Dualism (Indian philosophy) - Revision history

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	{{Short description\|Consciousness–matter dualism}}		{{Short description\|Consciousness–matter dualism}}
	'''Dualism in Indian philosophy''' ~~refers to the~~ belief held by certain schools of [[Indian philosophy]] that reality is fundamentally composed of two parts.~~{{source?\|date=October 2021}}~~ This mainly~~{{source?\|date=October 2021}}~~ takes the form of either mind-matter dualism in [[Buddhist philosophy]]~~{{source?\|date=October 2021}}~~ or ~~awareness~~-~~'nature'~~ dualism in the [[Samkhya]] and [[Yoga (philosophy)\|Yoga]] schools of [[Hindu philosophy]]. These can be contrasted with [[mind-body dualism]] in Western [[philosophy of mind]],{{~~source~~?\|date=~~October 2021~~}} ~~but also have similarities with it.~~		'''Dualism in Indian philosophy''' is a belief, or large spectrum of beliefs, held by certain schools of [[Indian philosophy]] that reality is fundamentally composed of two parts or two types of existence. This mainly takes the form of either mind-matter dualism, as in some strands of [[Buddhist philosophy]], or consciousness-nonconsciousness dualism in the [[Samkhya]] and [[Yoga (philosophy)\|Yoga]] schools of [[Hindu philosophy]]. These can be compared and contrasted with [[mind-body dualism]] in Western [[philosophy of mind]] and [[metaphysics]].<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Grayling\|first=A. C.\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bDJwDwAAQBAJ\|title=The History of Philosophy\|date=2019-06-20\|publisher=Penguin UK\|isbn=978-0-241-98086-6\|page=521-9\|language=en}}</ref>

	Another form of dualism in Hindu philosophy is found in the [[Dvaita]] ("dualism") [[Vedanta]] school, which regards God and the world as two realities with distinct essences; this is a form of [[theistic dualism]]. By contrast, schools such as [[Advaita]] ("nondualism") Vedanta embrace absolute [[monism]] ~~and regard~~ dualism as an illusion (''[[Maya (religion)\|maya]]'').		Another form of dualism in Hindu philosophy is found in the [[Dvaita]] ("dualism") [[Vedanta]] school, which regards God and the world as two realities with distinct essences; this is a form of [[theistic dualism]]. By contrast, schools such as [[Advaita]] ("nondualism") Vedanta embrace [[nondualism]] or absolute [[monism]], regarding dualism as an illusion (''[[Maya (religion)\|maya]]'').

	==Buddhist philosophy==		==Buddhist philosophy==
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	==Dvaita philosophy==		==Dvaita philosophy==
	The [[Dvaita Vedanta]] school of [[Indian philosophy]] espouses a dualism between God and the universe by theorizing the existence of two separate [[realities]]. The first and the most important reality is that [[Vishnu]] or [[Brahman]] is the supreme [[Self]], God, the absolute truth of the universe, the independent reality. The second reality is that of dependent but equally real "universe" that exists with its own separate essence. Everything that is composed of the second reality, such as individual soul ([[Jiva]]), matter, etc. exist with their own separate reality. The distinguishing factor of this philosophy as opposed to [[Advaita Vedanta]] ([[monistic]] conclusion of Vedas) is that God takes on a personal role and is seen as a real eternal entity that ~~governs and controls~~ the universe.{{cn\|date=March 2018}} Because the existence of individuals is grounded in the divine, they are depicted as ~~reflections, images or even shadows~~ of the divine, but never in any way identical with the divine. [[Moksha\|Salvation]] therefore is described as the realization that all finite reality is ~~essentially dependent on~~ the Supreme.<ref>Fowler, Jeaneane D. ~~[https://books.google.com/books?id~~=~~8dRZ4E-qgz8C&dq=dualism+dvaita+vedanta&pg=PA340~~ Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism]. Sussex Academic Press~~. P.~~ 340-344~~. {{ISBN\|1-898723-93-1~~}}.</ref>		The [[Dvaita Vedanta]] school of [[Indian philosophy]] espouses a dualism between God and the universe by theorizing the existence of two separate [[realities]]. The first and the most important reality is that [[Vishnu]] or [[Brahman]] is the supreme [[Self]], God, the absolute truth of the universe, the independent reality. The second reality is that of dependent but equally real "universe" that exists with its own separate essence. Everything that is composed of the second reality, such as individual soul ([[Jiva]]), matter, etc. exist with their own separate reality. The distinguishing factor of this philosophy as opposed to [[Advaita Vedanta]] ([[monistic]] conclusion of Vedas) is that God takes on a personal role and is seen as a real eternal entity that observes itself as the universe.{{cn\|date=March 2018}} Because the existence of individuals is grounded in the divine, they are depicted as aspects of the divine, but never in any way identical with the divine. [[Moksha\|Salvation]] therefore is described as the realization that all finite reality is the Supreme.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Fowler \|first=Jeaneane D. \|title=Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism \|publisher=Sussex Academic Press \|year=2002 \|isbn=978-1898723936 \|pages=340-344}}</ref>

	==See also==		==See also==
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	* Isaac, J. R.; Dangwal, Ritu; Chakraborty, C. [https://books.google.com/books?id=V9Z0dFN3DN0C&dq=Consciousness+matter+dualism+sankhya&pg=PA339 Proceedings. International conference on cognitive systems (1997)]. Allied Publishers Ltd. {{ISBN\|81-7023-746-7}}.		* Isaac, J. R.; Dangwal, Ritu; Chakraborty, C. [https://books.google.com/books?id=V9Z0dFN3DN0C&dq=Consciousness+matter+dualism+sankhya&pg=PA339 Proceedings. International conference on cognitive systems (1997)]. Allied Publishers Ltd. {{ISBN\|81-7023-746-7}}.
	* Leaman, Oliver. [https://books.google.com/books?id=x3mZOf8iLQ0C Eastern Philosophy: Key Readings]. Routledge, 2000. {{ISBN\|0-415-17357-4}}.		* Leaman, Oliver. [https://books.google.com/books?id=x3mZOf8iLQ0C Eastern Philosophy: Key Readings]. Routledge, 2000. {{ISBN\|0-415-17357-4}}.
			{{Mind–body dualism}}

	[[Category:Consciousness–matter dualism]]		[[Category:Consciousness–matter dualism]]

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article

2023-09-05T19:11:32Z

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{{Short description|Consciousness–matter dualism}}
'''Dualism in Indian philosophy''' refers to the belief held by certain schools of [[Indian philosophy]] that reality is fundamentally composed of two parts.{{source?|date=October 2021}} This mainly{{source?|date=October 2021}} takes the form of either mind-matter dualism in [[Buddhist philosophy]]{{source?|date=October 2021}} or awareness-'nature' dualism in the [[Samkhya]] and [[Yoga (philosophy)|Yoga]] schools of [[Hindu philosophy]]. These can be contrasted with [[mind-body dualism]] in Western [[philosophy of mind]],{{source?|date=October 2021}} but also have similarities with it.

Another form of dualism in Hindu philosophy is found in the [[Dvaita]] ("dualism") [[Vedanta]] school, which regards God and the world as two realities with distinct essences; this is a form of [[theistic dualism]]. By contrast, schools such as [[Advaita]] ("nondualism") Vedanta embrace absolute [[monism]] and regard dualism as an illusion (''[[Maya (religion)|maya]]'').

==Buddhist philosophy==
[[File:Dharmakirti.gif|thumb|150 px|right|Dharmakīrti, a key theorist of [[Buddhist atomism]].]]
During the classical era of [[Buddhist philosophy]] in India, philosophers such as [[Dharmakirti]] argued for a dualism between states of consciousness and [[Buddhist atomism|Buddhist atoms]] (the basic building blocks that make up reality), according to the "standard interpretation" of Dharmakirti's Buddhist [[metaphysics]].<ref>Georges B.J. Dreyfus, ''Recognizing Reality'', SUNY Press 1996 ({{ISBN|978-0791430989}})</ref>{{page needed|date=October 2021}}

==Samkhya and Yogic philosophy==
While [[Western philosophy|Western philosophical traditions]], as exemplified by Descartes, equate mind with the conscious self and theorize on consciousness on the basis of mind/body dualism, some [[Eastern philosophy|Eastern philosophies]] provide an alternate viewpoint, intimately related to [[substance dualism]], by drawing a metaphysical line between consciousness and matter — where matter includes both body and mind.<ref>Haney, p. 17.</ref><ref>Isaac, p. 339.</ref>

In [[Samkhya]] and [[Yoga (philosophy)|Yoga]], two of the six orthodox ([[āstika]]) schools of [[Hindu philosophy]], "there are two irreducible, innate and independent realities: 1) [[consciousness]] itself ([[Purusha]]), and 2) primordial materiality ([[Prakriti]])".{{cn|date=December 2017}} The unconscious primordial materiality, Prakriti, contains 23 components including intellect ([[buddhi]], mahat), ego ([[ahamkara]]) and mind ([[Manas (early Buddhism)|manas]]). Therefore, the intellect, mind and ego are all seen as forms of unconscious matter.<ref>Haney, p. 42.</ref> Thought processes and mental events are conscious only to the extent they receive illumination from Purusha. Consciousness is compared to light which illuminates the material configurations or 'shapes' assumed by the mind. So intellect after receiving cognitive structures form the mind and illumination from pure consciousness creates thought structures that appear to be conscious.<ref name="page342">Isaac, p. 342.</ref> Ahamkara, the ego or the phenomenal self, appropriates all mental experiences to itself and thus, personalizes the objective activities of mind and intellect by assuming possession of them.<ref>Leaman, p. 68.</ref> But consciousness is itself independent of the thought structures it illuminates.<ref name="page342"/>

By including mind in the realm of matter, Samkhya Yoga avoids one of the most serious pitfalls of Cartesian dualism, the violation of physical conservation laws by involving something non-material (Cartesian mind) in human actions. Because in Samkhya Yoga mind is an evolute of matter, mental events are granted causal efficacy and are therefore able to initiate bodily motions.<ref>Leaman, p. 248.</ref>

==Dvaita philosophy==
The [[Dvaita Vedanta]] school of [[Indian philosophy]] espouses a dualism between God and the universe by theorizing the existence of two separate [[realities]]. The first and the most important reality is that [[Vishnu]] or [[Brahman]] is the supreme [[Self]], God, the absolute truth of the universe, the independent reality. The second reality is that of dependent but equally real "universe" that exists with its own separate essence. Everything that is composed of the second reality, such as individual soul ([[Jiva]]), matter, etc. exist with their own separate reality. The distinguishing factor of this philosophy as opposed to [[Advaita Vedanta]] ([[monistic]] conclusion of Vedas) is that God takes on a personal role and is seen as a real eternal entity that governs and controls the universe.{{cn|date=March 2018}} Because the existence of individuals is grounded in the divine, they are depicted as reflections, images or even shadows of the divine, but never in any way identical with the divine. [[Moksha|Salvation]] therefore is described as the realization that all finite reality is essentially dependent on the Supreme.<ref>Fowler, Jeaneane D. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8dRZ4E-qgz8C&dq=dualism+dvaita+vedanta&pg=PA340 Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism]. Sussex Academic Press. P. 340-344. {{ISBN|1-898723-93-1}}.</ref>

==See also==

*[[Dravya]]
*[[Dualistic cosmology]]
*[[Panpsychism]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* Haney, William S. [https://books.google.com/books?id=HEI6QwSxrjsC Culture and Consciousness: Literature Regained]. Bucknell University Press (August 1, 2002). {{ISBN|1611481724}}.
* Isaac, J. R.; Dangwal, Ritu; Chakraborty, C. [https://books.google.com/books?id=V9Z0dFN3DN0C&dq=Consciousness+matter+dualism+sankhya&pg=PA339 Proceedings. International conference on cognitive systems (1997)]. Allied Publishers Ltd. {{ISBN|81-7023-746-7}}.
* Leaman, Oliver. [https://books.google.com/books?id=x3mZOf8iLQ0C Eastern Philosophy: Key Readings]. Routledge, 2000. {{ISBN|0-415-17357-4}}.

[[Category:Consciousness–matter dualism]]
[[Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts]]
[[Category: Hindu philosophical concepts]]
[[Category: Samkhya]]
[[Category: Yoga concepts]]
[[Category:Dvaita Vedanta]]