>Oscopo: /* Dialects */ grammar

2021-07-07T22:31:24Z

Dialects: grammar

New page

{{short description|Indo-Aryan language}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Domari
| nativename = Dōmʋārī, Dōmʋārī ǧib, Dômarî ĵib, דּוֺמָרִי ,دٛومَرِي
| states = [[Iran]], [[Syria]], [[Turkey]], [[State of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Lebanon]] [[Jordan]] <ref name=Matras>Matras (2012)</ref>
| region = [[Middle East and North Africa]], [[Caucasus]], [[Central Asia]]
| ethnicity = [[Dom people|Dom]]
| speakers = 281,670
| date = 2015
| ref = e19
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Western Indo-Aryan languages|Western]]<ref>{{e19|rmt}}</ref>
| fam5 = Dom
| script = [[Latin alphabet|Latin]], [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]], [[Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew]]
| iso3 = rmt
| glotto = doma1258
| glottorefname = Domari
| dia1 = Northern Domari
| dia2 = Southern Domari
}}

'''Domari''' is an [[Indo-Aryan language]], spoken by [[Dom people]] scattered across the [[Middle East]]. The language is reported to be spoken mainly in Turkey and the Levant ( Syria, Lebanon, Jorden, and Palestine). <ref name=Matras/> Based on the systematicity of sound changes, we know with a fair degree of certainty that the names ''Domari'' and ''[[Romani people|Romani]]'' derive from the Indo-Aryan word ''ḍom''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/whatis/language/origins.shtml|title=ROMANI Project - Manchester|website=Romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk|access-date=20 December 2017}}</ref> The language itself actually derives from an Indo-Aryan language. The Arabs referred to them as ''nawar/qurbaṭ'' as they were a nomadic people that originally immigrated to the Middle East from [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/downloads/2/Matras_legends.pdf|title=Two Domari Legends about the origins of the Doms|last=Matras|first=Yaron|date=2000|website=Romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk|access-date=20 December 2017}}</ref>

Domari is also known as "Middle Eastern Romani", "Tsigene", "qurbat", or "nawar". There is no standard written form. In the [[Arab world]], it is occasionally written using the [[Arabic script]] and has many [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] loanwords.<ref>[http://www.domresearchcenter.com/journal/12/lebanon.html The Gypsies of Lebanon:] A DRC Update, April 2000,
by Dr. G. A. Williams</ref> Descriptive work was done by Yaron Matras,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Matras |first=Yaron |date=1996 |title=''Domari'' |url= http://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/downloads/2/Matras_Domari_ELL2.pdf |encyclopedia= [[Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics]] | editor-first= Keith | editor-last= Brown |location=Oxford | publisher= [[Elsevier]] }}</ref> who published a comprehensive grammar of the language along with an historical and dialectological evaluation of secondary sources (Matras 2012).

Domari can be divided into two main dialects, Southern Domari and Northern Domari.
The northern dialect is still spoken in Syria, Turkey, Lebanon, and maybe in Iran and Iraq. The majority of Doms speak Northern Domari, in Syria, the doms are still keeping their language and all children can speak fluently, according to Bruno Herin.

According to Taron Matras, 2012 the Southern dialect is currently being shifted away from in younger. In certain areas such as Jerusalem, only about 20% of these Dom people, known as “Middle Eastern Gypsies”, speak the Domari language in everyday interactions. The language is mainly spoken by the elderly in the Jerusalem community. The younger generation is more influenced by Arabic, therefore most only know basic words and phrases. The modern-day community of Doms in Jerusalem was established by the nomadic people deciding to settle inside the Old City from 1940 until it came under Israeli administration in 1967 (Matras 1999).

== Dialects ==
Domari is divided into two main dialects, Northern Domari and Southern Domari. The Northern dialect is still spoken in Turkey and northern of the Levant (Syria, Lebanon) and has many speakers. The southern dialect is spoken in southern of the Levant (Palestine and Jorden) but has fewer speakers now.

There are now some studies and research in progress regarding the Northern dialects of Domari.

The best-known variety of Domari is Palestinian Domari, also known as "Syrian Gypsy", the dialect of the Dom community of [[Jerusalem]], which was described by [[R. A. Stewart Macalister|R.A. S. Macalister]] in the 1910s. Palestinian Domari is an endangered language, with fewer than 200 speakers, the majority of the 1,200 members of the Jerusalem Domari community being native speakers of Palestinian Arabic.

Other dialects include:
*[[Nawari]] in [[Syria]], [[Jordan]], [[Lebanon]], [[Israel]], [[State of Palestine|Palestine]] and [[Egypt]].
*Kurbati / qurbati in [[Syria]]
*Helebi in Egypt, [[Libya]], [[Tunisia]], [[Algeria]] and [[Morocco]]
*Halab/Ghajar in [[Sudan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3458001552.html|title=Peripatetics of Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, Egypt, Sudan, and Yemen - Dictionary definition of Peripatetics of Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, Egypt, Sudan, and Yemen - Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary|website=Encyclopedia.com|access-date=20 December 2017}}</ref>
*[[Garachi language|Karachi]] ([[Garachi]]) in northern [[Turkey]], northern [[Iran]] and the Caucasus
*Marashi in Turkey
*Barake in [[Syria]]

Some dialects may be highly divergent and not mutually intelligible. Published sources often lump together dialects of Domari and the various unrelated in-group vocabularies of diverse peripatetic populations in the Middle East. Thus the [[Ghorbati]] and [[Lyuli]] were previously thought to speak a dialect of Domari. There is also no obvious connection between Domari and the vocabulary used by the Helebi of Egypt (see discussion in Matras 2012, chapter 1).

The small [[Seb Seliyer language]] of Iran is distinctive in its core vocabulary.

== Status ==

Northern Domari
The northern dialect of Domari is in a good status, all children can speak Domari fluently, the language is still in use and some people started to write down the language with the Arabic alphabet. Right now many Syrian Doms are in France and Belgium and other European counties, they still use their language. According to Bruno Herin, the dom of Syria do not call their language Domari but dōmʋārī.

Southern Domari
In the 1940s, the Dom began to abandon their nomadic culture and began settling and working in the local economy. This led to the next phenomenon; the assimilation of ''Dom'' children in the primary school system which marked the first generation to grow up in an academic environment alongside Arab children. Consequently, this 1940 generation do not fluently speak the Domari language. Arabic replaced their native Domari, and became the language of cross-generation communication. In Jerusalem, it is estimated there are about 600-900 members of the ''Dom'' population in Jerusalem. Less than 10% can effectively communicate in Jerusalem Domari.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Matras|first=Yaron|title=Language contact, language endangerment, and the role of the 'salvation linguist'|journal=Language Documentation and Description|volume=3}}</ref>

== Comparison with Romani ==
Domari was once thought to be the "sister language" of [[Romani language|Romani]], the two languages having split after the departure from the Indian subcontinent, but more recent research suggests that the differences between them are significant enough to treat them as two separate languages within the [[Central zone|Central]] ([[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]) group of languages. The Dom and the Rom are most likely to be descendants of 2 different migration waves out of India, separated by several centuries.<ref name = What_is_Domari>{{Citation | title = What is Domari? | url = http://romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/files/21_domari.shtml|website=Romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk | access-date = 2008-07-23}}</ref><ref name = ROMANI_ORIGINS>{{Citation| title = ON ROMANI ORIGINS AND IDENTITY| url = http://www.radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_b_history_origins&lang=en&articles=true| website = Radoc.net| access-date = 2008-07-23| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110717140132/http://www.radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_b_history_origins&lang=en&articles=true| archive-date = 2011-07-17| url-status = dead}}</ref>

There remain similarities between the two, aside from their shared [[Central zone]] Indic origin, indicating a period of shared history as itinerant populations in the Middle East. These include: shared archaisms, which have been lost in the Central Indo-Aryan languages over the millennia since Dom/Rom emigration, a series of innovations connecting them with the [[Northwestern zone]] group, indicating their route of migration out of India, and a number of radical syntactical changes, due to [[superstrate]] influence of Middle Eastern languages, including [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Arabic languages|Arabic]] and [[Byzantine Greek]].

==Orthography==
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2016}}
Since Domari is a minority Middle-Eastern language for a specific community of speakers, it did not have a standard orthography for many years; therefore many writers have used differing spelling systems (similarly to what happened with Ladino). Most Middle-Easterners used the Arabic script, while scholars made do with a modified Pan-Vlakh Latin-based alphabet.

=== Modified Pan-Vlakh orthography ===
In 2012, Yaron Matras used such a system in his recent publications on this subject where the [[Romani_alphabets#Pan-Vlax|Pan-Vlakh orthography]] served as a basis, with several modifications:
* Romani ''j'' changed to ''y''
* Romani ''c'' use limited to the accented form ''č'' for /tʃ/, the /dʒ/ counterpart being denoted by ''dž''
* Doubled vowel letters for long vowels (''aa ee ii oo uu'')
* Diphthongs denoted with vowel pairs (''ai au ei eu oi'' and so on ... )
* Additional letters in use for Semitic-derived words and names (''ḍ ḥ ṣ ṭ ẓ ġ q ‘ ’'' and so on ... )

=== Pan-Domari Alphabet ===
A new Semitic-flavored Latin-based pan-alphabet has recently been introduced by some scholars for the purpose of codifying written Domari.

The Pan-Domari Alphabet, which was invented in 2015, is a Semitic-flavored simplification of the previous Matras notation:
* ''Y'' is used for /j/, and ''w'' for /w/—like in English
* ''X'' is used for the sound /x/—the well-known guttural {kh} of Greek, Russian, and Middle Eastern languages
* ''Q'' stands for /q/, the uvular plosive sound heard in the Semitic languages
* Circumflexes are used to mark long vowels <â ê î ô û> and certain fricative/affricate consonants <ĉ ĝ ĵ ŝ ẑ> (={ch gh j sh zh})
* Underdots under letters represent pharyngeal(-ized) consonants <ḍ ḥ ṣ ṭ ẓ> (IPA /d̪ˤ ħ sˤ t̪ˤ zˤ/)
* Other letters include ''þ'' (thorn) and ''ð'' (edh) for the interdental fricatives /θ ð/, the characters <ʾ> (''ʾalef/hamzaʾ''—IPA /ʔ/) and <ʿ> (''ʿayn''—IPA /ʕ/), and the letter <ə> for the vowel sound ''shəwaʾ''.
* The diphthongs are now denoted by vowel + approximant digraphs <ay aw ey ew oy ... >.

The Pan-Domari Alphabet is shown in this table:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Letter !! Alternate§ !! IPA !! Letter Name !! In IPA !! Example
|-
| '''ʾ''' || ’ || /ʔ/ || ''ʾalefu'' || /ʔɑ·lɛ·fʊ/ || '''''ʾalefu-bêþah''''' alphabet
|-
| '''A a''' || || /ɑ/ || ''a'' || /ɑ/ || '''''arat''''' night
|-
| '''Â â''' || Ā ā || /aː/ || ''â'' || /aː/ || '''''âxir''''' last, final
|-
| '''B b''' || || /b/ || ''be'' || /bɛ/ || '''''bâsbort''''' passport
|-
| '''C c''' || * || * || ''ce'' || * || '''''Coke''''' (''Qôk'')
|-
| '''Ĉ ĉ''' || CH ch || /tʃ/ || ''ĉe'' || /tʃɛ/ || '''''ĉôna''''' boy
|-
| '''D d''' || || /d̪/ || ''de'' || /d̪ɛ/ || '''''dînar''''' dinar
|-
| '''Ḍ ḍ''' || || /d̪ˤ/ || ''ḍe'' || /d̪ˤɛ/ || '''''ḍanḍ''''' tooth; '''''ḍêf''''' guest
|-
| '''Ð ð''' || DH dh || /ð/ || ''ðe'' || /ðɛ/ || '''''ðawḥâʾ''''' dhow (small dinghy boat)
|-
| '''E e''' || || /ɛ/ || '''e'' || /ɛ/ || '''''eras''''' this
|-
| '''Ê ê''' || Ē ē || /eː/ || ''ê'' || /eː/ || '''''ĵêb''''' pocket
|-
| '''F f''' || || /f/~/ɸ/1 || ''fe'' || /fɛ/ || '''''finĵân''''' cup
|-
| '''G g''' || || /ɡ/ || ''ge'' || /ɡɛ/ || '''''gêsu''''' wheat
|-
| '''Ĝ ĝ''' || GH gh || /ɣ/~/ʁ/2 || ''ĝe'' || /ɣɛ/ || '''''ĝassâle''''' washing machine, washer
|-
| '''H h''' || || /h/ || ''he'' || /hɛ/ || '''''Hnûd''''' Indus (river)
|-
| '''Ḥ ḥ''' || || /ħ/ || ''ḥe'' || /ħɛ/ || '''''ḥaqq''''' right
|-
| '''I i''' || || /ɪ/ || ''i'' || /ɪ/ || '''''Isrâʾîl''''' Israel
|-
| '''Î î''' || Ī ī || /iː/ || ''î'' || /iː/ || '''''nhîr''''' blood
|-
| '''J j''' || * || * || ''je'' || * || '''''Jeep''''' (''Ĵîp'')
|-
| '''Ĵ ĵ''' || J j || /dʒ/ || ''ĵe'' || /dʒɛ/ || '''''ĵâr''''' neighbor
|-
| '''K k''' || || /k/ || ''ke'' || /k/ || '''''kâz''''' gas(oline), petrol
|-
| '''L l''' || || /l̪/ || ''le'' || /l̪ɛ/ || '''''Libnân''''' Lebanon
|-
| '''M m''' || || /m/ || ''me'' || /mɛ/ || '''''mâsûra''''' tube
|-
| '''N n''' || || /n̪/~/ŋ/~/ɲ/3 || ''ne'' || /n̪ɛ/ || '''''nohri''''' tomato
|-
| '''ʿ''' || ‘ || /ʕ/ || ''ʿayenu'' || /ʕɑ·jɛ·n̪ʊ/ || '''''ʿIbrânî''''' Hebrew
|-
| '''O o''' || || /ɔ/ || ''o'' || /ɔ/ || '''''oŝt''''' lip
|-
| '''Ô ô''' || Ō ō || /oː/ || ''ô'' || /oː/ || '''''Dômarî''''' Domari
|-
| '''P p''' || || /p/ || ''pe'' || /pɛ/ || '''''ple''''' money, cash, moolah, funds
|-
| '''Q q''' || || /q/ || ''qe'' || /qɛ/ || '''''qayîŝ''''' food
|-
| '''R r''' || || /r/~/ɾ/4 || ''re'' || /rɛ/ || '''''rxîṣ''''' cheap
|-
| '''S s''' || || /s/ || ''se'' || /sɛ/ || '''''sûq''''' market(place)
|-
| '''Ṣ ṣ''' || || /sˤ/ || ''ṣe'' || /sˤɛ/ || '''''ṣaḥafi''''' journalist, reporter
|-
| '''Ŝ ŝ''' || SH sh || /ʃ/ || ''ŝe'' || /ʃɛ/ || '''''ŝmâriya''''' chicken, poultry
|-
| '''T t''' || || /t̪/ || ''te'' || /t̪ɛ/ || '''''turĵman''''' translator, interpreter
|-
| '''Ṭ ṭ''' || || /t̪ˤ/ || ''ṭe'' || /t̪ˤɛ/ || '''''ṭarmabil''''' (motor)car, motor vehicle, auto(mobile)
|-
| '''Þ þ''' || TH th || /θ/ || ''þe'' || /θɛ/ || '''''Þawrâ''''' Thor (the Norse god)
|-
| '''U u''' || || /ʊ/ || ''u'' || /ʊ/ || '''''ustâz''''' teacher, instructor, proctor
|-
| '''Û û''' || Ū ū || /uː/ || ''û'' || /uː/ || '''''ûyar''''' town, city, vicinity; '''''Til-Ûyar''''' Jerusalem
|-
| '''V v''' || || /v/~/β/5 || ''ve'' || /vɛ/ || '''''vîsa''''' visa, affidavit; '''''qravat''''' cravat
|-
| '''W w''' || || /w/ || ''we'' || /wɛ/ || '''''waqt''''' time
|-
| '''X x''' || KH kh || /x/~/χ/6 || ''xe'' || /xɛ/ || '''''xarbûŝ''''' tent; '''''xârfân''''' sheep, lambs
|-
| '''Y y''' || || /j/ || ''ye'' || /jɛ/ || '''''Yasûʿ''''' Jesus
|-
| '''Z z''' || || /z/ || ''ze'' || /zɛ/ || '''''zard''''' gold; '''''zarf''''' envelope
|-
| '''Ẓ ẓ''' || || /zˤ/ || ''ẓe'' || /zˤɛ/ || '''''ẓâbiṭ''''' officer
|-
| '''Ẑ ẑ''' || ZH zh || /ʒ/ || ''ẑe'' || /ʒɛ/ || '''''ẑbin''''' forehead
|-
| '''Ǝ ǝ''' || Ė ė || /ə/~/ʌ/7 || ''ŝǝwaʾ'' || /ʃə·wɑʔ/ || '''''ŝǝwaʾ''''' shǝwaʾ, schwa
|}

''NOTES''

'''§''' Spelling alternates are shown for certain of these sounds (i.e.: when typing on an ASCII or typewriter keyboard, or when/where computers cannot show the proper accented Domari letters); these alternates are also used on the KURI's ''Learn Domari'' article series.

'''1''' The letter ''fe'' may be sounded either as a labiodental /f/ or a bilabial [ɸ] fricative, depending on the context, or origin of a given word/name.

'''2''' The letter ''ĝe'' usually represents a voiced velar fricative /ɣ/, but may be sounded as a velarolaryngeal [ʁ] in words/names derived from [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]], and [[Urdu]].

'''3''' The letter ''ne'' usually represents a voiced dental nasal /n̪/; however, it manifests as a velar [ŋ] before the letters ''g ĝ k q x'', but as a palatal [ɲ] before the letters ''ĉ ĵ y''.

'''4''' The letter ''re'' represents a flapped [ɾ] or a trilled [r] rhotative resonant continuant, depending on the position within a word/name, and whether it appears singly or doubly.

'''5''' The letter ''ve'' shows up mainly in words and names derived from foreign loans, and may represent either a voiced labiodental /v/ or a voiced bilabial [β] fricative.

'''6''' The letter ''xe'' (pronounced as ''KHEH'') usually represents a voiceless velar fricative /x/, but usually is sounded as a velarolaryngeal /χ/ one in scores of loan words/loan names which are derived from [[Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]], and [[Urdu]].

'''7''' The vowel letter called ''ŝǝwaʾ'' (its name derives from the cognate Hebrew vowel point for this very same sound) represents the mean-mid central spread neutral vowel as it exists in the English words ''about'', ''taken'', ''pencil'', ''lemon'', and ''circus''. While its normal manifestation is indeed [ə], it may vary in the direction of either a higher-mid [ʌ] or a fronted lower-mid [ɜ] one, depending on the dialect spoken.

*'''*''': The plain (unaccented) letters ''c'' and ''j'' are only found in foreign loan words and loan names, as shown in the above table.

==== Keyboard Layout ====
A ''Pan-Domari Alphabet'' ASDF keyboard layout is to be made available for MS-Windows users, which is based on the ''United States English'' layout, albeit with C, J, and some punctuation signs being reassigned to <ALTGR>/<SHIFT<>ALTGR>, to make room for needed Domari characters.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Key
!''Pan-Domari''
ASDF
!''United States''
''English''
!Notes
|-
|C
|Ĉ ĉ
|C c
|The plain (unaccented) form only occurs in certain loans.
|-
|J
|Ĵ ĵ
|J J
|The unaccented C and J only appear in unassimilated foreign loans.
|-
|,
|? ,
|< ,
|The ''less than'' sign is reassigned to the <ALTGR> levels.
|-
|
|!
|> .
|
|-
|}

== Phonology ==

=== Vowels ===
There are five main vowel sounds, however this inventory shows the variation and quantity of short vowels. Most are interchangeable with a vowel sound next to it, however all of the sounds produced above are identical to the local Palestinian Arabic (Matras 1999).
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Front
!Central
!Back
|-
|'''High'''
|ɪ iː
|
|ʊ uː
|-
|'''Mid'''
|ɛ eː
|ə ~ [ʌ] ~ [ɜ]
|ɔ oː
|-
|'''Low'''
|
|ɑ aː
|
|}

=== Consonants ===
Most of these consonants are influenced by Palestinian Arabic such as gemination; however, consonants such as [p], [g], [tʃ] and [h] are not found in the local dialect. There is speculation among linguists that these sounds are considered a part of the pre-Arabic component. Alveopalatal affricates such as [tʃ] and [dʒ] are also consonants that differ in sound from Arabic.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IHl7M2CpTMkC&q=domari+phonology&pg=PR13|title=A Grammar of Domari|last=Matras|first=Yaron|date=2012-10-01|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=9783110291421|language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" |[[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Labiodental consonant|Labiodental]]
! colspan="2" |[[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Pharyngeal consonant|Pharyngeal]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
!plain
![[Pharyngealization|phar.]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]
!voiceless
|p
|
|t̪
|t̪ˤ
|
|
|k
|q
|
|ʔ
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
|b
|
|d̪
|d̪ˤ
|
|
|g
|[ɢ]
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!voiceless
|
|
|
|
|t͡ʃ
|
|
|
|
|
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
|
|
|
|
|d͡ʒ
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
!voiceless
|[ɸ]
|f
|s̪
|s̪ˤ
|ʃ
|
|x
|[χ]
|ħ
|h
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
|[β]
|v
|z̪
|z̪ˤ
|ʒ
|
|ɣ
|[ʁ]
|ʕ
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|m
|
|n̪
|
|
|
|[ŋ]
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
|[ʋ]
|l̪
|
|
|j
|w
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Flap
|
|
|ɾ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

=== Stress ===
The biggest difference in expression of language between Arabic and Domari is where the stress is placed. Arabic has phoneme-level stress while Domari is a language of word-level stress. The Domari language emphasizes stress on the final syllable, as well as grammatical markers for gender and number. Most nouns, besides proper nouns, adopted from Arabic sound distinct because of the unique stresses in Domari (Matras 1999). Domari is thought to have borrowed a lot of words and grammatical structure from Arabic; however, this is not entirely true. Complex verbs and most core prepositions did not transfer into the realms of grammar of the Domari language. The syntactic typology remains independent of Arabic influence. It also important to note that the numerals used by the ''Doms'' were inherited from Kurdish. Even though Domari was influenced by local Arabic, the language also felt the impacts of Kurdish and certain dialects of Iranian in the grammar of the language.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Domari Language of Aleppo (Syria)|journal=Linguistic Discovery|volume=10 |issue=2}}</ref>

== Numerals ==
Here is a table of the numerals (1-10, 20, and 100) in [[Hindi]], [[Romani language|Romani]], Domari, [[Lomavren language|Lomavren]], and [[Persian language|Persian]] for comparison.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Numeral !! Hindi !! Romani !! Domari !! Lomavren !! Persian
|-
| 1 || ek || ekh, jekh || yek, yika || yak, yek || yak, yek
|-
| 2 || do || duj || dî || luy || du, do
|-
| 3 || tīn || trin || tirin || tərin || se
|-
| 4 || cār || štar || ŝtar || iŝdör || čahār/čār
|-
| 5 || pāñc || pandž || panĵ || penĵ || panǰ
|-
| 6 || chay || šov || ŝaŝ || ŝeŝ || ʃaʃ, ʃeʃ
|-
| 7 || sāt || ifta || hawt, hoft || haft || haft
|-
| 8 || āt̥h || oxto || hayŝt, haytek || haŝt || hašt
|-
| 9 || nau || inja || nu || nu || nuh, noh
|-
| 10 || das || deš || dez || las || dah
|-
| 20 || bīs || biš || wîs || vist || bist
|-
| 100 || sau || šel || say || say || sad
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Herin, B. (2012). "The Domari language of Aleppo (Syria)" ''Linguistic Discovery'' 10 (2), 1-52.
*Herin, B. (2014). "The Northern Dialects of Domari," ''Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft'' 164 (2): 407–450.
*Matras, Y. (1999). "The state of present-day Domari in Jerusalem." ''Mediterranean Language Review'' 11, 1–58.
*Matras, Y. (2002). ''Romani: a linguistic introduction''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
*Matras, Y. (2012). ''A grammar of Domari''. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton (Mouton Grammar Library).

==External links==
* [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gypsy-ii Windfuhr Gernot L. Gypsy ii. Gypsy Dialects] in Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition. 2002.
*[https://archive.is/20060202163809/http://www.llc.manchester.ac.uk/Research/Projects/romani/files/21_domari.shtml Description of Domari from the Romani Project]
*[http://www.domresearchcenter.com/journal/12/domari1.html Learning Domari] - from the Dom Research Centre
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100402143158/http://www.wix.com/domarisociety/domari-society-website More Information and Official Website of the Dom People]

{{Dom people}}
{{navboxes|
|list=
{{Languages of Algeria}}
{{Languages of Egypt}}
{{Languages of Iraq}}
{{Languages of Libya}}
{{Languages of Morocco}}
{{Languages of Syria}}
{{Languages of Sudan}}
{{Languages of Tunisia}}
{{Western Indo-Aryan languages}}
}}

[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Dom people|Language]]
[[Category:Languages of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Languages of Egypt]]
[[Category:Languages of Iran]]
[[Category:Languages of Iraq]]
[[Category:Languages of Israel]]
[[Category:Languages of Jordan]]
[[Category:Languages of Libya]]
[[Category:Languages of the State of Palestine]]
[[Category:Languages of Sudan]]
[[Category:Languages of Syria]]
[[Category:Languages of Turkey]]
[[Category:Romani in Egypt]]
[[Category:Romani in Iraq]]
[[Category:Romani in Israel]]
[[Category:Romani in Jordan]]
[[Category:Romani in Lebanon]]
[[Category:Romani in Libya]]
[[Category:Romani in Tunisia]]
[[Category:Romani in Algeria]]
[[Category:Romani in Morocco]]
[[Category:Romani in the State of Palestine]]
[[Category:Romani in Sudan]]
[[Category:Romani in Syria]]

Domari language - Revision history

62.133.1.73: robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)

>Oscopo: /* Dialects */ grammar