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	The '''early Muslim period''' refers to the start of [[Muslim]] rule in the [[history of Lahore]]. ~~Few references to [[Lahore]] remain from before its capture by [[Mahmud of Ghazni\|Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni]] in the eleventh century. The sultan took Lahore after a long siege and battle in which~~ the city was ~~torched and depopulated. In 1021, Sultan Mahmud appointed~~ [[~~Malik Ayaz]] to the throne and made Lahore the capital of the [[Ghaznavids~~\|~~Ghaznavid Empire~~]]. As the first [[Muslim]] governor of Lahore, Ayaz rebuilt and repopulated the city. He added many important features, such as city gates and a masonry fort, built in 1037–1040 on the ruins of the previous one,<ref>{{~~cite~~ book~~\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t5gOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA159~~ \|title=Dictionary of ~~Islamic architecture~~\|~~author~~=~~Andrew Petersen~~\|~~page~~=~~159~~\|~~access-date~~=2012-10-13}}</ref> which had been demolished in the fighting (as recorded by Munshi Sujan Rae Bhandari, author of the ''Khulasatut Tawarikh'' in 1695–96). The present [[Lahore Fort]] stands on the same location. Under Ayaz's rule, the city became a cultural and academic center, renowned for poetry.<ref>{{cite web\|~~url~~=~~http://www.gcu.edu.pk/Citylahore.htm~~ \|~~title~~=~~.GC University Lahore~~ \|~~publisher~~=~~Gcu.edu.pk~~ \|~~access-date~~=~~2012-10-13~~}}</ref> ~~The tomb of Malik Ayaz can still be seen in the Rang Mahal commercial area of town.~~<ref>~~{{cite book\|author1=James L. Wescoat \|author2=Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn \|author3=Dumbarton Oaks \|author4=Arthur M. Sackler Gallery \|publisher=Smithsonian Institution page 149\|url=https://books~~.~~google~~.~~com/books?id=96ec98LieGsC&pg=PA149 \|title=Early Mughal Lahore\|access-date=2012-10-13}}~~</ref>		The '''early Muslim period''' refers to the start of Muslim rule in the [[history of Lahore]]. In 664/682, the city was besieged by Muslim forces led by [[Al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra\|Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra]].<ref name="salkin1996">{{Cite book \|title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania \|date=1996 \|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=9781884964046 \|editor=Schellinger and Salkin \|location=UK \|page=522+ \|chapter=Lahore}}</ref><ref>Wink 2002, p. 121.</ref>

	~~After the fall of the Ghaznavid Empire,~~ Lahore ~~was ruled~~ by ~~various Muslim dynasties known as the~~ [[~~Delhi Sultanate~~]], ~~including the~~ [[~~Khalji dynasty\|Khaljis~~]], [[~~Tughlaq dynasty~~\|~~Tughlaqs~~]], [[~~Sayyid Dynasty~~\|~~Sayyid~~]], [[~~Lodhi dynasty\|Lodhis~~]] ~~and~~ [[~~Sur Dynasty\|Suris~~]].<ref>[http://www.~~lahore~~.~~gov~~.pk/~~profile/history~~.htm ~~History of~~ Lahore~~] {{webarchive~~\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/~~20081229181550~~/http://www.~~lahore~~.~~gov~~.pk/~~profile~~/~~history~~.~~htm~~ \|date=~~2008~~-12-29 }}~~, Lahore City Government. Retrieved on September 19, 2007.~~</ref> ~~When Sultan~~ [[~~Qutb-ud-din Aibak~~]] ~~was crowned here in 1206~~, ~~he became~~ the ~~first Muslim~~ [[~~sultan~~]] in ~~South Asia~~.<ref>{{cite ~~web\|author=Frances Pritchett~~ \|url=~~http~~://~~www~~.~~columbia~~.edu/~~itc/mealac/pritchett/00routes~~/~~1200_1299~~/~~index_1200_1299~~.html \|title=~~index_1200_1299~~ \|~~publisher~~=~~Columbia.edu~~ \|access-date=~~2012~~-10-13}}</ref>		Few references to [[Lahore]] remain from before its capture by [[Mahmud of Ghazni\|Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni]] in the eleventh century. The sultan took Lahore after a long siege and battle in which the city was torched and depopulated. In 1021, Sultan Mahmud appointed [[Malik Ayaz]] to the throne and made Lahore the capital of the [[Ghaznavids\|Ghaznavid Empire]]. As the first Muslim governor of Lahore, Ayaz rebuilt and repopulated the city. He added many important features, such as city gates and a masonry fort, built in 1037–1040 on the ruins of the previous one,<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t5gOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA159\|title=Dictionary of Islamic architecture\|author=Andrew Petersen\|year=1996 \|page=159\|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=9780415060844 \|access-date=2012-10-13\|archive-date=2014-07-04\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704123128/http://books.google.com/books?id=t5gOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA159\|url-status=live}}</ref> which had been demolished in the fighting (as recorded by Munshi [[Sujan Rai Bhandari\|Sujan Rae Bhandari]], author of the ''[[Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh]]'' in 1695–96). The present [[Lahore Fort]] stands on the same location. Under Ayaz's rule, the city became a cultural and academic center, renowned for poetry.<ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.gcu.edu.pk/Citylahore.htm \|title=.GC University Lahore \|publisher=Gcu.edu.pk \|access-date=2012-10-13 \|archive-date=2018-10-28 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028220243/http://www.gcu.edu.pk/Citylahore.htm \|url-status=live }}</ref> The tomb of Malik Ayaz can still be seen in the Rang Mahal commercial area of town.<ref>{{cite book \|author1=James L. Wescoat \|author2=Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn \|author3=Dumbarton Oaks \|author4=Arthur M. Sackler Gallery \|publisher=Smithsonian Institution page 149 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=96ec98LieGsC&pg=PA149 \|title=Early Mughal Lahore \|year=1996 \|isbn=9780884022350 \|access-date=2012-10-13 \|archive-date=2014-07-04 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704124922/http://books.google.com/books?id=96ec98LieGsC&pg=PA149 \|url-status=live }}</ref> In 1034, the city was captured by [[Ahmad Niyaltigin\|Nialtigin]], the rebellious governor of [[Multan]]. However, his forces were expelled by Malik Ayaz in 1036.<ref name="dsal.uchicago.edu2">{{cite book \|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/text.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V16_112.gif \|title=Imperial Gazetteer of India \|volume=16 \|page=106 \|access-date=27 December 2017 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313205336/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/text.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V16_112.gif \|archive-date=13 March 2016 \|url-status=live}}</ref>

	==~~Fall~~ of the ~~sultanate~~==		After the fall of the Ghaznavid Empire, Lahore was ruled by various Muslim Empires known as the [[Delhi Sultanate]], including the [[Khalji dynasty\|Khaljis]], [[Tughlaq dynasty\|Tughlaqs]], [[Sayyid Dynasty\|Sayyid]]{{efn\|Not an Empire but a Timurid Vassal}}, [[Lodi dynasty\|Lodis]] as well as the [[Sur Dynasty\|Surids]] and [[Mughal Empire\|Mughals]].<ref>[http://www.lahore.gov.pk/profile/history.htm History of Lahore] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229181550/http://www.lahore.gov.pk/profile/history.htm \|date=2008-12-29 }}, Lahore City Government. Retrieved on September 19, 2007.</ref> When Sultan [[Qutb-ud-din Aibak]] was crowned here in 1206, he became the first Muslim [[sultan]] in South Asia.<ref>{{cite web \|author=Frances Pritchett \|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routes/1200_1299/index_1200_1299.html \|title=index_1200_1299 \|publisher=Columbia.edu \|access-date=2012-10-13 \|archive-date=2017-11-14 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114142833/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routes/1200_1299/index_1200_1299.html \|url-status=live }}</ref>
	[[File:QutubuddinAibakMausoleum.JPG\|thumb\|200px\|The mausoleum of ~~[[Qutb-ud-din Aybak\|~~Qutub ud Din Aibak]] in [[Anarkali Bazaar]], [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]].]]
			Lahore came under progressively weaker central rule under Iltutmish's descendants in Delhi, to the point that governors in the city acted with great autonomy.<ref name="bosworth">{{cite book \|last1=Bosworth \|first1=C. Edmund \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CgawCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA305 \|title=Historic Cities of the Islamic World \|date=2007 \|publisher=Brill \|isbn=978-9047423836 \|access-date=26 December 2017}}</ref> Under the rule of Kabir Khan Ayaz, Lahore was virtually independent from the Delhi Sultanate. Lahore was sacked and ruined by the Mongol army in 1241.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Sadasivan \|first=Balaji \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=980SAvbmpUkC \|title=The Dancing Girl: A History of Early India \|date=14 August 2018 \|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies \|isbn=9789814311670}}</ref> Lahore governor Malik Ikhtyaruddin Qaraqash fled the Mongols,<ref>{{cite book \|author=Iqtidar Husain Siddiqi \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DJbmTL8svpwC \|title=Indo-Persian Historiography Up to the Thirteenth Century \|date=2010 \|publisher=Primus Books \|isbn=978-81-908918-0-6}}</ref> while the Mongols held the city for a few years under the rule of the Mongol chief [[Toghrul]].<ref name="jackson">{{cite book \|last1=Jackson \|first1=Peter \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA309 \|title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History \|date=16 October 2003 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn=0521543290 \|access-date=27 December 2017}}</ref>[[File:QutubuddinAibakMausoleum.JPG\|thumb\|200px\|The mausoleum of Qutub ud Din Aibak in [[Anarkali Bazaar]], Lahore, Pakistan.]]
	The last Lodi ruler, Ibrahim Lodi was greatly disliked by his court and subjects. Upon the death of his father Sikander Lodi, he quashed a brief rebellion led by some of his nobles who wanted his younger brother Jalal Khan to be the Sultan. After seizing the throne by having Jalal Khan murdered, he never really did succeed in pacifying his nobles. Subsequently Daulat Khan, the governor of [[Punjab region\|Punjab]] and Alam Khan, his uncle, sent an invitation to Babur, the ruler of [[Kabul]] to invade [[Delhi]].		The last Lodi ruler, Ibrahim Lodi was greatly disliked by his court and subjects. Upon the death of his father Sikander Lodi, he quashed a brief rebellion led by some of his nobles who wanted his younger brother Jalal Khan to be the Sultan. After seizing the throne by having Jalal Khan murdered, he never really did succeed in pacifying his nobles. Subsequently Daulat Khan, the governor of [[Punjab region\|Punjab]] and Alam Khan, his uncle, sent an invitation to Babur, the ruler of [[Kabul]] to invade [[Delhi]].

	In 1241, the ancient city of [[Lahore]] was conquered by the [[Mongol]]s, the entire population of the city was massacred and the city was leveled to the ground. There are no buildings or monuments in Lahore that predates Mongol destruction.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=980SAvbmpUkC&q=The+Dancing+Girl%3A+A+History+of+Early+India\|title= The Dancing Girl: A History of Early India\|via=[[Google Books]]\|access-date=2012-10-13}}</ref>		In 1241, the ancient city of Lahore was conquered by the [[Mongol]]s, the entire population of the city was massacred and the city was leveled to the ground. There are no buildings or monuments in Lahore that predates Mongol destruction.<ref>{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=980SAvbmpUkC&q=The+Dancing+Girl%3A+A+History+of+Early+India\|title=The Dancing Girl: A History of Early India\|isbn=9789814311670 \|via=[[Google Books]]\|access-date=2012-10-13\|archive-date=2022-10-02\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002124535/https://books.google.com/books?id=980SAvbmpUkC&q=The+Dancing+Girl%3A+A+History+of+Early+India\|url-status=live\|last1=Sadasivan \|first1=Balaji \|year=2011 \|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies }}</ref>

	The new [[Mughal dynasty]] was to rule India for another 300 years.<ref name="google63">{{cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f9D4Ob1YcJgC&pg=PA63 \|title=South Asia: An Environmental History - Christopher V. Hill - Google Books \|via=[[Google Books]]\|access-date=2012-10-13}}</ref>		The new [[Mughal dynasty]] was to rule India for another 300 years.<ref name="google63">{{cite book \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f9D4Ob1YcJgC&pg=PA63 \|title=South Asia: An Environmental History - Christopher V. Hill - Google Books \|isbn=9781851099252 \|via=[[Google Books]] \|access-date=2012-10-13 \|archive-date=2020-07-29 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729095859/https://books.google.com/books?id=f9D4Ob1YcJgC&pg=PA63 \|url-status=live \|last1=Hill \|first1=Christopher V. \|year=2008 \|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic }}</ref>
	The [[~~first~~ Battle of Panipat]] (April 1526) was fought between the forces of [[Babur]] and the Delhi Sultanate. Ibrahim Lodi was killed on the battlefield. By way of superior generalship, vast experience in warfare, effective strategy, and appropriate use of artillery, [[Babur]] won the [[First ~~battle~~ of Panipat]] and subsequently occupied [[Agra]] and [[Delhi]]. The new [[Mughal dynasty]] was to rule India for another 300 years.		The [[First Battle of Panipat]] (April 1526) was fought between the forces of [[Babur]] and the Delhi Sultanate. Ibrahim Lodi was killed on the battlefield. By way of superior generalship, vast experience in warfare, effective strategy, and appropriate use of artillery, Babur won the First Battle of Panipat and subsequently occupied [[Agra]] and Delhi. The new Mughal dynasty was to rule India for another 300 years.
	<ref name="google63"/>		<ref name="google63"/>

			==Notes==
			{{Notelist}}

			==Further reading==
			*Khalid, Kanwal. "[https://ia903205.us.archive.org/31/items/13-kanwal-khalid-lahore-during-the-ghaznavid-period-90-3-2015/%2813%29%20Kanwal%20Khalid%20Lahore%20During%20the%20Ghaznavid%20Period-90-3-2015.pdf Lahore During The Ghaznavid Period: A Socio- Political and Cultural Study]."

	==References==		==References==
	{{~~Reflist~~}}		{{reflist}}




	{{LahoreTopics}}		{{LahoreTopics}}

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The '''early Muslim period''' refers to the start of [[Muslim]] rule in the [[history of Lahore]]. Few references to [[Lahore]] remain from before its capture by [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni]] in the eleventh century. The sultan took Lahore after a long siege and battle in which the city was torched and depopulated. In 1021, Sultan Mahmud appointed [[Malik Ayaz]] to the throne and made Lahore the capital of the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid Empire]]. As the first [[Muslim]] governor of Lahore, Ayaz rebuilt and repopulated the city. He added many important features, such as city gates and a masonry fort, built in 1037–1040 on the ruins of the previous one,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t5gOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA159 |title=Dictionary of Islamic architecture|author=Andrew Petersen|page=159|access-date=2012-10-13}}</ref> which had been demolished in the fighting (as recorded by Munshi Sujan Rae Bhandari, author of the ''Khulasatut Tawarikh'' in 1695–96). The present [[Lahore Fort]] stands on the same location. Under Ayaz's rule, the city became a cultural and academic center, renowned for poetry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gcu.edu.pk/Citylahore.htm |title=.GC University Lahore |publisher=Gcu.edu.pk |access-date=2012-10-13}}</ref> The tomb of Malik Ayaz can still be seen in the Rang Mahal commercial area of town.<ref>{{cite book|author1=James L. Wescoat |author2=Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn |author3=Dumbarton Oaks |author4=Arthur M. Sackler Gallery |publisher=Smithsonian Institution page 149|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=96ec98LieGsC&pg=PA149 |title=Early Mughal Lahore|access-date=2012-10-13}}</ref>

After the fall of the Ghaznavid Empire, Lahore was ruled by various Muslim dynasties known as the [[Delhi Sultanate]], including the [[Khalji dynasty|Khaljis]], [[Tughlaq dynasty|Tughlaqs]], [[Sayyid Dynasty|Sayyid]], [[Lodhi dynasty|Lodhis]] and [[Sur Dynasty|Suris]].<ref>[http://www.lahore.gov.pk/profile/history.htm History of Lahore] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229181550/http://www.lahore.gov.pk/profile/history.htm |date=2008-12-29 }}, Lahore City Government. Retrieved on September 19, 2007.</ref> When Sultan [[Qutb-ud-din Aibak]] was crowned here in 1206, he became the first Muslim [[sultan]] in South Asia.<ref>{{cite web|author=Frances Pritchett |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routes/1200_1299/index_1200_1299.html |title=index_1200_1299 |publisher=Columbia.edu |access-date=2012-10-13}}</ref>

==Fall of the sultanate==
[[File:QutubuddinAibakMausoleum.JPG|thumb|200px|The mausoleum of [[Qutb-ud-din Aybak|Qutub ud Din Aibak]] in [[Anarkali Bazaar]], [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]].]]
The last Lodi ruler, Ibrahim Lodi was greatly disliked by his court and subjects. Upon the death of his father Sikander Lodi, he quashed a brief rebellion led by some of his nobles who wanted his younger brother Jalal Khan to be the Sultan. After seizing the throne by having Jalal Khan murdered, he never really did succeed in pacifying his nobles. Subsequently Daulat Khan, the governor of [[Punjab region|Punjab]] and Alam Khan, his uncle, sent an invitation to Babur, the ruler of [[Kabul]] to invade [[Delhi]].

In 1241, the ancient city of [[Lahore]] was conquered by the [[Mongol]]s, the entire population of the city was massacred and the city was leveled to the ground. There are no buildings or monuments in Lahore that predates Mongol destruction.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=980SAvbmpUkC&q=The+Dancing+Girl%3A+A+History+of+Early+India|title= The Dancing Girl: A History of Early India|via=[[Google Books]]|access-date=2012-10-13}}</ref>

The new [[Mughal dynasty]] was to rule India for another 300 years.<ref name="google63">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f9D4Ob1YcJgC&pg=PA63 |title=South Asia: An Environmental History - Christopher V. Hill - Google Books |via=[[Google Books]]|access-date=2012-10-13}}</ref>
The [[first Battle of Panipat]] (April 1526) was fought between the forces of [[Babur]] and the Delhi Sultanate. Ibrahim Lodi was killed on the battlefield. By way of superior generalship, vast experience in warfare, effective strategy, and appropriate use of artillery, [[Babur]] won the [[First battle of Panipat]] and subsequently occupied [[Agra]] and [[Delhi]]. The new [[Mughal dynasty]] was to rule India for another 300 years.
<ref name="google63"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{LahoreTopics}}

[[Category:History of Lahore]]
[[Category:Islam in Lahore]]

Early Muslim period in Lahore - Revision history

RowenaProctor6: cleanup

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