GayeKirkpatrick: added info

2026-03-19T21:51:09Z

added info

122.170.210.252 at 19:23, 3 August 2021

2021-08-03T19:23:12Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:53, 4 August 2021
Line 4:		Line 4:
	It is a broader term than [[geology]] because it includes aspects of [[planetary science]], which is part of [[astronomy]]. The Earth sciences include the study of the [[atmosphere]], [[ocean]]s and [[biosphere]], as well as the solid earth. Typically Earth scientists will use tools from [[physics]], [[chemistry]], [[biology]], [[chronology]] and [[mathematics]] to understand the Earth, and how it evolved to its current state.		It is a broader term than [[geology]] because it includes aspects of [[planetary science]], which is part of [[astronomy]]. The Earth sciences include the study of the [[atmosphere]], [[ocean]]s and [[biosphere]], as well as the solid earth. Typically Earth scientists will use tools from [[physics]], [[chemistry]], [[biology]], [[chronology]] and [[mathematics]] to understand the Earth, and how it evolved to its current state.

	If there is one fact ~~which~~ underlies all Earth science it is this; the Earth is an ancient [[planet]] which has been changing the whole time since its [[Age of the Earth\|formation]]. The extent of the changes is much greater than people used to think.<ref>Van Andel, Tjeerd 1994. ''New views on an old planet: a history of global change''. 2nd ed, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK.</ref>		If there is one fact that underlies all Earth science it is this; the Earth is an ancient [[planet]] which has been changing the whole time since its [[Age of the Earth\|formation]]. The extent of the changes is much greater than people used to think.<ref>Van Andel, Tjeerd 1994. ''New views on an old planet: a history of global change''. 2nd ed, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK.</ref>

	==Fields of study==		==Fields of study==

WikiDwarf: 1 revision imported: from Simple English Wikipedia

2021-02-23T17:08:14Z

1 revision imported: from Simple English Wikipedia

← Older revision	Revision as of 22:38, 23 February 2021
(No difference)

>InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8

2021-01-18T17:46:30Z

Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8

New page

[[Image:Volcano q.jpg|thumb|250px|A [[volcano]] eruption is the release of stored energy from below the surface of Earth. The heat comes mostly from [[radioactive decay]], and [[convection]], in the Earth's [[Planetary core|core]] and [[Mantle (geology)|mantle]].<ref>''Encyclopedia of Volcanoes''. Academic Press, London, 2000.</ref>]]
'''Earth science''' is an all-embracing term for the [[science]]s related to the planet [[Earth (planet)|Earth]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=earth%20science |title=Wordnet Search: Earth science |access-date=2010-10-09 |archive-date=2020-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410063158/https://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=earth%20science |url-status=dead }}</ref> Earth science may also be called '''geoscience'''.

It is a broader term than [[geology]] because it includes aspects of [[planetary science]], which is part of [[astronomy]]. The Earth sciences include the study of the [[atmosphere]], [[ocean]]s and [[biosphere]], as well as the solid earth. Typically Earth scientists will use tools from [[physics]], [[chemistry]], [[biology]], [[chronology]] and [[mathematics]] to understand the Earth, and how it evolved to its current state.

If there is one fact which underlies all Earth science it is this; the Earth is an ancient [[planet]] which has been changing the whole time since its [[Age of the Earth|formation]]. The extent of the changes is much greater than people used to think.<ref>Van Andel, Tjeerd 1994. ''New views on an old planet: a history of global change''. 2nd ed, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK.</ref>

==Fields of study==
[[File:Ordovicium-Silurian.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[Ordovician]]–[[Silurian]] boundary, an example of [[Ocean|marine]] transgression as exposed on the Southern tip of the Hovedøya island, [[Norway]]. Due to the folding of the [[Caledonian]] mountain range, the layers have been inverted, leaving Ordovician granular [[limestone]] on top of the later Silurian brownish [[mudstone]].]]
The following disciplines are generally recognised as being within the geosciences:
* [[Geology]] describes the [[Rock (geology)|rocky]] parts of the Earth's [[Crust (geology)|crust]] (or [[lithosphere]]) and its historic development. Major subdisciplines are [[mineralogy]] and [[petrology]], [[geochemistry]], [[geomorphology]], [[paleontology]], [[stratigraphy]], [[structural geology]], engineering [[geology]] and [[sedimentology]].<ref>Adams, Simon & Lambert, David 2006. ''Earth Science: an illustrated guide to science''. New York NY 10001: Chelsea House. {{ISBN|0-8160-6164-5}}.</ref><ref
name="smith 5">Smith, Gary A. & Pun, Aurora 2006. How does the Earth work?. Pearson Prentice Hall, NJ. {{ISBN|0-13-034129-0}}.</ref>
* [[Geophysics]] and [[Geodesy]] investigate the shape of the Earth, its reaction to forces and its [[magnetic field|magnetic]] and [[gravity]] fields. Geophysicists explore the [[Planetary core|Earth's core]] and [[Earth's mantle|mantle]] as well as the [[Plate tectonics|tectonic]] and [[Seismology|seismic]] activity of the lithosphere.<ref name="smith 5"/><ref>[http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=geodesy Wordnet Search: Geodesy]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[http://www.oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/geodesy/welcome.html NOAA National Ocean Service Education: Geodesy]</ref>
* [[Soil science]] covers the outermost layer of the Earth's crust that is subject to soil formation processes (or [[pedosphere]]).<ref>[http://soil.gsfc.nasa.gov/ped/pedosph.htm Elissa Levine, 2001, The Pedosphere As A Hub]</ref><ref>[http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~doetqp-p/courses/env320/lec1/Lec1.html Duane Gardiner, Lecture: Why study soils? excerpted from Miller R.W. & D.T. Gardiner, 1998. ''Soils in our environment'', 8th Edition]</ref>
* [[Oceanography]] and [[hydrology]] (includes [[limnology]]) describe the marine and freshwater domains of the [[water]]y parts of the Earth (or [[hydrosphere]]). Includes [[Marine biology]].
* [[Glaciology]] covers the [[ice|icy]] parts of the Earth (or [[cryosphere]]).
* Atmospheric sciences cover the [[gas]]eous parts of the Earth (or [[atmosphere]]) between the surface and the [[exosphere]] (about 1000 km). Major subdisciplines are [[meteorology]], [[climatology]], atmospheric [[chemistry]] and [[physics]].
* [[Astronomy]] includes the study of distant stars and galaxies to the examination of the 4.6 billion years old Earth from an astronomical point of view. It is also closely related with the study of the solar system and its planets, a subdiscipline called [[Planetary science|planetology]]. A more distant relative of astronomy is [[physical cosmology]], which aims to study the [[Universe]] as a whole.<ref>{{Citation|last=CrashCourse|title=Introduction to Astronomy: Crash Course Astronomy #1|date=2015-01-15|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0rHUDWjR5gg&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPAJr1ysd5yGIyiSFuh0mIL|accessdate=2017-11-27}}</ref>
* Closely related to the earth sciences are [[physical geography]] and [[biology]].

== List of Earth science topics ==
=== Atmosphere ===

* [[Atmospheric chemistry]]
* [[Climatology]]
* [[Meteorology]]
* [[Paleoclimatology]]

=== Biosphere ===
* [[Biogeography]]
* [[Paleontology]]
** [[Micropaleontology]]

=== Hydrosphere ===
* [[Hydrology]]
** [[Limnology]]
* [[Hydrogeology]]
* [[Oceanography]]
** [[Marine biology]]
** [[Paleoceanography]]
** [[Physical oceanography]]

=== Lithosphere or geosphere ===
* [[Geology]]
** [[Environmental geology]]
** [[Historical geology]]
** [[Planetary geology]]
** [[Sedimentology]]
** [[Stratigraphy]]
** [[Structural geology]]
* [[Geography]]
** [[Physical geography]]
* [[Geochemistry]]
* [[Geomorphology]]
* [[Geophysics]]
** [[Geodynamics]] (see also [[Tectonics]])
** [[Geomagnetic]]s
** [[Seismology]]
* [[Glaciology]]
* [[Mineralogy]]
** [[Crystallography]]
* [[Petrology]]
* [[Volcanology]]

=== Pedosphere ===
* [[Soil science]]

=== Systems ===
* [[Environmental science]]
* [[Geography]]
* [[Gaia hypothesis]]

=== Others ===
* [[Cartography]]
* [[Geostatistics]]
* [[Geodesy]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{commonscat|Earth sciences}}

[[Category:Earth sciences| ]]

Earth science - Revision history

GayeKirkpatrick: added info

122.170.210.252 at 19:23, 3 August 2021

WikiDwarf: 1 revision imported: from Simple English Wikipedia

>InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8