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2021-08-12T08:37:25Z

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Flying Bee: Created page with "{{About|all types of electric vehicle| electric cars|Electric car}} {{short description|Vehicle propelled by one or more electric motors}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {| c..."

2021-08-07T14:26:57Z

Created page with "{{About|all types of electric vehicle| electric cars|Electric car}} {{short description|Vehicle propelled by one or more electric motors}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {| c..."

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← Older revision		Revision as of 14:07, 12 August 2021
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	! Type !! Developer !! Power{{Clear}}{{small\|(present)}} !! Power{{Clear}}{{small\|(pending further{{Clear}}development)}} !! {{small\|Required{{Clear}}road coverage at{{Clear}}present power}} !! {{small\|Million [[Swedish krona\|SEK]] per km{{Clear}}of road at present{{Clear}}required coverage}} !! References		! Type !! Developer !! Power{{Clear}}{{small\|(present)}} !! Power{{Clear}}{{small\|(pending further{{Clear}}development)}} !! {{small\|Required{{Clear}}road coverage at{{Clear}}present power}} !! {{small\|Million [[Swedish krona\|SEK]] per km{{Clear}}of road at present{{Clear}}required coverage}} !! References
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	\|[[Overhead line\|Overhead power lines]] \|\| [[Siemens]] \|\| 650 kW \|\| 1000 kW \|\| 35% \|\| 12.4 \|\| <ref name="TRL"/>{{Rp\|~~140-144~~}}<ref name="trafikverket-2021-02-01" />{{Rp\|23–24,54}}		\|[[Overhead line\|Overhead power lines]] \|\| [[Siemens]] \|\| 650 kW \|\| 1000 kW \|\| 35% \|\| 12.4 \|\| <ref name="TRL"/>{{Rp\|140–144}}<ref name="trafikverket-2021-02-01" />{{Rp\|23–24,54}}
	\|-		\|-
	\|[[Ground-level power supply]]{{Clear}}through in-road rail \|\| [[Elways]] \|\| 200 kW \|\| 800 kW \|\| 67% \|\| 9.4-10.5 \|\| <ref name="TRL"/>{{Rp\|146–149}}<ref name="trafikverket-2021-02-01" />{{Rp\|21–23,54}}		\|[[Ground-level power supply]]{{Clear}}through in-road rail \|\| [[Elways]] \|\| 200 kW \|\| 800 kW \|\| 67% \|\| 9.4-10.5 \|\| <ref name="TRL"/>{{Rp\|146–149}}<ref name="trafikverket-2021-02-01" />{{Rp\|21–23,54}}
	\|-		\|-
	\|Ground-level power supply{{Clear}}through on-road rail \|\| [[Elonroad]] \|\| 300 kW \|\| 500 kW \|\| 60% \|\| 11.5-15.3 \|\| <ref name="trafikverket-2021-02-01" />{{Rp\|25–26,54}}		\|Ground-level power supply{{Clear}}through on-road rail \|\| [[Elonroad]] \|\| 300 kW \|\| 500 kW \|\| 60% \|\| 11.5-15.3 \|\| <ref name="trafikverket-2021-02-01" />{{Rp\|25–26,54}}
	\|-		\|-
	\|Ground-level power supply{{Clear}}through in-road inductive coils\|\| [[Electreon]] \|\| 25 kW \|\| 180 kW \|\| 90% \|\| 19.5-20.8 \|\| <ref name="TRL"/>{{Rp\|171–172}}<ref name="trafikverket-2021-02-01" />{{Rp\|26–28,54}}		\|Ground-level power supply{{Clear}}through in-road inductive coils\|\| [[Electreon]] \|\| 25 kW \|\| 180 kW \|\| 90% \|\| 19.5-20.8 \|\| <ref name="TRL"/>{{Rp\|171–172}}<ref name="trafikverket-2021-02-01" />{{Rp\|26–28,54}}
	\|}		\|}

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	=== Range ===		=== Range ===
	Electric vehicles may have shorter range compared to vehicles with internal combustion engines, <ref>{{Cite web\|date=17 August 2015\|title=Explaining Electric & Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles {{!}} US EPA\|url=https://www.epa.gov/greenvehicles/explaining-electric-plug-hybrid-electric-vehicles\|url-status=live\|access-date=8 June 2018\|website=US EPA\|publisher=US EPA\|archive-date=12 June 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141131/https://www.epa.gov/greenvehicles/explaining-electric-plug-hybrid-electric-vehicles}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://arstechnica.com/cars/2017/09/the-average-price-of-electric-cars-rose-in-2016-but-its-not-a-backwards-trend/\|title=Electric vehicle price is rising, but cost-per-mile is falling\|work=Ars Technica\|access-date=8 June 2018\|archive-date=4 June 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604230257/https://arstechnica.com/cars/2017/09/the-average-price-of-electric-cars-rose-in-2016-but-its-not-a-backwards-trend/\|url-status=live}}</ref> which is why large electric ships generally cannot cross oceans {{As of\|2021\|lc=y}}.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Lewis\|first=Michelle\|date=2021-06-08\|title=Meet the world's first electric autonomous container ship\|url=https://electrek.co/2021/06/08/meet-the-worlds-first-electric-autonomous-container-ship/\|access-date=2021-07-28\|website=Electrek\|language=en-US}}</ref>		Electric vehicles may have shorter range compared to vehicles with internal combustion engines,<ref>{{Cite web\|date=17 August 2015\|title=Explaining Electric & Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles {{!}} US EPA\|url=https://www.epa.gov/greenvehicles/explaining-electric-plug-hybrid-electric-vehicles\|url-status=live\|access-date=8 June 2018\|website=US EPA\|publisher=US EPA\|archive-date=12 June 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141131/https://www.epa.gov/greenvehicles/explaining-electric-plug-hybrid-electric-vehicles}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news\|url=https://arstechnica.com/cars/2017/09/the-average-price-of-electric-cars-rose-in-2016-but-its-not-a-backwards-trend/\|title=Electric vehicle price is rising, but cost-per-mile is falling\|work=Ars Technica\|access-date=8 June 2018\|archive-date=4 June 2018\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604230257/https://arstechnica.com/cars/2017/09/the-average-price-of-electric-cars-rose-in-2016-but-its-not-a-backwards-trend/\|url-status=live}}</ref> which is why large electric ships generally cannot cross oceans {{As of\|2021\|lc=y}}.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Lewis\|first=Michelle\|date=2021-06-08\|title=Meet the world's first electric autonomous container ship\|url=https://electrek.co/2021/06/08/meet-the-worlds-first-electric-autonomous-container-ship/\|access-date=2021-07-28\|website=Electrek\|language=en-US}}</ref>

	=== Heating of EVs ===		=== Heating of EVs ===
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	=== Environmental considerations ===		=== Environmental considerations ===
	Despite one of the goals of electric vehicle adoption being to limit the [[carbon footprint]] and [[pollution]] caused by [[internal combustion engine]] vehicles, a rising concern amongst [[environmentalism\|environmentalists]] is the manufacturing process of [[electric vehicle battery\|electric vehicle batteries]].{{Citation needed\|date=July 2021}} In current practice, these vehicle batteries rely heavily on the [[mining]] industry of [[rare earth metals]] such as [[cobalt]], [[nickel]], and [[copper]].<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Le Petit \|first1=Yoann \|title=Electric vehicle life cycle analysis and raw material availability \|url=https://www.transportenvironment.org/sites/te/files/publications/2017_10_EV_LCA_briefing_final.pdf \|website=transportenvironment.org \|publisher=Transport & Environment \|access-date=9 February 2021 \|archive-date=4 April 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210404030406/https://www.transportenvironment.org/sites/te/files/publications/2017_10_EV_LCA_briefing_final.pdf \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news\|date=2021-05-24\|title=Move to net zero 'inevitably means more mining'\|language=en-GB\|work=BBC News\|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-57234610\|access-date=2021-06-04\|archive-date=4 June 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604073918/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-57234610\|url-status=live}}</ref> According to 2018 study the supplies of mined metals would need to increase 87'000% by 2060 globally for transition to battery-powered EVs. Rare-earth metals ([[neodymium]], [[dysprosium]]) and other mined metals (copper, nickel, iron) are used by EV motors, while lithium, cobalt, manganese are used by the batteries. <ref>{{Cite journal\|date=2018-08-01\|title=Global metal flows in the renewable energy transition: Exploring the effects of substitutes, technological mix and development\|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421518302726\|journal=Energy Policy\|language=en\|volume=119\|pages=226–241\|doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2018.04.056\|issn=0301-4215\|last1=Månberger\|first1=André\|last2=Stenqvist\|first2=Björn\|access-date=4 June 2021\|archive-date=12 June 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612223903/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421518302726\|url-status=live}}</ref~~><ref name=":2" /~~>		Despite one of the goals of electric vehicle adoption being to limit the [[carbon footprint]] and [[pollution]] caused by [[internal combustion engine]] vehicles, a rising concern amongst [[environmentalism\|environmentalists]] is the manufacturing process of [[electric vehicle battery\|electric vehicle batteries]].{{Citation needed\|date=July 2021}} In current practice, these vehicle batteries rely heavily on the [[mining]] industry of [[rare earth metals]] such as [[cobalt]], [[nickel]], and [[copper]].<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Le Petit \|first1=Yoann \|title=Electric vehicle life cycle analysis and raw material availability \|url=https://www.transportenvironment.org/sites/te/files/publications/2017_10_EV_LCA_briefing_final.pdf \|website=transportenvironment.org \|publisher=Transport & Environment \|access-date=9 February 2021 \|archive-date=4 April 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210404030406/https://www.transportenvironment.org/sites/te/files/publications/2017_10_EV_LCA_briefing_final.pdf \|url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news\|date=2021-05-24\|title=Move to net zero 'inevitably means more mining'\|language=en-GB\|work=BBC News\|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-57234610\|access-date=2021-06-04\|archive-date=4 June 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604073918/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-57234610\|url-status=live}}</ref> According to 2018 study the supplies of mined metals would need to increase 87'000% by 2060 globally for transition to battery-powered EVs. Rare-earth metals ([[neodymium]], [[dysprosium]]) and other mined metals (copper, nickel, iron) are used by EV motors, while lithium, cobalt, manganese are used by the batteries.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal\|date=2018-08-01\|title=Global metal flows in the renewable energy transition: Exploring the effects of substitutes, technological mix and development\|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421518302726\|journal=Energy Policy\|language=en\|volume=119\|pages=226–241\|doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2018.04.056\|issn=0301-4215\|last1=Månberger\|first1=André\|last2=Stenqvist\|first2=Björn\|access-date=4 June 2021\|archive-date=12 June 2021\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612223903/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421518302726\|url-status=live}}</ref>

	An alternative method of sourcing essential battery materials being deliberated by the [[International Seabed Authority]] is [[deep sea mining]] of these metals.<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Ali \|first1=Saleem \|title=The Climate Footprint of Metal Mining \|url=https://sustainabilitycommunity.springernature.com/posts/59131-the-climate-footprint-of-mining \|website=Springer Nature Sustainability Community \|publisher=University of Delaware \|access-date=9 February 2021 \|language=en \|date=3 February 2020 \|archive-date=10 February 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210110413/https://sustainabilitycommunity.springernature.com/posts/59131-the-climate-footprint-of-mining \|url-status=live }}</ref>		An alternative method of sourcing essential battery materials being deliberated by the [[International Seabed Authority]] is [[deep sea mining]] of these metals.<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Ali \|first1=Saleem \|title=The Climate Footprint of Metal Mining \|url=https://sustainabilitycommunity.springernature.com/posts/59131-the-climate-footprint-of-mining \|website=Springer Nature Sustainability Community \|publisher=University of Delaware \|access-date=9 February 2021 \|language=en \|date=3 February 2020 \|archive-date=10 February 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210110413/https://sustainabilitycommunity.springernature.com/posts/59131-the-climate-footprint-of-mining \|url-status=live }}</ref>

Electric vehicle - Revision history

CleanupBot: clean up

Flying Bee: Created page with "{{About|all types of electric vehicle| electric cars|Electric car}} {{short description|Vehicle propelled by one or more electric motors}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}} {| c..."