>Kanguole: Reverted edits by 106.195.33.202 (talk) to last version by Leiwang7

2021-10-11T10:15:06Z

Reverted edits by 106.195.33.202 (talk) to last version by Leiwang7

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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox language family
|name = Dravido-Korean
|region = [[South Asia]], [[Japan]] and [[Korea]]
|familycolor=superfamily
|family = Proposed [[language family]]
|child3 = [[Japonic languages|Japonic]] (sometimes included)
|child2 = [[Koreanic languages|Koreanic]]
|child1 = [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]]
|glotto = none
}}

'''Dravido-Koreanic''', sometimes '''Dravido-Koreo-Japonic''', is an abandoned proposal linking the [[Dravidian languages]] to [[Korean language|Korean]] and (in some versions) to [[Japanese language|Japanese]].{{sfnp|Lee|Ramsey|2011|p=15}} A genetic link between the Dravidian languages and Korean was first hypothesized by [[Homer B. Hulbert]] in 1905.{{sfnp|Hulbert|1905}} In his book ''The Origin of the Japanese Language'' (1970), [[Susumu Ōno]] proposed a layer of Dravidian (specifically Tamil) vocabulary in both Korean and Japanese. Morgan E. Clippinger gave a detailed comparison of Korean and Dravidian vocabulary in his article "Korean and Dravidian: Lexical Evidence for an Old Theory" (1984), but there has been little interest in the idea since the 1980s.{{sfnp|Lee|Ramsey|2011|p=15}}

==Recognition of language similarities==
Similarities between the [[Dravidian languages]] and [[Korean language|Korean]] were first noted by French missionaries in Korea.{{sfnp|Hulbert|1906|p=28}} In 1905, [[Homer B. Hulbert]] wrote a comparative grammar of Korean and Dravidian in which he hypothesized a genetic connection between the two.{{sfnp|Hulbert|1905}} Later, Susumu Ōno caused a stir in [[Japan]] with his theory that [[Tamil language|Tamil]] constituted a lexical stratum of both [[Korean language|Korean]] and [[Japanese language|Japanese]], which was widely publicized in the following years but was quickly abandoned. However, Clippinger applied the [[comparative method]] systematically to [[Middle Korean]] forms and reconstructed Dravidian forms.{{sfnp|Clippinger|1984}} Lee Ki-Moon, Professor Emeritus at [[Seoul National University]], argued in 2011 that Clippinger's conclusion should be revisited.{{sfnp|Lee|Ramsey|2011|p=15}} According to [[Homer B. Hulbert]], many of the names of ancient cities of southern Korea were the exact counterpart of Dravidian words.{{sfnp|Hulbert|1906|p=29}} For example, the Karak Kingdom of King Suro was named after the [[proto-Dravidian]] meaning ''fish''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Barnes|first=Gina Lee|title=State formation in Korea: historical and archaeological perspectives|year=2001|publisher=Routledge|page=185}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Kim|first=Choong-Soon|title=Voices of Foreign Brides: The Roots and Development of Multiculturalism in Contemporary Korea|year=2011|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield}}</ref>

The ''[[Samguk yusa]]'' describes [[Heo Hwang-ok]], who was the first queen of the [[Geumgwan Gaya]]—a statelet of the [[Gaya confederacy]]—as coming from India's Ayuta or Ay ([[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]]) in [[Tamil Nadu]]. Since the ''Samguk yusa'' was compiled in the 12th century, and contains mythical narratives, it is not strong evidence. However, contact with [[Tamils|Tamil]] merchants and a limited inflow of immigrants may have influenced the formation of the Gaya confederacy.<ref>[[Kanyakumari (state assembly constituency)|Kanyakumari]] in ancient time called Ayuta or Ay</ref><ref>이거룡. 2017, "가락국(駕洛國)과 고대 남인도(南印度)의 문화적 접촉에 관한 고찰: 물고기숭배를 중심으로" [A Study on the Cultural Contacts between Garak Kingdom and Ancient South India: With Special Reference to 'Fish Worship'], 인도연구, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 85–121. {{doi|10.21758/jis.2017.22.1.85}}</ref>

In 2011, Jung Nam Kim, president of the Korean Society of Tamil Studies, mentioned that the similarities between Korean and Dravidian are strong, but he also said that this does not prove a genetic link between Dravidian and Korean, and that more research needs to be done.{{fact|date=August 2020}}

==Arguments==
[[Susumu Ōno]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Ohno|first=Susumu|title=The Origin of the Japanese Language|year=1970|publisher=Journal of Japanese studies}}</ref> and [[Homer B. Hulbert]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Paek|first=Nak-chun|title=The history of Protestant missions in Korea, 1832-1910|year=1987|publisher=Yonsei University Press}}</ref> propose that early [[Dravidian people]], especially [[Tamil people|Tamils]], migrated to the Korean peninsula and Japan. Hulbert based his theories of language relationships and associated migration patterns on the [[Turanian languages|Turanian language hypothesis]], which has been obsolete since the early 20th century.{{sfnp|Hulbert|1906|pp=28, 300–302}} Morgan E. Clippinger presents 408 cognates and about 60 phonological correspondences. Clippinger found that some cognates were closer than others leading him to speculate a genetic link which was reinforced by a later migration.{{sfnp|Clippinger|1984}}{{sfnp|Sohn|1999|pp=28–29}} The Japanese professor Tsutomu Kambe found more than 500 similar cognates between Tamil and Japanese.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/researchers-find-tamil-connection-in-japanese/articleshow/7308952.cms|title=Researchers find Tamil connection in Japanese - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-05-19}}</ref> There are two basic common features:{{sfnp|Sohn|1999|p=29}}
* all three languages are [[agglutinative]],
* all three follow [[SOV word order]], and consequently modifiers always precede modified words and particles are post-positional.

However, typological similarities such as these could easily be due to chance; agglutinative languages are quite common, and half of the languages in the world follow SOV word order. The lack of a statistically significant number of cognates and the lack of anthropological and genetic links can be adduced to dismiss this proposal.<ref name="ling450ch">{{cite web |title=Origin Theories of the Korean Language|url=http://linguistics.byu.edu/classes/ling450ch/reports/korean.html|access-date=2013-12-15}}</ref>

Comparative linguist Kang Gil-un identifies 1300 Dravidian Tamil cognates in Korean. He suggests that Korean is probably related to the [[Nivkh language]] and influenced by Tamil.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kang|first=Gil-un|title=고대사의 비교언어학적 연구|year=1990|publisher=새문사}}</ref>

==List of potential Korean-Tamil cognates==

===Personal pronouns===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Korean !! Meaning !! Tamil !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| na (나) (naneun 나는, naega 내가) || I || nāṉ (நான்)/ nāṉu (நானு)
nāṅgaḷ (நாங்கள்)
|| I || ''Nā நா'' is informal in both languages. In Korean ''naneun 나는'', ''na 나'' is the first person singular pronoun, whereas ''-neun 는'' is a marker of the [[topic (linguistics)|topic]]. In colloquial Korean speech, ''naneun 나는'' may be shortened to ''nan 난''.
|-
| neo (너) (neoneun 너는, nega 네가) || you || nī (நீ)/ nīnga (நீங்க) || you || ''Nī நீ'' is informal in both languages. ''Nīnga நீங்க'' is formal in Tamil. Korean ''nega 네가'' is an irregular form of ''neo 너'' (second person singular pronoun) + ''-ga 가'' (marker of the [[nominative case]]). In colloquial Korean speech, ''neoneun 너는'' may be shortened to ''neon 넌'', and ''nega 네가'' may be pronounced as ''niga 니가''.
|-
|}

===Kinship===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Korean !! Meaning !! Tamil !! Meaning
|-
| Appa (아빠, informal) / Abeoji (아버지, formal) {{Dubious|reason=the term for pappa is a universal false cognate|date=December 2013}} || Father || Appā (அப்பா)/ Appuchchi (அப்புச்சி, grand-pa) || Father
|-
| Eomma (엄마) / Eomeoni (어머니) {{Dubious|reason=the term for mamma is a universal false cognate|date=December 2013}} || Mother; middle-aged lady; aunt || Ammā (அம்மா) / Ammaṇi (அம்மணி, a term of respect while addressing a woman) || Mother; milady (honorific for young women)
|-
| Eonni (언니) || Elder sister (females for their elder sisters); but note that the term historically meant elder sibling of either sex. || Aṇṇi (அண்ணி) || Elder sister-in-law
|-
| Nuna (누나) || Elder sister (males for their elder sisters) ||
|-
| Agassi (아가씨) || Young lady; however this term is most likely a compound of "aga" (baby) + "-ssi" (suffix for politely calling someone) || Thankachi/Thangai (தங்கச்சி/தங்கை)
|| Younger Sister
|}

===Others===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Korean !! Meaning !! Tamil !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| Mettugi (메뚜기) || grasshopper || Vettukkili (வெட்டுக்கிளி) || grasshopper ||
|-
| Pul (풀) || grass || Pul (புல்) || grass ||
|-
| Ippal (이빨) || tooth || Pal (பல்) || tooth ||
|-
| -boda (-보다) || than || Vida (விட) || than ||
|-
| gada (가다) || to go || Kada (கட) || to pass or to cross ||
|-
| Wa (와) {{Dubious|reason=This is definitely a false cognate; wa in Korean is an artifact of conjugation --- o (root for come) + a (particle) but in Dravidian languages wa is the root|date=December 2013}} || an inflected form of the verb o-(오-) "to come" || Vā (வா) || come ||
|-
| olla (올라) {{Dubious|reason=how is this even a cognate? up doesn't mean in; the equivalent of Tamil ulle/ulla is 안|date=December 2013}} || an inflected form of the verb oreu-(오르-) "to climb" || Yeḷḷa (எழ)/Yeḷḷa(எழு) || Rise || Yellu/yella
|-
| Aigu (아이구) || - || Aiyō (ஐயோ) || - || Expression of surprise, disgust or disregard
|-
| Igeot (이것) || this: a compound made of i ("this") + geot ("(some)thing") || Itu (இது) || this ||
|-
| Nal (날) || day || Nāḷ (நாள்) || day ||
|-
| jogeum-jogeum (조금 조금) || - || konjam-konjam (கொஞ்சம் கொஞ்சம்) || - || Literally 'little-bit little-bit'
|-
| eoneu (어느) || one/what (as in "one day" or "what day") || onnu (ஒண்ணு) || one ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

'''Works cited'''
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
* {{citation
| surname = Clippinger | given = Morgan E.
| title = Korean and Dravidian: Lexical Evidence for an Old Theory
| journal = Korean Studies | year = 1984 | volume = 8 | pages=1–57
| jstor = 23717695 | doi = 10.1353/ks.1984.0011
| s2cid = 162384193
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| surname = Hulbert | given = Homer B. | author-link = Homer Hulbert
| title = A Comparative Grammar Of The Korean Language and the Dravidian Languages of India
| publisher = Methodist Publishing House | location = Seoul | year = 1905
| url = https://archive.org/details/AComparativeGrammarOfTheKoreanLang
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| surname = Hulbert | given = Homer B. | author-mask = 3
| title = The passing of Korea
| publisher = Doubleday | location = New York | year = 1906
| url = https://archive.org/details/passingofkorea00hulbuoft
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| surname1 = Lee | given1 = Ki-Moon | surname2 = Ramsey | given2 = S. Robert
| title = A History of the Korean Language
| publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-1-139-49448-9
| postscript = .
}}
* {{citation
| surname = Sohn | given = Ho-Min
| title = The Korean Language
| location = Cambridge | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1999
| isbn = 978-0-521-36123-1
| postscript = .
}}
{{refend}}

==External links==

{{Dravidian languages}}
{{Japanese language}}
{{Korean language}}
{{Tamil language}}
{{Eurasian languages}}

[[Category:Proposed language families]]
[[Category:Tamil language]]
[[Category:Dravidian languages]]
[[Category:Japanese language]]
[[Category:Korean language]]

Dravido-Korean languages - Revision history

>Kanguole: Reverted edits by 106.195.33.202 (talk) to last version by Leiwang7