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← Older revision		Revision as of 07:55, 4 May 2022
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	\| status = LC		\| status = LC
	\| status_system = IUCN3.1		\| status_system = IUCN3.1
	\| status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn\|~~url~~=~~https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22692880/0~~ \|title=''Gallinula tenebrosa'' \|~~author~~=~~BirdLife International~~ \|~~author-link~~=~~BirdLife International~~ \|~~year~~=~~2012~~ \|access-date=26 November ~~2013~~}}</ref>		\| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 13 November 2021">{{cite iucn \|author=BirdLife International \|date=2016 \|title=''Gallinula tenebrosa'' \|volume=2016 \|page=e.T22692880A93372762 \|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692880A93372762.en \|access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>
	\| image = Dusky moorhen442.jpg		\| image = Dusky moorhen442.jpg
	\| genus = Gallinula		\| genus = Gallinula
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	=== Diet ===		=== Diet ===
	The dusky moorhen feeds both on land and in water. It diet consists of seeds, the tips of shrubs and grasses, algae, fruits, molluscs, and other invertebrates. It will also consume carrion, bread, and droppings from birds including gulls and ducks.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.birdsinbackyards.net/species/Gallinula-tenebrosa\|title=Dusky Moorhen {{!}} BIRDS in BACKYARDS\|website=www.birdsinbackyards.net\|access-date=2019-08-16}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3mg50wobsOsC&q=Gallinula+tenebrosa+voice+call&pg=PA504\|title=Rails: A Guide to Rails, Crakes, Gallinules and Coots of the World\|last=Taylor\|first=Barry\|date=2010-08-30\|publisher=A&C Black\|isbn=9781408135372\|language=en}}</ref> The chicks are fed mostly on annelid worms and molluscs, with plant matter gradually being given in increasing proportions by the parents as the young mature.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Garnett\|first=S. T.\|date=1978\|title=The Behaviour Patterns of the Dusky Moorhen, Gallinula Tenebrosa Gould (Aves: Rallidae).\|journal=Wildlife Research\|language=en\|volume=5\|issue=3\|pages=363–384\|doi=10.1071/wr9780363\|issn=1448-5494}}</ref>		The dusky moorhen feeds both on land and in water. Its diet consists of seeds, the tips of shrubs and grasses, algae, fruits, molluscs, and other invertebrates. It will also consume carrion, bread and droppings from birds including gulls and ducks.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.birdsinbackyards.net/species/Gallinula-tenebrosa\|title=Dusky Moorhen {{!}} BIRDS in BACKYARDS\|website=www.birdsinbackyards.net\|access-date=2019-08-16}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3mg50wobsOsC&q=Gallinula+tenebrosa+voice+call&pg=PA504\|title=Rails: A Guide to Rails, Crakes, Gallinules and Coots of the World\|last=Taylor\|first=Barry\|date=2010-08-30\|publisher=A&C Black\|isbn=9781408135372\|language=en}}</ref> The chicks are fed mostly on annelid worms and molluscs, with plant matter gradually being given in increasing proportions by the parents as the young mature.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Garnett\|first=S. T.\|date=1978\|title=The Behaviour Patterns of the Dusky Moorhen, Gallinula Tenebrosa Gould (Aves: Rallidae).\|journal=Wildlife Research\|language=en\|volume=5\|issue=3\|pages=363–384\|doi=10.1071/wr9780363\|issn=1448-5494}}</ref>

	=== Voice ===		=== Voice ===
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	{{Taxonbar\|from=Q1078223}}		{{Taxonbar\|from=Q1078223}}

	~~{{DEFAULTSORT:moorhen, dusky}}~~
	[[Category:Gallinula\|dusky moorhen]]		[[Category:Gallinula\|dusky moorhen]]
	[[Category:Birds of Australia]]		[[Category:Birds of Australia]]

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2021-04-13T22:39:25Z

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{{short description|Species of bird}}
{{speciesbox
| name = Dusky moorhen
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref>{{cite iucn|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22692880/0 |title=''Gallinula tenebrosa'' |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2012 |access-date=26 November 2013}}</ref>
| image = Dusky moorhen442.jpg
| genus = Gallinula
| species = tenebrosa
| authority = [[John Gould|Gould]], 1846
|synonyms = ''Gallinula haematopus'' [[Charles Lucien Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], 1856<br>
''Gallinula tenebrosa magnirostris'' [[Gregory Mathews|Mathews]], 1912<br>
''Gallinula tenebrosa subfrontata'' Mathews, 1912
}}

The '''dusky moorhen''' (''Gallinula tenebrosa'') is a [[bird]] species in the [[rallidae|rail]] [[family (biology)|family]] and is one of the eight [[Extant taxon|extant]] species in the [[moorhen]] genus. It occurs in [[India]], [[Australia]], [[New Guinea]], [[Borneo]] and [[Indonesia]]. It is often confused with the [[purple swamphen]] and the [[Eurasian coot]] due to similar appearance and overlapping distributions. They often live alongside birds in the same genus, such as the [[Tasmanian nativehen]] and the [[common moorhen]].

==Taxonomy==
[[John Gould]] described the dusky moorhen in 1846 from a skin collected along the Murray River in South Australia.<ref name="AFD">{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/online-resources/fauna/afd/taxa/edb83075-6f56-4db6-8004-daeca79c5cfd|title=Species ''Gallinula (Gallinula) tenebrosa tenebrosa'' Gould, 1846|author=Australian Biological Resources Study|date=9 September 2014|work=Australian Faunal Directory|publisher=Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Australian Government|access-date=12 September 2014|location=Canberra, Australian Capital Territory|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912130920/http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/online-resources/fauna/afd/taxa/edb83075-6f56-4db6-8004-daeca79c5cfd|archive-date=12 September 2014}}</ref> Its species name is derived from the [[Latin]] ''tenebrosa'' "dark". [[Charles Lucien Bonaparte]] described ''Gallinula haematopus'' in 1856, but this is now a ''[[nomen nudum]]''. [[Gregory Mathews]] described two subspecies that have been synonymized—''magnirostris'' from Western Australia and ''subfrontata'' from New South Wales.<ref name="AFD"/>

Three subspecies are recognised: subspecies ''frontata'' from southeastern Borneo, the Sunda Islands, Timor and western New Guinea, subspecies ''neumannii'' from northern New Guinea, and the nominate subspecies from Australia.<ref name=Taylor/>

Common names include dusky moorhen, black gallinule, black moorhen and waterhen.<ref name=Lucidcentral/>

==Description==
The dusky moorhen is a medium size bird, slightly smaller than the [[purple swamphen]]. The New Guinea birds are smaller, at {{convert|25|–|32|cm|in}} in length,<ref name=Taylor>{{cite book | title=Rails: A Guide to Rails, Crakes, Gallinules and Coots of the World|last= Taylor |first=Barry |year=2010|publisher=A&C Black |page=504 |isbn = 9781408135372}}</ref> than the Australian race {{convert|34|–|38|cm}}.<ref name=birdsinbackyards>{{cite web |url=http://www.birdsinbackyards.net/species/Gallinula-tenebrosa |title=Dusky Moorhen |publisher=BirdLife Australia |work=Birds in Backyards |access-date=20 January 2018}}</ref> Adult males generally weigh on average around 570 grams and adult females 493 grams.<ref name=Taylor/> The adult dusky moorhen is mainly dark grey-black, with a browner tinge to the upper parts. It has a red [[frontal shield]] and yellow-tipped red bill like its Eurasian relative, but lacks the white flank line shown by [[common moorhen]], and has orange-yellow rather than yellow legs. The Australian subspecies is larger and pager than both other subspecies.<ref name=Taylor/>

During autumn and winter, the colour of the frontal shield grows duller in females and young males. During the warmer months, in the breeding season, the shield grows brighter again in both sexes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author1=DAVID A. RYAN |author2=KYLIE M. BAWDEN |author3=KATHRYN T. BERMINGHAM |author4=MARK A. ELGAR|date=1996|title=Scanning and Tail-flicking in the Australian Dusky Moorhen (Gallinula tenebrosa)|url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v113n02/p0499-p0501.pdf|journal=The Auk}}</ref>

=== Diet ===
The dusky moorhen feeds both on land and in water. It diet consists of seeds, the tips of shrubs and grasses, algae, fruits, molluscs, and other invertebrates. It will also consume carrion, bread, and droppings from birds including gulls and ducks.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.birdsinbackyards.net/species/Gallinula-tenebrosa|title=Dusky Moorhen {{!}} BIRDS in BACKYARDS|website=www.birdsinbackyards.net|access-date=2019-08-16}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3mg50wobsOsC&q=Gallinula+tenebrosa+voice+call&pg=PA504|title=Rails: A Guide to Rails, Crakes, Gallinules and Coots of the World|last=Taylor|first=Barry|date=2010-08-30|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=9781408135372|language=en}}</ref> The chicks are fed mostly on annelid worms and molluscs, with plant matter gradually being given in increasing proportions by the parents as the young mature.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Garnett|first=S. T.|date=1978|title=The Behaviour Patterns of the Dusky Moorhen, Gallinula Tenebrosa Gould (Aves: Rallidae).|journal=Wildlife Research|language=en|volume=5|issue=3|pages=363–384|doi=10.1071/wr9780363|issn=1448-5494}}</ref>

=== Voice ===
The territorial call is a loud ''kurk'' or ''krik'', which may be repeated or run together, sounding like ''kurruk-uk''. This call is taken up by birds in surrounding territories and can be heard from over two kilometres away. The birds also make a series of short, sharp squawks and squeaks as alarm calls. Swimming and preening birds may make a series of short, stacatto, widely spaced noises.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SBn8AwAAQBAJ&q=Gallinula+tenebrosa+voice+call&pg=PA307|title=Birds of New Guinea: Second Edition|last1=Pratt|first1=Thane K.|last2=Beehler|first2=Bruce M.|date=2014-10-26|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=9781400865116|language=en}}</ref>

Both sexes make a soft mewing noise, or a soft ''kook'' noise before and during courtship. Adults may make a quiet hissing noise when their eggs are disturbed. Chicks under the age of three months make a repeated shrill piping noise when begging, when an adult approaches with food, and when they are separated from adults. Adults also make short clicking noises when separated from chicks, and the young give a series of descending whistles in response.<ref name=":1" />

==Distribution and habitat==
It occurs in [[India]], [[Australia]], [[New Guinea]], [[Borneo]] and [[Indonesia]]. Some vagrant, non-breeding birds may be found in New Zealand as well.<ref>{{Cite iucn|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22692880/93372762#geographic-range|title=Dusky Moorhen|date=2016|access-date=16 August 2019}}</ref> In Australia, they are found all across the eastern states of [[Victoria, Australia|Victoria]], [[New South Wales]] and [[Queensland]] as far north as Cooktown, as well as the eastern part [[South Australia]] and the south-western tip of [[Western Australia]].<ref name=Lucidcentral>{{cite web|title=Dusky Moorhen |url=http://keys.lucidcentral.org/key-server/data/03050501-000c-4503-8203-0a030507090d/media/Html/Gallinula_tenebrosa.htm|work=Life in the Suburbs: Identifying Species in the Bush Capital |access-date=11 September 2014}}</ref> It is also found in parts of [[Tasmania]] and South Australia, but are uncommon.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Tasmania Parks and Wildlife Service|url=http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/?base=16225|title=Dusky Moorhen|access-date=11 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://bie.ala.org.au/species/Gallinula+%28Gallinula%29+tenebrosa |title=Gallinula (Gallinula) tenebrosa Gould, 1846 |publisher=Atlas of Living Australia |access-date=20 January 2018}}</ref> Included in their natural distribution range are wildlife parks such as [[Currumbin Wildlife Sanctuary]] and the [[Brisbane Botanic Gardens, Mount Coot-tha|Brisbane Botanic Gardens]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ozanimals.com/Bird/Dusky-Moorhen/Gallinula/tenebrosa.html |title=Dusky Moorhen (Gallinula tenebrosa) |publisher=OzAnimals.com |access-date=20 January 2018}}</ref>

The dusky moorhen is found in wetland habitats, with a preference for freshwater marshes and swamps, and are rarely found far from these areas except when foraging in nearby vegetation.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=birdsinbackyards/> They are also found in urban parks such as [[Gold Coast Regional Botanic Gardens]] and often in dams and river banks.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mdahlem.net/birds/7/duskhen.php |title=Dusky Moorhen (Gallinula tenebrosa) |publisher=mdahlem.net |access-date=20 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = Regional Field Guide to Birds: South-east Coast and Ranges |first1=Graham |last1=Pizzey |first2=Frank |last2=Knight | publisher = HarperCollins | year = 2013 | page = 73 | isbn = 978-0732295356}}</ref> They require open water, usually with some cover such as grass, reeds, and other vegetation. In south-east Queensland, they are more likely to be found in areas with taller vegetation, more attached aquatic vegetation, and a larger number of purple swamphens, indicating that the availability of food and other resources affects their numbers and distribution in wetlands.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Putland|first1=David A.|last2=Krebs|first2=Elizabeth A.|last3=Jones|first3=Darryl N.|last4=Goldizen|first4=Anne W.|last5=Shirley|first5=Adam M.|date=2003|title=Effects of habitat characteristics and climate on the distribution and colouration of Dusky Moorhens (Gallinula tenebrosa) in south-east Queensland|url=http://www.publish.csiro.au/mu/MU02019|journal=Emu|language=en|volume=103|issue=1|pages=81–86|doi=10.1071/mu02019|s2cid=85009069|issn=1448-5540}}</ref> They usually live in low-lying areas, although a pair have been found as high up as 1,580 metres in New Guinea, likely having been separated from their flock.<ref name=":1" />

The birds do not often migrate long distances, and may remain in the same location for eight years or more. They may move to different locations within their range when resources become scarce. Young birds leave their place of birth in autumn and spring, and may be found in locations not normally frequented by adult birds.<ref name=":1" />

==Behaviour==
Breeding season is from August to January in the south of Australia, with generally one brood, and January to June in the north, often brooding twice.<ref name=beruldsen>{{cite book | last= Beruldsen |first=Gordon | title = Australian Birds: Their Nests and Eggs | publisher = self | year = 2003 | location = Kenmore Hills, Qld | page = 209| isbn = 0-646-42798-9 | author-link = Gordon Beruldsen}}</ref> This species builds a bulky nest of reeds or grasses at the water's edge or a few centimetres above the water, often at the base of a ''[[Melaleuca]]'' and lays a clutch of 5–11 matte whitish [[Egg (biology)|eggs]] that are covered with red-brown dots and splotches. Tapered oval in shape, they measure 53 mm long by 36 mm wide each and have more prominent markings at the larger end.<ref name=beruldsen/> It is territorial when breeding, but otherwise gregarious.<ref name=Taylor/> The dusky moorhen may nest alongside the [[purple swamphen]].<ref name=beruldsen/>

Dusky moorhens are diurnal, and roost at nighttime alone, in breeding groups, or in non-breeding flocks. They roost on platforms constructed in reeds set above the water, on branches over the water, and more rarely on the ground in the reeds. During the day they rest at these places, and may also sit on floating vegetation, rocks, logs, and on the banks. In hot weather they may sit high up in trees.<ref name=":1" />

The moorhens frequently flick their conspicuous white and black tail. This may be a signal of alertness or of social status, depending on the context.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

==Various views and plumages==
<gallery>
File:Dusky Moorhens in Love.jpg|mating
File:Moorhen-beak443.jpg|Head and cere detail
File:Moorhen-beak-open.jpg|Beak and tongue detail
File:Dusky Moorhen on nest.jpg|Nesting
File:Juvenile Dusky Moorhen.jpg|Juvenile
Image:Dusky moorhen with babies.ogg|Brisbane City Botanical Gardens, Queensland, Australia
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category|Gallinula tenebrosa}}
{{Wikispecies|Gallinula tenebrosa}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1078223}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:moorhen, dusky}}
[[Category:Gallinula|dusky moorhen]]
[[Category:Birds of Australia]]
[[Category:Birds of Wallacea]]
[[Category:Birds of Melanesia]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1846|dusky moorhen]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Dusky moorhen - Revision history

UpdateBot: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

>Citation bot: Alter: url, publisher. URLs might have been anonymized. Add: s2cid, authors 1-1. Removed parameters. Some additions/deletions were parameter name changes. | Use this bot. Report bugs. | Suggested by AManWithNoPlan | Category:CS1 maint: ref=harv | via #UCB_Category 1382/2500