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{{Short description|Last Chakravarti emperor of India (reigned c. 1165–1203)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title = '''Bālopinetā-Paramabhattaraka-Maharajadhiraja-Parameshvara-Māhishmatiadhipati-Dasharnadhinath-Mahobanaresh-'''<br>'''Shri-Kalanjaradhipati'''{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=140}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Allahabad |first=University of |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=VlMOAAAAIAAJ&q=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5&dq=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiN5tPF_8-BAxVFVt4KHSWPD_AQ6AF6BAgMEAM#%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%20%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5 |title=University of Allahabad Studies |date=1971 |language=hi}}</ref>
| name = Paramardideva
| succession = 18th [[Chandela| Chandel Emperor]]
|image=
| caption =
|image_map =
|image_map_caption =
| reign = c. 1165-1203 CE
| predecessor = [[Yashovarman II (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman II]]
| successor = [[Trailokyavarman]]
| birth_date = January 19, 1160 AD
| birth_place = [[Mahoba]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| death_date = April 14, 1203 AD (Aged 43)
| death_place = [[Kalanjara|Kalinjar Fort]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| spouse = Malhana-Devi
([[Pratihar|Parihar]] [[Princess]] by Birth)<br>([[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel queen]] by Marriage)
| issue = [[Naiki Devi]], Brahmajitvarman, Ranajitvarman, Indrajitvarman, [[Trailokyavarman]]
| full name = '''Srimanmat Paramardidevvarman Chandel'''
[[Hindi]]: श्रीमनमत परमर्दिदेववर्मन चन्देल {{sfn|P. C. Roy|1980|pp=54-55}}
| regnal name = '''Parmal'''
| house = [[Heheya Kingdom|Haihaya]], [[Lunar dynasty|Chandravansh]]
| dynasty = [[Chandela|Chandel]]
| father = [[Yashovarman II (Chandela dynasty) |Yashovarman II]]
| religion = [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava set]], [[Hinduism]]
}}
'''Paramardideva-Varman'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thapar |first=Romila |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=aei9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA570&dq=Paramardivarman&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiNjPPo98eBAxWoaPUHHcH_AxQQ6AF6BAgMEAM#v=onepage&q=Paramardivarman&f=false |title=The Past Before Us |date=2013-10-14 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-72651-2 |language=en}}</ref>([[संस्कृत]]: परमर्दिदेववर्मन: चन्देल) (Reign 1165-1203 AD), also known as '''Parmal''' or '''Paramardin''', was the last emperor of the India from the [[Chandela| Chandel dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA113&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Early Rulers of Khajur (Second Revised Edition)|last=Mitra|first=Sisir Kumar|date=1977|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-1997-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qHnHHwAACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en|title=History of Medieval India: 800-1700|last=Chandra|first=Satish|date=2007|publisher=Orient BlackSwan|isbn=978-81-250-3226-7|language=en}}</ref> His capital was located at [[Mahoba]], [[Jejakabhukti]] in present-day Uttar Pradesh. Around 1203 A.D., he fought very bravely and killed against the Ghurids under Qutubuddin aibek.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=DZiCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24&dq=Chandelas+fought+bravely&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjPr7ecg8OBAxUFa94KHe9LCv4Q6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=Chandelas%20fought%20bravely&f=false|title=Socio-Cultural life in Medieval History|last=Jahan|first=Dr Ishrat|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-0-359-22280-3|language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==

The [[Bateshwar, Uttar Pradesh|Bateshvar]] inscription of Paramardideva's suggests that he succeeded his father [[Yashovarman II (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman II]]. However, other Chandel inscriptions (including those of his own) suggest that he succeeded his grandfather [[Madanavarman]]. It is possible that his father Yashovarman II ruled for a very short period, or did not rule at all, having died while his grandfather Madanavarman was still alive.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=139-140}}

According to some actual verses found of '''Parmal Raso''', Paramardi-Deva ascended the throne at the age of 5 years. An [[Ajaygarh]] inscription appears to corroborate this claim: it states that Paramardi was a leader even as a child (''bāl-opi netā''). Which clearly means he ascended the throne at the age of 5.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=140}}

The Semra copper-plate inscription vaguely eulogizes him as someonoe who surpassed [[Kamadeva|Makaradhvaja]] (the god of love) in handsomeness, the ocean in depth, the lord of heaven in majesty, [[Brihaspati]] in wisdom, and [[Yudhishthira]] in truthfulness.
Paramardideva was so munifi- cence and he promotes the learning. To his reign belong the largest number of the copper-plate charters issued by the Chandel kings, and they furnish the best proof of his liberality.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=152}}

The Supra inscription mentions that he was very well versed in archery and had an ancestral bow which was similar to the Sarangadhanush (one of the three best bows in the Puranas).{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=153}}

He was a [[Vaishnava]]. A gold coin issued by him, featuring a seated goddess Sri ([[Laxmi]]), gives his other side name as ''Srimat Paramardi''.{{sfn|P. C. Roy|1980|pp=54-55}} He was also devotee of [[Shiva]], coz of his kuldevta was [[Shiva|Nilkanth Shiva]]. He was a learned man, and is attributed as the author of a eulogy to [[Shiva]], inscribed on a stone at [[Kalanjara]]. A inscriptions mentions that Paramardideva brought about the union of both Sri and Sarasvati in his own person.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=150}}

=== Reign ===
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The inscriptions from the first few years of Paramardi's reign have been found at Semra (1165-1166 CE), [[Mahoba]] (1166-1167 CE), [[Ichhawar]] (1171 CE), Mahoba (1173 CE), Pachar (1176 CE) and [[Charkhari]] (1178 CE).{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=119}} All of these inscriptions use the imperial titles for him: ''Paramabhattaraka-[[Maharajadhiraja]]-Parameshvara- Shri-Kalanjaradhipati Shrimanmat Paramardideva''. This indicates that in the early part of his reign, Paramardi retained the territories that he had inherited from his grandfather Madanavarman.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=120}} Several Chandelas inscriptions also mention Paramardi, but these contain little historical information.

== Military career ==
===Conquest===
An 1183 CE [[Mahoba]] inscription states that the lord of Tripuri fainted whenever he heard the songs about Paramardi's bravery. This suggests that Paramardi defeated a [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri king of Tripuri]], possibly [[Jayasimha (Kalachuri dynasty)|Jayasimha]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=143}} This inscription also alludes to Paramardin's digvijaya campaigns in [[Anga]], [[Vanga]] and [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=141}} The Baghari (Bateshvar) stone inscription credits him with military victories and states that other kings bowed to him, but does not name any of these kings.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=141}} This inscription states that the Paramardideva's kingdom extended up to the sea during Digvijaya. {{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=141}} Some historean says that this advance upto sea is very probably it is mere rhetoric and not a sober fact.

The Bateshwar inscription of 1195 AD mentions that the foot-stool of Emperor Paramardidevavarman was light red due to the shine of the crest-jewels of the kings or feudal lords, who were bowing before him. The 1195 CE Bateshvar inscription states that other feudatory kings bowed before him, and the 1201 CE Kalanjara inscription describes him as the lord of [[Dasharna]] country. Most probably he directly took the control over Dasharna from his one of feudal.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}}

The Ajaygarh inscription of his grandson's wife Kalyanadevi similarly describes him as a universal sovereign (Chakravartin), whose enemies were left in a pitiful condition.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=141}}
=== Chahamana invasion ===
During 1182 CE, the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamana]] ruler [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] invaded the [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel Empire]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=120}} According to the medieval ballads, Prithviraj was returning to [[Delhi]] after marrying the daughter of Padamsen. During this journey, he was attacked by Turkic forces ([[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurids]]). The Chauhan army managed to repulse the attacks, but suffered serious casualties in the process. They lost their way, and arrived in the Chandel capital [[Mahoba]]. The Chauhan force, which had a number of wounded soldiers among them, unknowingly set up a camp in the Chandel royal garden. They killed the keeper of the garden for objecting to their presence. When Paramardi learned about this, he sent some soldiers to counter the Chauhan force. The Chandelas suffered heavy losses in the ensuing conflict. Paramardi then decided to send another force led by his general [[Udal of Mahoba|Udal]] against Prithviraj. Udal advised against this proposal, arguing that it would not be appropriate to attack wounded soldiers or to antagonize a powerful king like Prithviraj. However, Paramardi was under the influence of his brother-in-law Mahil Parihar (Pratihara), who secretly harboured ill-will against the Chandelas. Mahil instigated Paramardi to go ahead with the attack plan. The Chandela force led by Udal then launched a second attack against the Chauhan army, but was defeated. The situation subsided when Prithviraj left for Delhi.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=121}} Unable to bear Mahil Parihar's political scheming, Udal and his brother [[Alha]] left the Chandel court.

They took shelter with [[Jaichand]], the [[Gahadavala]] ruler of [[Kannauj]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=121}} Mahil then sent a secret message to Prithviraj Chauhan, informing him that the best generals of Paramardi had left Mahoba. Instigated by him, Prithviraj set out from Delhi in 1182 CE and marched to the Chandel territory via [[Gwalior]] and [[Bateshwar, Uttar Pradesh|Bateshwar]]. First, he besieged Sirsagarh, which was held by Malkhan, a cousin of Alha and Udal. Prithviraj tried to win over Malkhan, but Malkhan remained loyal to Paramardi and fought against the invaders. After Malkhan killed eight generals of the invading army, Prithviraj himself took charge of the battle. The Chandelas ultimately lost the battle, and Malkhan was killed.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=122}} Prithviraj then started a march towards Mahoba. Facing an imminent defeat, Paramardi and his nobles sought a truce on the advice of his chief queen Malhan Devi. Prithviraj agreed to the truce, but remained encamped on the banks of the [[Betwa River]] in the Chandel territory. The Chandelas, meanwhile, requested Alha and Udal to come back from Kannauj.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=122}} The two brothers were initially hesitant, but agreed to return after their mother appealed them to honour their allegiance to the Chandelas. Jaichand dispatched an army led by his best generals, including two of his own sons, to support the Chandelas. Paramardi himself became nervous, and retreated to the [[Kalanjara]] fort with some of his soldiers. His son Brahmajit, along with Alha and Udal, led the Chandel army against Prithviraj Chauhan. In the ensuing battle, the Chandelas were defeated. Brahmajit, Udal and the two sons of Jaichand were killed in the conflict. After his victory, Prithviraj sacked the Chandel capital of Mahoba.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=123}} Next, Prithviraj dispatched his general Chavand Rai to Kalanjara. The Chauhan army captured the fort, took Paramardi as prisoner, and marched back towards Delhi.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=124}} According to the ''Parmal Raso'', Alha's son Indal Kumar launched a surprise attack on the returning Chauhan army, and freed Paramardi. Out of shame, Paramardi later committed suicide at the Gajraj temple.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=124}} ''Parmala Raso'' states that his 50 wives committed [[sati (practice)|sati]] (self-immolation) after his death. Whereas brahminical record for Chandelas and Chandel record mentioned that Paramardideva married only one woman, Malhana devi, a parihara princess of his vassal Vasudeva And despite being a king, he never looked at any woman with such eyes, just like his religious ancestors and considered everyone as his mother and sister. Paramardideva's son called his great grandfather Madanavarman unrighteous because he had 3 wives and that unrighteous karma became the reason for the Chandelas' defeat by the Muslims in 1203, so why he did not criticize Paramardideva for having 50 wives if he really had as per claim of Prithviraja III.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=149}} According to [[Chand Bardai]], he retired to [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] and died there.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=124}} The ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]'' states that Prithviraj appointed Pajjun Rai as the governor of Mahoba. Later, Paramardideva's son Samarjit recaptured Mahoba with help of Narasimha, an officer of Jaichand. Samarjit then ruled the territory between Kalanjara and Gaya. However, no such prince is mentioned in the Chandelas records.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}}

The exact historicity of this legendary narrative is debatable, but it is known that Prithviraj Chauhan may sacked Mahoba, but this unhistorical claim is also corroborated by prithviraj stone inscriptions at [[Madanpur, Lalitpur, India|Madanpur]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=123}}

However, the prolonged occupation of Mahoba or Kalanjara by Chauhans is not supported by historical evidence.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}} Moreover, it is known that Paramardideva did not die or retire immediately after the claimed year of Chauhan victory, in fact, he continued ruling as a sovereign nearly a decade after Prithviraj's death. The cinthia talbot suggested that the invasion on Mahoba wasn't battle but probably mere a small raid and prithviraj was unable to capture Jejakabukti.

Moreover, the repulsion of Prithviraj's invasion was so easy for Paramardideva hense Chandelas didn't mentioned that. The Chandel record of 1187 A.D. mentioned that Paramardideva again defeated Prithviraja Chauhan in the Battle of Kirtisagara.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Randhawa |first=Mohinder Singh |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=lWHqAAAAMAAJ&q=Indian+Sculpture:+The+Scene,+Themes,+and+Legends&dq=Indian+Sculpture:+The+Scene,+Themes,+and+Legends&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&redir_esc=y#Prithviraj%20Chauhan |title=Indian Sculpture: The Scene, Themes, and Legends |last2=Randhawa |first2=Doris Schreier |date=1985 |publisher=Vakils, Feffer & Simons |language=en}}</ref>

He is known to have issued several inscriptions after this event: the Kalanjara rock inscription, the 1184 CE Mahoba stone inscription, the 1187 CE [[Ajaygarh]] stone inscription, the 1195 CE Baghari (Bateshvar) stone inscription, and the 1201 CE Kalanjara stone inscription.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=124}} These records give imperial titles for Paramardi, indicating that he remained a sovereign ruler.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}} The Muslim chronicles also provide evidence that Paramardideva ruled until the beginning of the next century, when the Delhi Sultanate invaded the Chandel Empire.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}}

The 1195 CE Bateshvar inscription states that other feudatory kings bowed before him, and the 1201 CE Kalanjara inscription describes him as the lord of [[Dasharna]] country.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}}

=== Ghurid invasion and death ===
{{See also|Siege of Kalinjar}}

According to a [[Kalanjara]] inscription, while one of Paramardideva's predecessors had imprisoned the wives of the earthly rulers, Paramardideva's heroics made even the divine rulers anxious about the safety of their wives. As a result, the gods let loose an army of [[mlechchhas]] (foreigners) against him, and made him face a defeat.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=143}}

Prithviraj Chauhan was killed in the [[Second Battle of Tarain]] against the [[Ghurids]] in 1192 CE. After defeating the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamanas]] (Chauhans) and the [[Gahadavala]]s, the Ghurid governor of Delhi planned an invasion of Chandel Empire.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=147}} A force led by [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]], And with strong generals like [[Iltutmish]], surrounded the Chandel fort of [[Kalanjara]] in 1202 AD and launched the attack without any warning.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}} Due to this, military power could not come from Mahoba, the military capital of Chandelas and the military force present in Kalinjar was very less. But the Paramardidevvarman didn't accept defeat, he fought very bravely in the war untill his death.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=DZiCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24&dq=Chandelas+fought+bravely&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjPr7ecg8OBAxUFa94KHe9LCv4Q6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=Chandelas%20fought%20bravely&f=false|title=Socio-Cultural life in Medieval History|last=Jahan|first=Dr Ishrat|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-0-359-22280-3|language=en}}</ref>
After the death of Paramardideva, the Chandelas fought with courage and bravery till the end under the leadership of his commander Ajay Dev but were killed due to lack of military force.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=sLo9AAAAMAAJ&q=Chandelas+fought+bravely+Qutubuddin&dq=Chandelas+fought+bravely+Qutubuddin&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwillczzg8OBAxURdPUHHbdGAysQ6AF6BAgMEAM#Chandelas%20fought%20bravely%20Qutubuddin|title=Muslim Rule in India|last=Mahajan|first=Vidya Dhar|date=1965|publisher=S. Chand|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=d_O1AAAAIAAJ&q=Chandelas+fought+bravely+Qutubuddin&dq=Chandelas+fought+bravely+Qutubuddin&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi-p4WJhMOBAxVUVN4KHZhhBoU4ChDoAXoECAIQAw#Chandelas%20fought%20bravely%20Qutubuddin|title=The Sultanate of Delhi|last=Mahajan|first=Vidya

Dhar|last2=Mahajan|first2=Savitri|date=1963|publisher=S. Chand|language=en}}</ref> After the war, only 200 Chandel warriors were able to survive (if they save them).{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=147}}

''Taj-ul-Maasir'', written by the Delhi chronicler [[Hasan Nizami]], states that Parmar (Paramardi) initially offered some resistance, but then fled to the safety of the fort. Subsequently, he surrendered before ruler of Delhi, and agreed to be his vassal.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=147}} He promised to pay a tribute to the Sultan, but died before he could execute this agreement. His [[dewan]] Aj Deo (Ajaya-Deva) continued to resist the ruler of Delhi after his death. The dewan was finally forced to surrender as the water reservoirs within the fort dried up during a drought. ''Taj-ul-Masir'' further states that after the Sultanate's victory, temples were converted into mosques and 50,000 Hindu men were taken as slaves. Qutb al-Din Aibak appointed Hazabbar-ud-Din Hasan Arnal as the governor of Kalanjara, and also captured [[Mahoba]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=148}}

The 16th century Muslim historian Firishta states that Paramardi was assassinated by his own minister, who disagreed with the king's decision to surrender to the Delhi forces.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=148}}

Firishta as well as Fakhruddin Mubarakshah state that the fall of Kalanjara happened in the [[Hijri year]] 599 (1202-1203 CE). According to ''Taj-ul-Masir'', Kalanjara fell on 20th of [[Rajab]], in the Hijri year 599, on Monday. However, this date corresponds to 12 April 1203 CE, which was a Friday. Based on different interpretations of the historical sources, different scholars date the fall of Kalanjara to either 1202 CE or 1203 CE.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=149}}

According to the Chandela inscriptions, Paramardi was succeeded by [[Trailokyavarman]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}}
== Administration ==
According to the Baghari inscription, Paramardideva-Varman placed the burden of government on the shoulder of his prime minister Sallakshana, who was a [[Brahmin]] of [[Vashistha]] [[gotra]]. After his death, his son Purushottama inherited his post. After his victory over invader Prithviraja III, he ordered his minister Sallakshana to commissioned two marble temples dedicated to Lord [[Vishnu]] and another to his Kuldevta [[Shiva]]. The verses mentioned, a Chakravartin (Paramardideva) as touching the feet of Lord Vishnu by lying down.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=149}}

The Baghari inscription also mentions one Gadadhara as Paramardideva's minister of war and peace (''sandhna-vigraha-sachiva''). According to the [[Ajaygarh]] inscription of [[Bhojavarman]], a [[Kayastha]] named Gangadhara was the Kancukin ([[chamberlain (office)|chamberlain]]) of Paramardideva. Gangadhara and his brother Jaunadhara are said to have fought at Kalanjara, possibly in the battle against the Delhi forces.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=149-150}}

Ajayapala and Madanapala, the sons of a former [[senapati]] (general) Kilhana, were two Brahmin senapatis of Paramardideva.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=150}} Ajayapala is also known to have been a senapati of Paramardideva's grandfather [[Madanavarman]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=136}} Muslim chronicles mention Aj Deo (Ajaya-Deva) as a [[dewan]] who continued to resist the Delhi forces after Paramardideva's death. The medieval bardic tradition also mentions [[Alha]] (Alhandeva Chandel) and [[Udala]] (Udaideva or Udal) as his generals. Other officers mentioned in the historical records include Mahipala and an ''amatya'' named Vatsaraja.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=150}}

He patronized a number of scholars, including:{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=151}}

* Vatsaraja, the author of ''Rupa-Kashatakam'' (a collection of six plays)
* Gadadhara, a poet styled as ''Kavi-Chakravarti''
* Jaganika, the author of ''Alha-Khanda''
* Gunabhadra Munipa Saiddhanti, the [[Jain]] author of ''Dhanya-Kumara-Charita''

Although himself a [[Vaishnav]], Paramardideva-Varman was tolerant towards Buddhists, Jains and [[Shaivite|Shaivs]]. A copper-plate inscription shows that when he granted a village to a [[Brahmin]], he respected the rights of a Buddhist shrine located in that village.

Several images of the Jain [[tirthankara]]s were set up at various places during his reign.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=151}} The best known of these are at the [[Aharji]] Jain Tirth Near [[Tikamgarh]].{{cn|date=December 2020}}

==Mediaeval Bards ==
Paramardi is mentioned in several legendary texts such as ''Paramala Raso'' (''Parmal Raso'') ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]'' or ''Mahoba Khand''), and ''Alha-Khand'' (''Alha Raso'' or Ballad of Alha). While these texts are not fully based on historical events, much of their content has been fabricated to glorify either [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] or Paramardi. Thus, these texts are of doubtful historicity, and therefore, much of Paramardi's reign is shrouded in obscurity.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=141}}{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=120}}

Alhakhand was fabricated by local people in 15 c. Later by some poets who supported them. In Alhakhand, Paramardi has been mentioned as a coward and Alha Udal has been over glorified. The Alha Khand states the end of the Chandelas after Parmal. That is not supported by history. The Chandel dynasty lingered on at least until 1545 CE, i.e. another century.<ref>[http://www.ignca.nic.in/coilnet/audal002.htm आल्हा- रुदल की ऐतिहासिकता, इंदिरा गांधी राष्ट्रीय कला केन्द्र], </ref>

The medieval bardic legends such as [[Alha-Khand]] call him Paramala or Parimala. In modern [[vernacular]]s, he is also known as Paramardidev, Parmar, Paramal Deo or Parimal Chandel (because of [[Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages|schwa deletion]]).

The genealogy of Chandel Emperor Parmardidev given in Mahoba Khand of Prithviraja Raso and Alha Khand does not match the genealogy given in Chandel inscriptions and records. In Mahoba Khand, the father, grandfather and the great-grandfather of Parmal are given as Kirtibramha, Madanbrahma, and Rahilbramha. While [[Madanavarman]] (1129-1163), [[Kirttivarman (Chandela dynasty)|Kirttivarman]] (1070-1098) and [[Rahila|Rahilvarman]] (9th century) were indeed ancestors of Paramardidevavarman (1166-1202),<ref>Shishir Kumar Mitra, Early Rulers of Khajuraho, Motilal Banarasidas, 1977, p. 240</ref> most names and the sequence do not match. In the iterpolated version of Paramalaraso by Kavi Raybhushan and other authors (who fabricated the story), Alha Udal of Banafar branch of Chandel dynasty has been mentioned as a branch of Tomar dynasty, and the founder of Banafar dynasty is mentioned as Chintamani Tomar who was the minister of Chandravarman but there is a difference of 7 generations between Chintamani and Alha, whereas 17 generations of Chandelas had passed from Chandravarman to Paramardideva-Varman in Chandel records. While in Chandelas record he is mentioned as nephew of Chandel emperor Parmardidev and Banafar due to there (Alha) son (Indal) was born in Vana or Bana (Jungle) during exile from Mahoba by Paramardidev.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=mBs0AAAAMAAJ&q=A+critical+survey+of+Hindi+literature+Alha&dq=A+critical+survey+of+Hindi+literature+Alha&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiZ3ZPs2of_AhVxTWwGHeZUC8sQ6AF6BAgIEAM#A%20critical%20survey%20of%20Hindi%20literature%20Alha|title=A Critical Survey of Hindi Literature|last=Dwivedi|first=Ram Awadh|date=1966|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-0-8426-1245-6|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=ejAbAAAAMAAJ&q=Hindi+literature+Ram+Avdh+dwivedi+Alha&dq=Hindi+literature+Ram+Avdh+dwivedi+Alha&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&redir_esc=y#Paramardi|title=Hindi Literature|last=Dwivedi|first=Ram Awadh|date=1953|publisher=Hindi Pracharak Pustakalaya|language=en}}</ref>

The current Parmalaraso isn't original Parmalaraso by Chandel poet Jagnikrao, it's original work is said to be lost according to Historeans.''Mahoba Khand'': This work was discovered as a manuscript by Shyamsundar Das in 1901 as one of the two sections of a manuscript labelled "Prithviraj Raso".

Shyamsundar Das concluded that it is separate text and published it using the title ''Parmal Raso'' in 1919, so basically he renamed Mahoba Khand of Prithviraja Raso as Parmalaraso. It has 36 cantos, starting from the origin of the Chandelas and ends with Alha becoming a disciple of yogi [[Gorakhnath]] and retiring to forests as a monk.<ref>Parmal Raso, Shyam sunder Das, 1919, 551 pages</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2Et2zZGJPUC&pg=PA53 |title=The Coinage of Northern India |author=P. C. Roy |publisher=Abhinav |year=1980 |isbn=9788170171225 }}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130 |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |author=R. K. Dikshit |publisher=Abhinav |year=1976 |isbn=9788170170464 }}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA113 |title=The Early Rulers of Khajurāho |author=Sisirkumar Mitra |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |isbn=9788120819979 }}
{{ref end}}

{{Chandelas of Jejakabhukti}}

[[Category:Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian monarchs]]

Draft:Paramardidevavarman - Revision history

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