Earthquake zones of India - Revision history

2405:201:9008:3133:959F:C76B:CF66:8782: robot: Creating/updating articles

2023-03-14T16:47:43Z

robot: Creating/updating articles

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:17, 14 March 2023
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~[[Image:India earthquake zone map en.svg~~\|~~thumb\|right\|300px\|Earthquake hazard zoning map of India]]~~		{{Short description\|None}}
	The Indian subcontinent has a history of devastating [[earthquake]]s. The major reason for the high frequency and intensity of the earthquakes is that the [[Indian plate]] is driving into [[Asia]] at a rate of approximately 47 mm/year.<ref>{{cite web \|title = Earthquake Hazards and the Collision between India and Asia \|url = http://cires.colorado.edu/science/reviews/noaa/2002/abstracts/18bendick.html \|access-date = 2006-05-13 \|url-status = dead \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060919032236/http://cires.colorado.edu/science/reviews/noaa/2002/abstracts/18bendick.html \|archive-date = 2006-09-19 }}</ref> Geographical statistics of India show that almost 54% of the land is vulnerable to earthquakes. A [[World Bank]] and [[United Nations]] report shows estimates that around 200 million city dwellers in India will be exposed to storms and earthquakes by 2050.<ref>{{cite news\| url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/indian-cities-under-threat-of-storms-earthquakes-by-2050-world-bank-united-nations/articleshow/11039553.cms \| work=The Times Of India \| title=Indian cities under threat of storms & earthquakes by 2050: World Bank & United Nations \| date=2011-12-09}}</ref> The latest version of seismic zoning map of India given in the earthquake resistant design code of India [IS 1893 (Part 1) 2002] assigns four levels of seismicity for India in terms of zone factors. In other words, the earthquake zoning map of India divides India into 4 seismic zones (Zone 2, 3, 4 and 5) unlike its previous version, which consisted of five or six zones for the country. According to the present zoning map, Zone 5 expects the highest level of seismicity whereas Zone 2 is associated with the lowest level of seismicity.<gallery mode="packed" widths="350" heights="350">
	File:~~Earthquake hazard zoning map~~ of India~~.gif~~\|Revised earthquake hazard zone map of India		The Indian subcontinent has a history of devastating [[earthquake]]s. The major reason for the high frequency and intensity of the earthquakes is that the [[Indian plate]] is driving into [[Asia]] at a rate of approximately 47 mm/year.<ref>{{cite web \|title = Earthquake Hazards and the Collision between India and Asia \|url = http://cires.colorado.edu/science/reviews/noaa/2002/abstracts/18bendick.html \|access-date = 2006-05-13 \|url-status = dead \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060919032236/http://cires.colorado.edu/science/reviews/noaa/2002/abstracts/18bendick.html \|archive-date = 2006-09-19 }}</ref> Geographical statistics of India show that almost 58% of the land is vulnerable to earthquakes. A [[World Bank]] and [[United Nations]] report shows estimates that around 200 million city dwellers in India will be exposed to storms and earthquakes by 2050.<ref>{{cite news\| url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/indian-cities-under-threat-of-storms-earthquakes-by-2050-world-bank-united-nations/articleshow/11039553.cms \| work=The Times Of India \| title=Indian cities under threat of storms & earthquakes by 2050: World Bank & United Nations\| date=2011-12-09}}</ref> The latest version of seismic zoning map of India given in the earthquake resistant design code of India [IS 1893 (Part 1) 2002] assigns four levels of seismicity for India in terms of zone factors. In other words, the earthquake zoning map of India divides India into 4 seismic zones (Zone 2, 3, 4 and 5) unlike its previous version, which consisted of five or six zones for the country. According to the present zoning map, Zone 5 expects the highest level of seismicity whereas Zone 2 is associated with the lowest level of seismicity.
			<gallery mode="packed" widths="350" heights="350">
			File:Seismic zones.jpg\|alt=Revised seismic zones of India\|Revised earthquake hazard zone map of India
	</gallery>		</gallery>

	==National Center for Seismology==		==National Center for Seismology==
	The National Center for Seismology, [[Ministry of Earth Sciences]] is a nodal agency of the [[Government of India]] dealing with various activities in the fields of [[seismology]] and allied disciplines. The major activities currently being pursued by the National Center for Seismology include a) earthquake monitoring on a 24/7 basis, including real time seismic monitoring for early warning of tsunamis, b) operation and maintenance of national seismological network and local networks, c) seismological data centre and information services, d) seismic hazard and risk related studies, e) field studies for aftershock/swarm monitoring snf site response studies and f) earthquake processes and modelling.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/seismo/static/welcome.htm \|title=~~Archived copy~~ \|access-date=2015-04-27 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517050316/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/seismo/static/welcome.htm \|archive-date=2015-05-17 }}</ref>		The National Center for Seismology [[Ministry of Earth Sciences]] is a nodal agency of the [[Government of India]] dealing with various activities in the fields of [[seismology]] and allied disciplines. The major activities currently being pursued by the National Center for Seismology include a) earthquake monitoring on a 24/7 basis, including real time seismic monitoring for early warning of tsunamis, b) operation and maintenance of national seismological network and local networks, c) seismological data centre and information services, d) seismic hazard and risk related studies, e) field studies for aftershock/swarm monitoring snf site response studies and f) earthquake processes and modelling.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/seismo/static/welcome.htm \|title=Seismology \|access-date=2015-04-27 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517050316/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/seismo/static/welcome.htm \|archive-date=2015-05-17 }}</ref>

	The MSK (Medvedev-Sponheuer-Karnik) intensity broadly associated with the various seismic zones is VI (or less), VII, VIII and IX (and above) for Zones 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively, corresponding to [[Maximum Considered Earthquake]] (MCE). The IS code follows a dual design philosophy: (a) under low probability or extreme earthquake events (MCE) the structure damage should not result in total collapse, and (b) under more frequently occurring earthquake events, the structure should suffer only minor or moderate structural damage. The specifications given in the design code (IS 1893: 2002) are not based on detailed assessment of maximum ground acceleration in each zone using a deterministic or probabilistic approach. Instead, each zone factor represents the effective period [[peak ground acceleration]]s that may be generated during the '''maximum considered earthquake''' ground motion in that zone.		The MSK (Medvedev-Sponheuer-Karnik) intensity broadly associated with the various seismic zones is VI (or less), VII, VIII and IX (and above) for Zones 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively, corresponding to [[Maximum Considered Earthquake]] (MCE). The IS code follows a dual design philosophy: (a) under low probability or extreme earthquake events (MCE) the structure damage should not result in total collapse, and (b) under more frequently occurring earthquake events, the structure should suffer only minor or moderate structural damage. The specifications given in the design code (IS 1893: 2002) are not based on detailed assessment of maximum ground acceleration in each zone using a deterministic or probabilistic approach. Instead, each zone factor represents the effective period [[peak ground acceleration]]s that may be generated during the '''maximum considered earthquake''' [[ground motion]] in that zone.

	Each zone indicates the effects of an earthquake at a particular place based on the observations of the affected areas and can also be described using a descriptive scale like the [[Mercalli intensity scale\|Modified Mercalli intensity scale]]<ref>{{cite web \|title = Vulnerability Zones in India \|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/SKAR-64GBJW?OpenDocument \|access-date=2006-05-13}}</ref> or the [[Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale]].<ref>{{cite web \|title = Lessons learned from the Gujarat earthquake - WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia \|url = http://w3.whosea.org/gujarat/finalreport3.htm \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20020825194819/http://w3.whosea.org/gujarat/finalreport3.htm \|url-status = dead \|archive-date = 2002-08-25 \|access-date = 2006-05-13 }}</ref>		Each zone indicates the effects of an earthquake at a particular place based on the observations of the affected areas and can also be described using a descriptive scale like the [[Mercalli intensity scale\|Modified Mercalli intensity scale]]<ref>{{cite web \|title = Vulnerability Zones in India \|url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/SKAR-64GBJW?OpenDocument \|access-date=2006-05-13}}</ref> or the [[Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale]].<ref>{{cite web \|title = Lessons learned from the Gujarat earthquake - WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia \|url = http://w3.whosea.org/gujarat/finalreport3.htm \|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20020825194819/http://w3.whosea.org/gujarat/finalreport3.htm \|url-status = dead \|archive-date = 2002-08-25 \|access-date = 2006-05-13 }}</ref>

	==Zone 5==		==Zone 5==
	Zone 5 covers the areas with the highest risk of suffering earthquakes of intensity [[Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale\|MSK IX]] or ~~greater~~. The IS code assigns a zone factor of 0.36 for Zone 5. Structural designers use this factor for earthquake resistant design of structures in Zone 5. The zone factor of 0.36 (the maximum horizontal acceleration that ~~can be experienced by~~ a structure) is indicative of effective (zero period) level earthquakes in this zone. It is referred to as the Very High Damage Risk Zone. The regions of [[Kashmir Valley\|Kashmir]], the [[Western Himalaya\|Western]] and [[Garhwal Himalaya\|Central Himalayas]], [[North Bihar\|North and Middle Bihar]], the [[Northeast India\|North-East Indian region]], the [[Rann of Kutch]] and the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands\|Andaman and Nicobar group of islands]] fall in this zone.		Zone 5 covers the areas with the highest risk of suffering earthquakes of intensity [[Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale\|MSK IX]] or more significantly. The IS code assigns a zone factor of 0.36 for Zone 5. Structural designers use this factor for the earthquake-resistant design of structures in Zone 5. The zone factor of 0.36 (the maximum horizontal acceleration that a structure can experience) is indicative of effective (zero period) level earthquakes in this zone. It is referred to as the Very High Damage Risk Zone. The regions of [[Kashmir Valley\|Kashmir]], the [[Western Himalaya\|Western]] and [[Garhwal Himalaya\|Central Himalayas]], [[North Bihar\|North and Middle Bihar]], the [[Northeast India\|North-East Indian region]], the [[Rann of Kutch]] and the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands\|Andaman and Nicobar group of islands]] fall in this zone.

	Generally, the areas having [[trap rock]] or [[basalt\|basaltic rock]] are prone to earthquakes.		Generally, the areas having [[trap rock]] or [[basalt\|basaltic rock]] are prone to earthquakes.

	==Zone 4==		==Zone 4==
	This zone is called the High Damage Risk Zone and covers areas liable to MSK VIII. The IS code assigns a zone factor of 0.24 for Zone 4. [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)\|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Ladakh]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Sikkim]], parts of the [[Indo-Gangetic plains]] ([[Majha\|North Punjab]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Western Uttar Pradesh]], [[Terai]], [[North Bengal]], the [[Sundarbans]]) and the capital of the country [[Delhi]] fall in Zone 4.		This zone is called the High Damage Risk Zone and covers areas liable to MSK VIII. The IS code assigns a zone factor of 0.24 for Zone 4. [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)\|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Ladakh]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Sikkim]], parts of the [[Indo-Gangetic plains]] ([[Majha\|North Punjab]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Western Uttar Pradesh]], [[Terai]], a major portion of [[Bihar]], [[North Bengal]], the [[Sundarbans]]) and the capital of the country [[Delhi]] fall in Zone 4.
	In [[Maharashtra]], the [[Patan, Maharashtra\|Patan area]] ([[Koynanagar]]) ~~is also in Zone 4. In [[Bihar]] the northern part of the state in areas such as [[Raxaul]], near the border of India and Nepal,~~ is also in Zone 4.		In [[Maharashtra]], the [[Patan, Maharashtra\|Patan area]] ([[Koynanagar]]) is also in Zone 4.

	==Zone 3==		==Zone 3==
	This zone is classified as a Moderate Damage Risk Zone which is liable to MSK VII. The IS code assigns a zone factor of 0.16 for Zone 3. Several [[Megacity\|megacities]] like [[Chennai]], [[Mumbai]], [[Kolkata]] and [[Bhubaneswar\|Bhubaneshwar]] lie in this zone.		This zone is classified as a Moderate Damage Risk Zone which is liable to MSK VII. The IS code assigns a zone factor of 0.16 for Zone 3. Several [[Megacity\|megacities]] like [[Chennai]], [[Mumbai]],[[Kolkata]] and [[Bhubaneswar\|Bhubaneshwar]] lie in this zone.

	==Zone 2==		==Zone 2==
	This region is liable to MSK VI or lower and is classified as the Low Damage Risk Zone. The IS code assigns a zone factor of 0.10 for Zone 2. It is the zone with low chances of having earthquakes.		This region is liable to MSK VI or lower and is classified as the Low Damage Risk Zone. The IS code assigns a zone factor of 0.10 for Zone 2. It is the zone with low chances of having earthquakes. Cities like Bangalore,coromandel coast and Tiruchirappalli are in this zone.

	==Zone 1==		==Zone 1==
	Since the current division of India into earthquake hazard zones does not use Zone 1, no area of India is classed as Zone 1.		Since the current division of India into earthquake hazard zones does not use Zone 1, no area of India is classed as Zone 1.

	~~Future changes in the classification system may or may not return this zone to use.~~

	==See also==		==See also==
Line 39:		Line 39:

	==Further reading==		==Further reading==
	* Saikia, Arupjyoti. "Earthquakes and the Environmental Transformation of a Floodplain Landscape: The Brahmaputra Valley and the Earthquakes of 1897 and 1950." ''Environment and History'' 26.1 (2020): ~~51-77~~.		* Saikia, Arupjyoti. "Earthquakes and the Environmental Transformation of a Floodplain Landscape: The Brahmaputra Valley and the Earthquakes of 1897 and 1950." ''Environment and History'' 26.1 (2020): 51–77.

	==External links==		==External links==

>Dawnseeker2000: Reverted edits by 117.96.3.122 (talk) to last version by 45.249.86.39

2021-06-21T18:08:23Z

Reverted edits by 117.96.3.122 (talk) to last version by 45.249.86.39

New page

[[Image:India earthquake zone map en.svg|thumb|right|300px|Earthquake hazard zoning map of India]]
The Indian subcontinent has a history of devastating [[earthquake]]s. The major reason for the high frequency and intensity of the earthquakes is that the [[Indian plate]] is driving into [[Asia]] at a rate of approximately 47 mm/year.<ref>{{cite web |title = Earthquake Hazards and the Collision between India and Asia |url = http://cires.colorado.edu/science/reviews/noaa/2002/abstracts/18bendick.html |access-date = 2006-05-13 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060919032236/http://cires.colorado.edu/science/reviews/noaa/2002/abstracts/18bendick.html |archive-date = 2006-09-19 }}</ref> Geographical statistics of India show that almost 54% of the land is vulnerable to earthquakes. A [[World Bank]] and [[United Nations]] report shows estimates that around 200 million city dwellers in India will be exposed to storms and earthquakes by 2050.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/indian-cities-under-threat-of-storms-earthquakes-by-2050-world-bank-united-nations/articleshow/11039553.cms | work=The Times Of India | title=Indian cities under threat of storms & earthquakes by 2050: World Bank & United Nations | date=2011-12-09}}</ref> The latest version of seismic zoning map of India given in the earthquake resistant design code of India [IS 1893 (Part 1) 2002] assigns four levels of seismicity for India in terms of zone factors. In other words, the earthquake zoning map of India divides India into 4 seismic zones (Zone 2, 3, 4 and 5) unlike its previous version, which consisted of five or six zones for the country. According to the present zoning map, Zone 5 expects the highest level of seismicity whereas Zone 2 is associated with the lowest level of seismicity.<gallery mode="packed" widths="350" heights="350">
File:Earthquake hazard zoning map of India.gif|Revised earthquake hazard zone map of India
</gallery>

==National Center for Seismology==
The National Center for Seismology, [[Ministry of Earth Sciences]] is a nodal agency of the [[Government of India]] dealing with various activities in the fields of [[seismology]] and allied disciplines. The major activities currently being pursued by the National Center for Seismology include a) earthquake monitoring on a 24/7 basis, including real time seismic monitoring for early warning of tsunamis, b) operation and maintenance of national seismological network and local networks, c) seismological data centre and information services, d) seismic hazard and risk related studies, e) field studies for aftershock/swarm monitoring snf site response studies and f) earthquake processes and modelling.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/seismo/static/welcome.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-04-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517050316/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/seismo/static/welcome.htm |archive-date=2015-05-17 }}</ref>

The MSK (Medvedev-Sponheuer-Karnik) intensity broadly associated with the various seismic zones is VI (or less), VII, VIII and IX (and above) for Zones 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively, corresponding to [[Maximum Considered Earthquake]] (MCE). The IS code follows a dual design philosophy: (a) under low probability or extreme earthquake events (MCE) the structure damage should not result in total collapse, and (b) under more frequently occurring earthquake events, the structure should suffer only minor or moderate structural damage. The specifications given in the design code (IS 1893: 2002) are not based on detailed assessment of maximum ground acceleration in each zone using a deterministic or probabilistic approach. Instead, each zone factor represents the effective period [[peak ground acceleration]]s that may be generated during the '''maximum considered earthquake''' ground motion in that zone.

Each zone indicates the effects of an earthquake at a particular place based on the observations of the affected areas and can also be described using a descriptive scale like the [[Mercalli intensity scale|Modified Mercalli intensity scale]]<ref>{{cite web |title = Vulnerability Zones in India |url=http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/SKAR-64GBJW?OpenDocument |access-date=2006-05-13}}</ref> or the [[Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale]].<ref>{{cite web |title = Lessons learned from the Gujarat earthquake - WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia |url = http://w3.whosea.org/gujarat/finalreport3.htm |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20020825194819/http://w3.whosea.org/gujarat/finalreport3.htm |url-status = dead |archive-date = 2002-08-25 |access-date = 2006-05-13 }}</ref>

==Zone 5==
Zone 5 covers the areas with the highest risk of suffering earthquakes of intensity [[Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale|MSK IX]] or greater. The IS code assigns a zone factor of 0.36 for Zone 5. Structural designers use this factor for earthquake resistant design of structures in Zone 5. The zone factor of 0.36 (the maximum horizontal acceleration that can be experienced by a structure) is indicative of effective (zero period) level earthquakes in this zone. It is referred to as the Very High Damage Risk Zone. The regions of [[Kashmir Valley|Kashmir]], the [[Western Himalaya|Western]] and [[Garhwal Himalaya|Central Himalayas]], [[North Bihar|North and Middle Bihar]], the [[Northeast India|North-East Indian region]], the [[Rann of Kutch]] and the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman and Nicobar group of islands]] fall in this zone.

Generally, the areas having [[trap rock]] or [[basalt|basaltic rock]] are prone to earthquakes.

==Zone 4==
This zone is called the High Damage Risk Zone and covers areas liable to MSK VIII. The IS code assigns a zone factor of 0.24 for Zone 4. [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Ladakh]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Sikkim]], parts of the [[Indo-Gangetic plains]] ([[Majha|North Punjab]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Western Uttar Pradesh]], [[Terai]], [[North Bengal]], the [[Sundarbans]]) and the capital of the country [[Delhi]] fall in Zone 4.
In [[Maharashtra]], the [[Patan, Maharashtra|Patan area]] ([[Koynanagar]]) is also in Zone 4. In [[Bihar]] the northern part of the state in areas such as [[Raxaul]], near the border of India and Nepal, is also in Zone 4.

==Zone 3==
This zone is classified as a Moderate Damage Risk Zone which is liable to MSK VII. The IS code assigns a zone factor of 0.16 for Zone 3. Several [[Megacity|megacities]] like [[Chennai]], [[Mumbai]], [[Kolkata]] and [[Bhubaneswar|Bhubaneshwar]] lie in this zone.

==Zone 2==
This region is liable to MSK VI or lower and is classified as the Low Damage Risk Zone. The IS code assigns a zone factor of 0.10 for Zone 2. It is the zone with low chances of having earthquakes.

==Zone 1==
Since the current division of India into earthquake hazard zones does not use Zone 1, no area of India is classed as Zone 1.

Future changes in the classification system may or may not return this zone to use.

==See also==
*[[List of earthquakes in India]]
*[[Geology of India]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Saikia, Arupjyoti. "Earthquakes and the Environmental Transformation of a Floodplain Landscape: The Brahmaputra Valley and the Earthquakes of 1897 and 1950." ''Environment and History'' 26.1 (2020): 51-77.

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120915045612/http://www.imd.gov.in/main_new.htm India Meteorological Department]

[[Category:Earthquakes in India| Zoning]]
[[Category:Geology of India]]
[[Category:Emergency management in India]]
[[Category:Geographic areas of seismological interest]]
[[Category:Seismology]]
[[Category:Seismic zones by country]]