, and building regulations.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Guidelines for Installation and Operation of Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure\|url=https://beeindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/L45218/2841453721548450.pdf\|access-date=2026-10-16\|website=Bureau of Energy Efficiency\|language=en}}</ref> In the United States, federal standards apply to certain publicly funded charging stations, while state and local authorities oversee permits and installation requirements.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Standards and Requirements
	Infrastructure \|url=https://beeindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/L45218/2841453721548450.pdf\|access-date=2026-10-16\|website=~~beeindia.gov.in~~\|language=en~~-IN~~}}</ref> In the United States, federal standards apply to certain publicly funded charging stations, while state and local authorities oversee permits and installation requirements.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Standards and Requirements
	\|url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/02/28/2023-03500/national-electric-vehicle-infrastructure-standards-and-requirements\|access-date=2026-10-16\|website=federalregister.gov\|language=en-US}}</ref> In India, the Ministry of Power's 2024 guidelines regulate charging infrastructure, including electricity connections, tariffs, and charging standards. Drivers can locate charging stations through navigation services such as Google Maps, dedicated charging network apps, and station locator platforms.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=How to Find EV Charging Stations in India\|url=https://allaboutevs.com/blog/how-to-find-ev-charging-stations-india\|access-date=2026-10-16\|website=allaboutevs.com}}</ref>		\|url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/02/28/2023-03500/national-electric-vehicle-infrastructure-standards-and-requirements\|access-date=2026-10-16\|website=federalregister.gov\|language=en-US}}</ref> In India, the Ministry of Power's 2024 guidelines regulate charging infrastructure, including electricity connections, tariffs, and charging standards. Drivers can locate charging stations through navigation services such as Google Maps, dedicated charging network apps, and station locator platforms.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=How to Find EV Charging Stations in India\|url=https://allaboutevs.com/blog/how-to-find-ev-charging-stations-india\|access-date=2026-10-16\|website=allaboutevs.com}}</ref>

Shivamchand at 07:51, 16 October 2026

2026-10-16T07:51:16Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:21, 16 October 2026
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	==== Charging stations ====		==== Charging stations ====
	Electric vehicle charging stations are operated by utilities, private companies, and property owners, subject to applicable electricity, safety, and building regulations.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Guidelines for Installation and Operation of Electric Vehicle Charging		Electric vehicle charging stations are operated by utilities, private companies, and property owners, subject to applicable electricity, safety, and building regulations.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Guidelines for Installation and Operation of Electric Vehicle Charging
	Infrastructure\|url=https://beeindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/L45218/2841453721548450.pdf\|access-date=2026-10-16\|website=beeindia.gov.in}}</ref> In the United States, federal standards apply to certain publicly funded charging stations, while state and local authorities oversee permits and installation requirements.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Standards and Requirements		Infrastructure \|url=https://beeindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/L45218/2841453721548450.pdf\|access-date=2026-10-16\|website=beeindia.gov.in\|language=en-IN}}</ref> In the United States, federal standards apply to certain publicly funded charging stations, while state and local authorities oversee permits and installation requirements.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Standards and Requirements
	\|url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/02/28/2023-03500/national-electric-vehicle-infrastructure-standards-and-requirements\|access-date=2026-10-16\|website=federalregister.gov\|language=en-US}}</ref> In India, the Ministry of Power's 2024 guidelines regulate charging infrastructure, including electricity connections, tariffs, and charging standards. Drivers can locate charging stations through navigation services such as Google Maps, dedicated charging network apps, and station locator platforms.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=How to Find EV Charging Stations in India\|url=https://allaboutevs.com/blog/how-to-find-ev-charging-stations-india\|access-date=2026-10-16\|website=allaboutevs.com}}</ref>		\|url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/02/28/2023-03500/national-electric-vehicle-infrastructure-standards-and-requirements\|access-date=2026-10-16\|website=federalregister.gov\|language=en-US}}</ref> In India, the Ministry of Power's 2024 guidelines regulate charging infrastructure, including electricity connections, tariffs, and charging standards. Drivers can locate charging stations through navigation services such as Google Maps, dedicated charging network apps, and station locator platforms.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=How to Find EV Charging Stations in India\|url=https://allaboutevs.com/blog/how-to-find-ev-charging-stations-india\|access-date=2026-10-16\|website=allaboutevs.com}}</ref>

Shivamchand: "Charging stations" heading section is added with relevant information.

2026-10-16T07:44:32Z

"Charging stations" heading section is added with relevant information.

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:14, 16 October 2026
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	==== Charging stations ====		==== Charging stations ====
	{{~~Excerpt~~\|Charging station}}		Electric vehicle charging stations are operated by utilities, private companies, and property owners, subject to applicable electricity, safety, and building regulations.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=Guidelines for Installation and Operation of Electric Vehicle Charging
			Infrastructure\|url=https://beeindia.gov.in/WriteReadData/L45218/2841453721548450.pdf\|access-date=2026-10-16\|website=beeindia.gov.in}}</ref> In the United States, federal standards apply to certain publicly funded charging stations, while state and local authorities oversee permits and installation requirements.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Standards and Requirements
			\|url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/02/28/2023-03500/national-electric-vehicle-infrastructure-standards-and-requirements\|access-date=2026-10-16\|website=federalregister.gov\|language=en-US}}</ref> In India, the Ministry of Power's 2024 guidelines regulate charging infrastructure, including electricity connections, tariffs, and charging standards. Drivers can locate charging stations through navigation services such as Google Maps, dedicated charging network apps, and station locator platforms.<ref>{{Cite web\|title=How to Find EV Charging Stations in India\|url=https://allaboutevs.com/blog/how-to-find-ev-charging-stations-india\|access-date=2026-10-16\|website=allaboutevs.com}}</ref>

	==== Battery swapping ====		==== Battery swapping ====

CleanupBot: clean up

2021-08-12T08:37:25Z

clean up

Flying Bee: Created page with "{{About|all types of electric vehicle| electric cars|Electric car}} {{short description|Vehicle propelled by one or more electric motors}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {| c..."

2021-08-07T14:26:57Z

Created page with "{{About|all types of electric vehicle| electric cars|Electric car}} {{short description|Vehicle propelled by one or more electric motors}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {| c..."

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← Older revision		Revision as of 14:07, 12 August 2021
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	! Type !! Developer !! Power{{Clear}}{{small\|(present)}} !! Power{{Clear}}{{small\|(pending further{{Clear}}development)}} !! {{small\|Required{{Clear}}road coverage at{{Clear}}present power}} !! {{small\|Million [[Swedish krona\|SEK]] per km{{Clear}}of road at present{{Clear}}required coverage}} !! References		! Type !! Developer !! Power{{Clear}}{{small\|(present)}} !! Power{{Clear}}{{small\|(pending further{{Clear}}development)}} !! {{small\|Required{{Clear}}road coverage at{{Clear}}present power}} !! {{small\|Million [[Swedish krona\|SEK]] per km{{Clear}}of road at present{{Clear}}required coverage}} !! References
	\|-		\|-
	\|[[Overhead line\|Overhead power lines]] \|\| [[Siemens]] \|\| 650 kW \|\| 1000 kW \|\| 35% \|\| 12.4 \|\| <ref name="TRL"/>{{Rp\|~~140-144~~}}<ref name="trafikverket-2021-02-01" />{{Rp\|23–24,54}}		\|[[Overhead line\|Overhead power lines]] \|\| [[Siemens]] \|\| 650 kW \|\| 1000 kW \|\| 35% \|\| 12.4 \|\| <ref name="TRL"/>{{Rp\|140–144}}<ref name="trafikverket-2021-02-01" />{{Rp\|23–24,54}}
	\|-		\|-
	\|[[Ground-level power supply]]{{Clear}}through in-road rail \|\| [[Elways]] \|\| 200 kW \|\| 800 kW \|\| 67% \|\| 9.4-10.5 \|\| <ref name="TRL"/>{{Rp\|146–149}}<ref name="trafikverket-2021-02-01" />{{Rp\|21–23,54}}		\|[[Ground-level power supply]]{{Clear}}through in-road rail \|\| [[Elways]] \|\| 200 kW \|\| 800 kW \|\| 67% \|\| 9.4-10.5 \|\| <ref name="TRL"/>{{Rp\|146–149}}<ref name="trafikverket-2021-02-01" />{{Rp\|21–23,54}}
	\|-		\|-
	\|Ground-level power supply{{Clear}}through on-road rail \|\| [[Elonroad]] \|\| 300 kW \|\| 500 kW \|\| 60% \|\| 11.5-15.3 \|\| <ref name="trafikverket-2021-02-01" />{{Rp\|25–26,54}}		\|Ground-level power supply{{Clear}}through on-road rail \|\| [[Elonroad]] \|\| 300 kW \|\| 500 kW \|\| 60% \|\| 11.5-15.3 \|\| <ref name="trafikverket-2021-02-01" />{{Rp\|25–26,54}}
	\|-		\|-
	\|Ground-level power supply{{Clear}}through in-road inductive coils\|\| [[Electreon]] \|\| 25 kW \|\| 180 kW \|\| 90% \|\| 19.5-20.8 \|\| <ref name="TRL"/>{{Rp\|171–172}}<ref name="trafikverket-2021-02-01" />{{Rp\|26–28,54}}		\|Ground-level power supply{{Clear}}through in-road inductive coils\|\| [[Electreon]] \|\| 25 kW \|\| 180 kW \|\| 90% \|\| 19.5-20.8 \|\| <ref name="TRL"/>{{Rp\|171–172}}<ref name="trafikverket-2021-02-01" />{{Rp\|26–28,54}}
	\|}		\|}

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	=== Range ===		=== Range ===
	Electric vehicles may have shorter range compared to vehicles with internal combustion engines, <ref>{{Cite web\|date=17 August 2015\|title=Explaining Electric & Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles {{!}} US EPA\|url=https://www.epa.gov/greenvehicles/explaining-electric-plug-hybrid-electric-vehicles\|url-status=live\|access-date=8 June 2018\|website=US EPA\|publisher=US EPA\|archive-date=12 June 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141131/https://www.epa.gov/greenvehicles/explaining-electric-plug-hybrid-electric-vehicles}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://arstechnica.com/cars/2017/09/the-average-price-of-electric-cars-rose-in-2016-but-its-not-a-backwards-trend/\|title=Electric vehicle price is rising, but cost-per-mile is falling\|work=Ars Technica\|access-date=8 June 2018\|archive-date=4 June 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604230257/https://arstechnica.com/cars/2017/09/the-average-price-of-electric-cars-rose-in-2016-but-its-not-a-backwards-trend/\|url-status=live}}</ref> which is why large electric ships generally cannot cross oceans {{As of\|2021\|lc=y}}.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Lewis\|first=Michelle\|date=2021-06-08\|title=Meet the world's first electric autonomous container ship\|url=https://electrek.co/2021/06/08/meet-the-worlds-first-electric-autonomous-container-ship/\|access-date=2021-07-28\|website=Electrek\|language=en-US}}</ref>		Electric vehicles may have shorter range compared to vehicles with internal combustion engines,<ref>{{Cite web\|date=17 August 2015\|title=Explaining Electric & Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles {{!}} US EPA\|url=https://www.epa.gov/greenvehicles/explaining-electric-plug-hybrid-electric-vehicles\|url-status=live\|access-date=8 June 2018\|website=US EPA\|publisher=US EPA\|archive-date=12 June 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141131/https://www.epa.gov/greenvehicles/explaining-electric-plug-hybrid-electric-vehicles}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://arstechnica.com/cars/2017/09/the-average-price-of-electric-cars-rose-in-2016-but-its-not-a-backwards-trend/\|title=Electric vehicle price is rising, but cost-per-mile is falling\|work=Ars Technica\|access-date=8 June 2018\|archive-date=4 June 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604230257/https://arstechnica.com/cars/2017/09/the-average-price-of-electric-cars-rose-in-2016-but-its-not-a-backwards-trend/\|url-status=live}}</ref> which is why large electric ships generally cannot cross oceans {{As of\|2021\|lc=y}}.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Lewis\|first=Michelle\|date=2021-06-08\|title=Meet the world's first electric autonomous container ship\|url=https://electrek.co/2021/06/08/meet-the-worlds-first-electric-autonomous-container-ship/\|access-date=2021-07-28\|website=Electrek\|language=en-US}}</ref>

	=== Heating of EVs ===		=== Heating of EVs ===
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	=== Environmental considerations ===		=== Environmental considerations ===
	Despite one of the goals of electric vehicle adoption being to limit the [[carbon footprint]] and [[pollution]] caused by [[internal combustion engine]] vehicles, a rising concern amongst [[environmentalism\|environmentalists]] is the manufacturing process of [[electric vehicle battery\|electric vehicle batteries]].{{Citation needed\|date=July 2021}} In current practice, these vehicle batteries rely heavily on the [[mining]] industry of [[rare earth metals]] such as [[cobalt]], [[nickel]], and [[copper]].<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Le Petit \|first1=Yoann \|title=Electric vehicle life cycle analysis and raw material availability \|url=https://www.transportenvironment.org/sites/te/files/publications/2017_10_EV_LCA_briefing_final.pdf \|website=transportenvironment.org \|publisher=Transport & Environment \|access-date=9 February 2021 \|archive-date=4 April 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210404030406/https://www.transportenvironment.org/sites/te/files/publications/2017_10_EV_LCA_briefing_final.pdf \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news\|date=2021-05-24\|title=Move to net zero 'inevitably means more mining'\|language=en-GB\|work=BBC News\|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-57234610\|access-date=2021-06-04\|archive-date=4 June 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604073918/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-57234610\|url-status=live}}</ref> According to 2018 study the supplies of mined metals would need to increase 87'000% by 2060 globally for transition to battery-powered EVs. Rare-earth metals ([[neodymium]], [[dysprosium]]) and other mined metals (copper, nickel, iron) are used by EV motors, while lithium, cobalt, manganese are used by the batteries. <ref>{{Cite journal\|date=2018-08-01\|title=Global metal flows in the renewable energy transition: Exploring the effects of substitutes, technological mix and development\|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421518302726\|journal=Energy Policy\|language=en\|volume=119\|pages=226–241\|doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2018.04.056\|issn=0301-4215\|last1=Månberger\|first1=André\|last2=Stenqvist\|first2=Björn\|access-date=4 June 2021\|archive-date=12 June 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612223903/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421518302726\|url-status=live}}</ref~~><ref name=":2" /~~>		Despite one of the goals of electric vehicle adoption being to limit the [[carbon footprint]] and [[pollution]] caused by [[internal combustion engine]] vehicles, a rising concern amongst [[environmentalism\|environmentalists]] is the manufacturing process of [[electric vehicle battery\|electric vehicle batteries]].{{Citation needed\|date=July 2021}} In current practice, these vehicle batteries rely heavily on the [[mining]] industry of [[rare earth metals]] such as [[cobalt]], [[nickel]], and [[copper]].<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Le Petit \|first1=Yoann \|title=Electric vehicle life cycle analysis and raw material availability \|url=https://www.transportenvironment.org/sites/te/files/publications/2017_10_EV_LCA_briefing_final.pdf \|website=transportenvironment.org \|publisher=Transport & Environment \|access-date=9 February 2021 \|archive-date=4 April 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210404030406/https://www.transportenvironment.org/sites/te/files/publications/2017_10_EV_LCA_briefing_final.pdf \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news\|date=2021-05-24\|title=Move to net zero 'inevitably means more mining'\|language=en-GB\|work=BBC News\|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-57234610\|access-date=2021-06-04\|archive-date=4 June 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604073918/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-57234610\|url-status=live}}</ref> According to 2018 study the supplies of mined metals would need to increase 87'000% by 2060 globally for transition to battery-powered EVs. Rare-earth metals ([[neodymium]], [[dysprosium]]) and other mined metals (copper, nickel, iron) are used by EV motors, while lithium, cobalt, manganese are used by the batteries.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal\|date=2018-08-01\|title=Global metal flows in the renewable energy transition: Exploring the effects of substitutes, technological mix and development\|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421518302726\|journal=Energy Policy\|language=en\|volume=119\|pages=226–241\|doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2018.04.056\|issn=0301-4215\|last1=Månberger\|first1=André\|last2=Stenqvist\|first2=Björn\|access-date=4 June 2021\|archive-date=12 June 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612223903/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421518302726\|url-status=live}}</ref>

	An alternative method of sourcing essential battery materials being deliberated by the [[International Seabed Authority]] is [[deep sea mining]] of these metals.<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Ali \|first1=Saleem \|title=The Climate Footprint of Metal Mining \|url=https://sustainabilitycommunity.springernature.com/posts/59131-the-climate-footprint-of-mining \|website=Springer Nature Sustainability Community \|publisher=University of Delaware \|access-date=9 February 2021 \|language=en \|date=3 February 2020 \|archive-date=10 February 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210110413/https://sustainabilitycommunity.springernature.com/posts/59131-the-climate-footprint-of-mining \|url-status=live }}</ref>		An alternative method of sourcing essential battery materials being deliberated by the [[International Seabed Authority]] is [[deep sea mining]] of these metals.<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Ali \|first1=Saleem \|title=The Climate Footprint of Metal Mining \|url=https://sustainabilitycommunity.springernature.com/posts/59131-the-climate-footprint-of-mining \|website=Springer Nature Sustainability Community \|publisher=University of Delaware \|access-date=9 February 2021 \|language=en \|date=3 February 2020 \|archive-date=10 February 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210110413/https://sustainabilitycommunity.springernature.com/posts/59131-the-climate-footprint-of-mining \|url-status=live }}</ref>