Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India - Revision history

Republic Bangla: improved article

2026-03-16T01:12:12Z

improved article

172.56.12.86: /* Demand for more languages for inclusion in the Eighth Schedule */ sp

2021-09-19T20:56:34Z

Demand for more languages for inclusion in the Eighth Schedule: sp

← Older revision		Revision as of 02:26, 20 September 2021
Line 5:		Line 5:
	The '''Eighth Schedule''' to the [[Constitution of India]] lists the official [[Languages of India\|languages of the Republic of India]]. At the time when the Constitution was enacted, inclusion in this list meant that the language was entitled to representation on the [[Official Languages Commission]],<ref>Constitution of India, Article [http://www.constitution.org/cons/india/p17344.html 344(1)].</ref> and that the language would be one of the bases that would be drawn upon to enrich Hindi and English, the [[official languages]] of the Union.<ref>Constitution of India, Article [http://www.constitution.org/cons/india/p17351.html 351].</ref> The list has since, however, acquired further significance. The Government of India is now under an obligation to take measures for the development of these languages, such that "they grow rapidly in richness and become effective means of communicating modern knowledge."<ref>Official Languages Resolution, 1968, [http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/dolresolutioneng.htm para. 2]. {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318123802/http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/dolresolutioneng.htm \|date=March 18, 2010 }}</ref> In addition, a candidate appearing in an examination conducted for public service is entitled to use any of these languages as the medium in which he or she answers the paper.<ref>Official Languages Resolution, 1968, [http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/dolresolutioneng.htm para. 4]. {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318123802/http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/dolresolutioneng.htm \|date=March 18, 2010 }}</ref>		The '''Eighth Schedule''' to the [[Constitution of India]] lists the official [[Languages of India\|languages of the Republic of India]]. At the time when the Constitution was enacted, inclusion in this list meant that the language was entitled to representation on the [[Official Languages Commission]],<ref>Constitution of India, Article [http://www.constitution.org/cons/india/p17344.html 344(1)].</ref> and that the language would be one of the bases that would be drawn upon to enrich Hindi and English, the [[official languages]] of the Union.<ref>Constitution of India, Article [http://www.constitution.org/cons/india/p17351.html 351].</ref> The list has since, however, acquired further significance. The Government of India is now under an obligation to take measures for the development of these languages, such that "they grow rapidly in richness and become effective means of communicating modern knowledge."<ref>Official Languages Resolution, 1968, [http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/dolresolutioneng.htm para. 2]. {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318123802/http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/dolresolutioneng.htm \|date=March 18, 2010 }}</ref> In addition, a candidate appearing in an examination conducted for public service is entitled to use any of these languages as the medium in which he or she answers the paper.<ref>Official Languages Resolution, 1968, [http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/dolresolutioneng.htm para. 4]. {{webarchive \|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318123802/http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/dolresolutioneng.htm \|date=March 18, 2010 }}</ref>

	As per Articles 344(1) and 351 of the [[Constitution of India\|Indian Constitution]], the eighth schedule includes the recognition of the following 22 [[languages]]:<ref>The Constitution of India ~~by P~~. M. Bakshi</ref>		==Schedule languages==
			As per Articles 344(1) and 351 of the [[Constitution of India\|Indian Constitution]], the eighth schedule includes the recognition of the following 22 [[languages]]:<ref>{{Cite book\|title=The Constitution of India \|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Constitution_Of_India_10_e/rA39_9XtbBkC?hl=en&gbpv=0 \|last=Bakshi \|first=PM \|publisher=ULPCL \|year=2010 \|isbn=978-8-17534-840-0 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book\|title=Introduction to the Constitution of India \|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Introduction_to_the_Constitution_of_Indi/8kRSPwAACAAJ?hl=en \|last=Basu \|first=DD \|publisher=Lexis Nexis Butterworths \|year=2008 \| isbn=978-8-18038-559-9 }}</ref>

	{{Div col\|colwidth=25em}}		{{Div col\|colwidth=25em}}
	# [[Assamese language\|Assamese]]		# [[Assamese language\|Assamese]]
	# [[~~Bangla~~ language\|Bengali]]		# [[Bengali language\|Bengali]]
	# [[~~Bodo~~ language\|Bodo]]		# [[Boro language (India)\|Bodo]]
	# [[Dogri]]		# [[Dogri language\|Dogri]]
	# [[Gujarati language\|Gujarati]]		# [[Gujarati language\|Gujarati]]
	# [[~~Hindi language\|~~Hindi]]		# [[Hindi]]
	# [[Kannada]]		# [[Kannada]]
	# [[Kashmiri language\|Kashmiri]]		# [[Kashmiri language\|Kashmiri]]
	# [[Konkani]]		# [[Konkani language\|Konkani]]
	# [[Maithili language\|Maithili]]		# [[Maithili language\|Maithili]]
	# [[Malayalam]]		# [[Malayalam]]
Line 24:		Line 25:
	# [[Odia language\|Odia]]		# [[Odia language\|Odia]]
	# [[Punjabi language\|Punjabi]]		# [[Punjabi language\|Punjabi]]
	# [[~~Sanskrit language\|~~Sanskrit]]		# [[Sanskrit]]
	# [[Santhali language\|Santhali]]		# [[Santhali language\|Santhali]]
	# [[Sindhi language\|Sindhi]]		# [[Sindhi language\|Sindhi]]
Line 30:		Line 31:
	# [[Telugu language\|Telugu]]		# [[Telugu language\|Telugu]]
	# [[Urdu]]		# [[Urdu]]
			{{div col end}}

	~~{{div col end}}~~		===Chronology===
	~~Of these languages,~~ 14 were initially included in the Constitution. ~~Subsequently,~~ Sindhi was added ~~in 1967~~ by 21st Constitutional Amendment Act; Konkani, Manipuri (Meitei) and Nepali were added ~~in 1992~~ by 71st Constitutional Amendment Act~~; and~~ Bodo, Dogri, Maithili and Santali were added ~~in 2003~~ by 92nd Constitutional Amendment Act.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://mha.nic.in/hindi/sites/upload_files/mhahindi/files/pdf/Eighth_Schedule.pdf \|title=Archived copy \|access-date=4 October 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010536/http://mha.nic.in/hindi/sites/upload_files/mhahindi/files/pdf/Eighth_Schedule.pdf \|archive-date=5 March 2016 \|url-status=dead }}</ref> The spelling Oriya was replaced by Odia by 96th Constitutional Amendment Act ~~of 2011~~.		*1950: 14 were initially included in the Constitution.
			*1967: Sindhi was added by 21st Constitutional Amendment Act
			*1992: Konkani, Manipuri (Meitei) and Nepali were added by 71st Constitutional Amendment Act
			*2003: Bodo, Dogri, Maithili and Santali were added by 92nd Constitutional Amendment Act.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://mha.nic.in/hindi/sites/upload_files/mhahindi/files/pdf/Eighth_Schedule.pdf \|title=Archived copy \|access-date=4 October 2016 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010536/http://mha.nic.in/hindi/sites/upload_files/mhahindi/files/pdf/Eighth_Schedule.pdf \|archive-date=5 March 2016 \|url-status=dead }}</ref>
			*2011: The spelling Oriya was replaced by Odia by 96th Constitutional Amendment Act.

	==Demand for more languages for inclusion in the Eighth Schedule==		==Demand for more languages for inclusion in the Eighth Schedule==
Line 38:		Line 44:
	in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution. These are:		in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution. These are:
	{{Div col\|colwidth=25em}}		{{Div col\|colwidth=25em}}
	~~#[[Awadhi]]~~
	#[[Angika]]		#[[Angika]]
	#[[~~Banjari language~~\|Banjara]]		#[[Lambadi\|Banjara]]
	#[[Bajjika]]		#[[Bajjika]]
	#[[Bhojpuri language\|Bhojpuri]]		#[[Bhojpuri language\|Bhojpuri]]
	#[[~~Ladakhi language\|Ladakhi~~]]		#[[Bhoti]]
	#[[~~Sikkimese~~ language\|~~Sikkimese~~]]		#[[Bhotia language\|Bhotia]]
	#[[Bundeli language\|~~Bundeli~~]]		#[[Bundeli language\|Bundelkhandi]]
	#[[Chhattisgarhi language\|Chhattisgarhi]]		#[[Chhattisgarhi language\|Chhattisgarhi]]
	#[[Dhatki language\|Dhatki]]		#[[Dhatki language\|Dhatki]]
	#[[Indian English\|English]]		#[[Indian English\|English]]
	#[[Garhwali language\|Garhwali]]		#[[Garhwali language\|Garhwali (Pahari)]]
	#[[Gondi language\|Gondi]]		#[[Gondi language\|Gondi]]
	#[[Gujari language\|~~Gurjari~~]]		#[[Gujari language\|Gujjari]]
	#[[Ho language\|Ho]]		#[[Ho language\|Ho]]
	#[[Kutchi language\|~~Kutchi~~]]		#[[Kutchi language\|Kachhi]]
	#[[Rangpuri language\|Kamtapuri]]		#[[Rangpuri language\|Kamtapuri]]
	#[[Karbi language\|Karbi]]		#[[Karbi language\|Karbi]]
	#[[Khasi language\|Khasi]]		#[[Khasi language\|Khasi]]
	#[[Kodava language\|Kodava]]		#[[Kodava language\|Kodava]]
	#[[Kokborok]] (Tripuri)		#[[Kokborok\|KokBorok (Tripuri)]]
	#[[Kumaoni language\|Kumaoni]]		#[[Kumaoni language\|Kumaoni (Pahari)]]
	#[[Kurukh language\|Kurukh]]		#[[Kurukh language\|Kurukh]]
	#[[Kurmali language\|Kurmali]]		#[[Kurmali language\|Kurmali]]
	#[[Lepcha language\|Lepcha]]		#[[Lepcha language\|Lepcha]]
	#[[Limbu language\|Limbu]]		#[[Limbu language\|Limbu]]
	#[[Mizo language\|Mizo]]		#[[Mizo language\|Mizo (Lushai)]]
	#[[Magahi language\|Magahi]]		#[[Magahi language\|Magahi]]
	#[[Mundari language\|Mundari]]		#[[Mundari language\|Mundari]]
	#[[Sadri language\|Sadri ~~(Nagpuri~~)]]		#[[Sadri language\|Nagpuri (Sadri)]]
	#[[Nicobarese languages\|Nicobarese]]		#[[Nicobarese languages\|Nicobarese]]
	#[[Himachali language\|Pahari (Himachali)]]		#[[Himachali language\|Pahari (Himachali)]]
	#[[Pali]]		#[[Pali]]
	#[[Rajasthani language\|Rajasthani]]		#[[Rajasthani language\|Rajasthani]]
	#[[Sambalpuri Language\|Sambalpuri]]		#[[Sambalpuri Language\|Sambalpuri / Kosali]]
	#[[Prakrit]]		#[[Prakrit\|Shaurseni (Prakit)]]
	#[[Saraiki Language\|Saraiki]]		#[[Saraiki Language\|Saraiki]]
	#[[~~Angami~~ language\|~~Angami~~]]		#[[Tenyidie language\|Tenyidi]]
	#[[Tulu language\|Tulu]]		#[[Tulu language\|Tulu]]
	{{div col end}}		{{div col end}}

>UserNumber: Undid revision 1020768731 by Ahm Imran Shah (talk), not mentioned in source

2021-05-01T11:21:53Z

Undid revision 1020768731 by Ahm Imran Shah (talk), not mentioned in source

New page

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{short description|Lists the official languages of the Republic of India}}
{{refimprove|date=December 2014}}
{{Indian Constitution TOC}}
The '''Eighth Schedule''' to the [[Constitution of India]] lists the official [[Languages of India|languages of the Republic of India]]. At the time when the Constitution was enacted, inclusion in this list meant that the language was entitled to representation on the [[Official Languages Commission]],<ref>Constitution of India, Article [http://www.constitution.org/cons/india/p17344.html 344(1)].</ref> and that the language would be one of the bases that would be drawn upon to enrich Hindi and English, the [[official languages]] of the Union.<ref>Constitution of India, Article [http://www.constitution.org/cons/india/p17351.html 351].</ref> The list has since, however, acquired further significance. The Government of India is now under an obligation to take measures for the development of these languages, such that "they grow rapidly in richness and become effective means of communicating modern knowledge."<ref>Official Languages Resolution, 1968, [http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/dolresolutioneng.htm para. 2]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318123802/http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/dolresolutioneng.htm |date=March 18, 2010 }}</ref> In addition, a candidate appearing in an examination conducted for public service is entitled to use any of these languages as the medium in which he or she answers the paper.<ref>Official Languages Resolution, 1968, [http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/dolresolutioneng.htm para. 4]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318123802/http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/dolresolutioneng.htm |date=March 18, 2010 }}</ref>

As per Articles 344(1) and 351 of the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]], the eighth schedule includes the recognition of the following 22 [[languages]]:<ref>The Constitution of India by P. M. Bakshi</ref>

{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
# [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
# [[Bangla language|Bengali]]
# [[Bodo language|Bodo]]
# [[Dogri]]
# [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
# [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
# [[Kannada]]
# [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]
# [[Konkani]]
# [[Maithili language|Maithili]]
# [[Malayalam]]
# [[Meitei language|Meitei]] (Manipuri)
# [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
# [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
# [[Odia language|Odia]]
# [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
# [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]
# [[Santhali language|Santhali]]
# [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]
# [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
# [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
# [[Urdu]]

{{div col end}}
Of these languages, 14 were initially included in the Constitution. Subsequently, Sindhi was added in 1967 by 21st Constitutional Amendment Act; Konkani, Manipuri (Meitei) and Nepali were added in 1992 by 71st Constitutional Amendment Act; and Bodo, Dogri, Maithili and Santali were added in 2003 by 92nd Constitutional Amendment Act.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/hindi/sites/upload_files/mhahindi/files/pdf/Eighth_Schedule.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=4 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010536/http://mha.nic.in/hindi/sites/upload_files/mhahindi/files/pdf/Eighth_Schedule.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The spelling Oriya was replaced by Odia by 96th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2011.

==Demand for more languages for inclusion in the Eighth Schedule==
At present, as per the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/hindi/sites/upload_files/mhahindi/files/pdf/Eighth_Schedule.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=4 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010536/http://mha.nic.in/hindi/sites/upload_files/mhahindi/files/pdf/Eighth_Schedule.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> there are demands for inclusion of 38 more languages
in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution. These are:
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
#[[Awadhi]]
#[[Angika]]
#[[Banjari language|Banjara]]
#[[Bajjika]]
#[[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
#[[Ladakhi language|Ladakhi]]
#[[Sikkimese language|Sikkimese]]
#[[Bundeli language|Bundeli]]
#[[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]]
#[[Dhatki language|Dhatki]]
#[[Indian English|English]]
#[[Garhwali language|Garhwali]]
#[[Gondi language|Gondi]]
#[[Gujari language|Gurjari]]
#[[Ho language|Ho]]
#[[Kutchi language|Kutchi]]
#[[Rangpuri language|Kamtapuri]]
#[[Karbi language|Karbi]]
#[[Khasi language|Khasi]]
#[[Kodava language|Kodava]]
#[[Kokborok]] (Tripuri)
#[[Kumaoni language|Kumaoni]]
#[[Kurukh language|Kurukh]]
#[[Kurmali language|Kurmali]]
#[[Lepcha language|Lepcha]]
#[[Limbu language|Limbu]]
#[[Mizo language|Mizo]]
#[[Magahi language|Magahi]]
#[[Mundari language|Mundari]]
#[[Sadri language|Sadri (Nagpuri)]]
#[[Nicobarese languages|Nicobarese]]
#[[Himachali language|Pahari (Himachali)]]
#[[Pali]]
#[[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]]
#[[Sambalpuri Language|Sambalpuri]]
#[[Prakrit]]
#[[Saraiki Language|Saraiki]]
#[[Angami language|Angami]]
#[[Tulu language|Tulu]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Languages of India}}

[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Schedules to the Constitution of India|8]]

{{India-law-stub}}