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{{Short description|Indo-Aryan ethnic group in South Asia}}
{{Distinguish|Dogar}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Dogras
| population = 2.5 million (2011)<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Abstract of Speakers' Strength of Languages and Mother Tongues - 2011 |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=4 January 2021}}</ref>
| popplace = ''Majority'': [[Jammu Division|Jammu]] <br/> ''Minority'': [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Delhi]], [[Haryana]]
| langs = [[Dogri]]
| rels = '''Predominantly:'''<br/> [[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]]<br/>'''Minority:'''<br/> [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|18px]] [[Dogra Muslims|Islam]] and [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]] [[Sikhism]]
| related = [[Punjabis]], [[Kangra Valley|Kangris]] and other [[Indo-Aryans]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
}}
The '''Dogras''' or '''Dogra people''', are an [[Indo-Aryans|Indo-Aryan]] ethno-linguistic group living primarily in the Indian union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and neighbouring [[Pakistan]], consisting of the [[Dogri]] language speakers. They live predominantly in the [[Jammu Division|Jammu region]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sandhu |first1=Kamaljit Kaur |title=Government planning to redraw Jammu and Kashmir assembly constituency borders: Sources |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/government-toys-with-delimitation-commission-in-j-k-1542446-2019-06-04 |access-date=4 January 2021 |work=India Today |date=4 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref> and in adjoining areas of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]]. Some also live in northeastern Pakistan.<ref name=webindia123>{{cite web|url=https://www.webindia123.com/JAMMU/PEOPLE/peoplejammu.htm|title=The People – Dogras |publisher=Webindia123.com |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref> Their historical homeland is known as [[Duggar (region)|Duggar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pathik |first1=Jyoteeshwar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O_-1AAAAIAAJ |title=Cultural Heritage of the Dogras |last2=Sharma |first2=Diwan Chand |date=1980 |publisher=Light & Life Publishers |language=en}}</ref>

[[Dogra Rajput]]s of the [[Jamwal]] clan ruled Jammu from the 19th century, when [[Gulab Singh]] was made a hereditary Raja of Jammu by [[Ranjit Singh]], whilst his brother [[Dhian Singh]] was the empire's prime minister of Punjab, until October 1947. Through the [[Treaty of Amritsar (1846)]], they acquired Kashmir as well.
The [[Dogra Regiment]] of the [[Indian Army]] primarily consists of Dogras from the [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Punjab state|Punjab]] and [[Jammu region]].<ref name="globalsecurity1">{{cite web|author=John Pike |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/rgt-punjab.htm |title=Punjab Regiment |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The term Dogra is thought to derive from ''Durgara'', the name of a kingdom mentioned in an eleventh century copper-plate inscription in [[Chamba State|Chamba]]. The inscription mentions the Raja of Chamba facing an attack by Kiras aided by the Lord of Durgara (''durgāreśwara''). In medieval times the term ''Durgara'' is believed to have turned into ''Duggar'', eventually transforming to 'Dogra'. [[Kalhana]]'s ''[[Rajatarangini]]'' makes no mention of a kingdom by any of these names, but the kingdoms could have been referred to by their capital cities (such as ''Vallapura'', modern [[Billawar]], or ''Babbapura'', modern Babor). In modern times, the term Dogra has become an ethnic identity, referring to all who speak the [[Dogri language]], irrespective of their religion.{{sfn|Handa, Textiles, Costumes, and Ornaments of the Western Himalaya|1998|pp=178–179}}

==History==
Omachanda Handa believes that the Durgara people were originally migrants from [[Rajasthan]]. The allusion to ''durg'' (fort) in their name indicates that they may have remained a warrior people, eventually founding powerful kingdoms between [[Chenab River|Chenab]] and [[Ravi River|Ravi]], and possibly dominating up to the [[Sutlej River|Sutluj]] river.{{sfn|Handa, Textiles, Costumes, and Ornaments of the Western Himalaya|1998|pp=178–180}}

According to archaeologist [[M. A. Stein]], there were some eleven Dogra states in the region, all of them eventually absorbed into the [[Jammu]] state, which emerged as the most powerful.{{sfn|Stein, Kalhana's Rajatarangini|1900|p=432}} Prior to the rise of Jammu, Babbapura (Babor) is believed to have been the chief state of Dogras. Lying 45 km east of Jammu, Babor contains the ruins of six magnificent temples representing a "thriving artistic activity".<ref name="Saraf1987">{{citation |last=Saraf |first=D. N. |title=Arts and Crafts, Jammu and Kashmir: Land, People, Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vQShV9jNzIUC&pg=PA198 |year=1987 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-204-8 |pages=198–}}</ref><ref>[http://jammutourism.gov.in/MonumentHeritage-Babor-Temple.html Babor Temple], Directorate of Tourism, Jammu, retrieved 25 July 2018.</ref> The [[Rajatarangini]] mentions Raja Vajradhara of Babbapura vowing allegiance to Bhikshachara of Kashmir in 1120 AD, along with the chiefs of neighbouring kingdoms.{{sfn|Charak|Billawaria|1998|pp=6–7}}

===Jammu Dogras===
The Jammu Dogras traditionally inhabited the area between the slopes of the [[Sivalik Hills|Shivalik range]] of mountains and the sacred [[Surinsar Lake]] and [[Mansar Lake]], but later spread over whole of the Jammu region. Many of the dogras immigrated from the state of [[Punjab]], specifically from [[Sialkot]] region. They generally speak Dogri and other dialects similar to Dogri or western [[Pahari language|Pahadi]]-influenced languages. The majority of the Dogra are followers of [[Hindu]]ism, but many in Jammu and Kashmir believe in other religions. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, some Dogras embraced [[Islam]] and [[Sikhism]]. These factors, together with the effects of immigration into the region, have resulted in the Dogra population of Jammu and Kashmir including members of all three religions.<ref name=webindia123/>

The [[Dogra dynasty]] emerged as a regional power, particularly after Rajput Maharaja [[Gulab Singh]] emerged as a warrior and his subjects received special martial recognition from the [[British Raj]]. The rule of Gulab Singh's Raj extended over the whole of the Jammu region, a large part of the Ladakh region as early as March 1846, and a large part of the Indian Punjab (now [[Himachal Pradesh]]). The [[Kashmir Valley]] was handed over to Gulab Singh by the British government, as part of the territories ceded to the British government by Lahore State according to the provisions of Article IV of the [[Treaty of Lahore]] dated 9{{nbsp}}March 1846. Under the [[Treaty of Amritsar, 1846|Treaty of Amritsar]] in the same year, the Dogra king of Jammu and the state was thereafter known as the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir State (Raj), also thereafter referred as Kashmir State. The term Dogra hence is more akin to the subjects of Himachal Pradesh, some areas of Punjab and the whole region of Jammu that was ruled by Raja Gulab Singh as part of the Dogra Raj irrespective of the religion of the inhabitants.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/dogras-and-their-run-ins-with-china-102073|title=Dogra rulers and their run-ins with China|publisher=tribuneindia|date= 21 June 2020}}</ref>

=== Jammu and Kashmir ===
[[File:Gulabsingh1840.jpg|thumb|[[Gulab Singh]], the first Maharaja of [[Dogra dynasty|Dogra Rajput dynasty]] which ruled [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu & Kashmir]].]]

The [[Dogra dynasty]] was a dynasty of [[Hindu]] [[Rajputs]] who ruled [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu & Kashmir]] from 1846 to 1947. They traced their ancestry to the [[Ikshvaku dynasty|Ikshvaku]] (Solar) Dynasty of [[Northern India]] (the same clan in which [[Lord Rama]] was born; he, therefore, is the 'kuldevta' (family deity) of the Dogras).

The [[Sikh Empire]] rule extended beyond the Jammu region and the [[Kashmir Valley]] to the Tibetan Buddhist Kingdom of [[Ladakh]] and the Emirates of [[State of Hunza|Hunza]], [[Gilgit Agency|Gilgit]] and [[State of Nagar|Nagar]]. After the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] in 1846, the British gave Kashmir and the title of 'Maharaja' to [[Gulab Singh]] –.<ref>Nalwa, V., 2009. Hari Singh Nalwa-Champion of the Khalsaji. New Delhi: Manohar, p. 220, {{ISBN|81-7304-785-5}}.</ref>

===Military history===
The [[Dogra Regiment]] was among the regiments of the [[British Indian Army]], which made significant contributions in both the world wars on all fronts from [[East Asia]] to [[Europe]] and [[North Africa]]. At Independence, it became an infantry regiment of the [[Indian Army]] composed largely but not exclusively of the Dogra people. The [[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles]], another regiment of the Indian Army, consisting of mainly Dogras was formed out of the former army of the Kingdom of Jammu & Kashmir after it was absorbed into the Indian Army.<ref name="dt"/>

==Culture==
===Folk dance and music===
* ''Kud'', a ritual dance performed in honour of Lok Devatas. This dance style is performed mostly at night. It is spontaneous and people of all ages and genders participate. Instruments used during the Kud are {{transl|doi|italic=no|narshingha}}, {{transl|doi|italic=no|chhaina}}, flute, and drums. The rhythm of music controls the movement of participants. This dance continues all night. The number of participants ranges from 20 to 30.
* ''Heren'', a traditional theatre form performed during the Lohri festival by 10–15 people. It is mostly performed in the hills of Jammu, Udhampur and ramnagar.
* ''Fumenie'' and ''Jagarana'', a dance style performed by women on the eve of a groom's departure to in-laws house. Both songs are sung by a group of 15–20 members. This traditional dance form depicts the feelings and emotions of women.
* ''Paakh/Gwatri/Kark/Masade'', a chorus narrative sung by a group of 10 singers without any musical instruments.
* ''Gwatri'', a song–dance combined tradition in which the singers narrate some text which is acted by the Gwatari dancers.
* ''Karak'', a narrative ballet sung by a community called 'Jogies'. They narrate a popular folk tale in their dance style, performed by three members to the accompaniment of a folk instrument called a ''[[Rubab (instrument)|rubab]]''.
* ''Benthe'', a chorus singing tradition performed by a specific community of tribal people called Gujjar and Bakerwal. The dance is performed by 5–7 members.<ref>Govt of J&K Website</ref>{{rs?|date=February 2023}}

===Cuisine===

[[File:Traditional dogra food-jammu and kashmir-001.jpg|thumb|Traditional dogra food of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Wheat]], [[maize]] and [[Pearl millet|bajra]] are staple foods, in addition to rice, cereals and a tangy preparation of mango or tamarind popularly known as ''ambal'' (अम्बल) or ''maani'' (म्हाणी)/''ambal'' (अंबल). The dish is called ''dal patt maani'' (दाल भत्त म्हाणी) and is savoured as a combination.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Brien|first=Charmaine O'|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BGhBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT65|title=The Penguin Food Guide to India|date=15 December 2013|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-93-5118-575-8|language=en}}</ref> ''Mittha madra'' (मिट्ठा मदरा) is a favourite and is made with milk, dry fruit, and semolina.

Especially in ceremonial cooking, the following are favorites:<ref name="KUMAWAT">{{Cite book|last=Kumawat|first=Lovesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3OrkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24|title=CUISINE|date=18 May 2020|publisher=NotionPress|isbn=978-1-64850-162-3|language=en}}</ref>
*preparations of ''rajmash'' (a special variety of red kidney beans)
*''mash da madra'' (yogurt-based gravy for black lentils)
*''auryia'', a curd dish fermented by rye
*''kulth di daal'' (horse gram) *''ambal'' made from pumpkin, jaggery and tamarind.

Expert cooks are usually [[Dogra Jheer]]. ''Kalari'' is milk preserved by the coagulation of proteins, then fried in a pan.

Non-vegetarian food was limited to Rajputs and Vaish (Mahajans). ''Khatta meat'' is mutton cooked with sour pomegranate seeds (''anardana'') or lime juice and flavoured with fumes of a burning charcoal soaked in mustard oil. ''Keyur'' (घ्यूर) is a well-known Dogra food. It is prepared by frying flour or [[Maida (flour)|maida]] batter, and served with sugar and curd. Mostly, it is served to bridegrooms at the time of marriage by his in-laws. ''Kalari'' is a favourite food of Dogras in the rainy season. It is prepared by mixing flour, cottage cheese and milk cream (malai) with water with help of a small cup-shaped pot. ''Kalari'' is served with milk. [[Kalari cheese]] is popular in the Jammu region and in Jammu and Kashmir state more generally. ''Babbru/pathoru'' are prepared with flour and fried in oil. ''Babbru'' is served with maani/potato dish/kheer/curd etc.

[[Kheer]] is a dish prepared from milk by adding rice and dry fruit. It is served at all special occasions and festivals. Another popular exotic dish is ''guchiyyan'' (dried black [[morel]]), usually added as an ingredient in pulao. As it grows naturally in forests and cannot be cultivated, it is a priced commodity (approx 500 Rs. per 100 g) and makes an excelled dish with mountain potatoes (pahadi aloo). [[Saffron]] or kesar is extensively used to flavour sweet dishes and for its anti-oxidant benefits.<ref name="dt">{{cite web |url=http://www.duggartimes.com |title=Index of / |publisher=Duggartimes.com |access-date=19 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117181654/http://www.duggartimes.com/ |archive-date=17 January 2012 }}</ref> Many types of pickles are prepared with ''Kasrod'' (fiddlehead fern), mango, ''tyaoo'', ''lasoode'' and ''girgle.''<ref name="KUMAWAT"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/dogras-organise-cultural-cum-cuisine-fest-in-new-delhi-29053|title=Dogras organise cultural-cum-cuisine fest in New Delhi|publisher=tribuneindia|date=17 March 2021|access-date=9 April 2021}}</ref>

==Notable Dogras==


{{unreferenced section|date=March 2016}}
* [[Banda Singh Bahadur]], Sikh warrior and commander of [[Khalsa]] army
* [[Premchand Degra]] - Indian bodybuilder from Punjab region
* [[Hans Raj Dogra]], Indian politician
* [[Monica Dogra]] – singer and actor
* [[Paras Dogra]] – cricketer who plays for Rajasthan Royals
* [[Prem Nath Dogra]] – founder of J&K Praja Parishad and later All India President of Bhartiya Jana Sangh
* [[Ridhi Dogra]] - actress
* [[Tirath Das Dogra]] – former director All India Institute of Medical Sciences, forensic medicine expert, vice-chancellor of SGT University. Member of Medical Council of India.
* [[Mian Dido Jamwal]] (1780-1821)- Military and political figures during 18 and 19 century.
* [[Ranveer Jamwal]] - Mountaineer
* [[Vidyut Jammwal]] - actor
* [[Ajay Singh Jasrotia]] - Martyr of Kargil War 1999
* [[Zorawar Singh Kahluria]] - Military General of first Khalsa and later Dogra rulers of Jammu.
* [[Saurabh Kalia|Captain Saurabh Kalia]], Kargil War hero
* [[Chaudhry Muhammad Sarwar Khan]] (1919-2003) Longest Serving [[Pakistani]] Parliamentarian from Rupochak, District Narowal/Sialkot
* Major General [[Siri Kanth Korla]], PVSM, DSO, MC - decorated veteran who saw action in WWII and Indo-Pak war of 1965
* [[Sargam Koushal]] - Mrs. World 2022
* [[Vijay Mahajan (academic)|Vijay Mahajan]] - Former Dean (Indian School of Business), Distinguished Professor at the [[McCombs School of Business]], The University of Texas at Austin
* [[Manjit Minhas]] - Canadian entrepreneur
* [[Alla Rakha]] – Padma Shri awardee and tabla player.
* [[Mehta Basti Ram]], Commander
* [[Mukesh Rishi]] - actor
* Major [[Somnath Sharma]] – First recipient of the [[Param Vir Chakra]]
* [[Bhim Singh (politician)|Bhim Singh]] – Leader of the [[Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party|JKNPP]], Ex General Secretary of the [[All India Congress Committee]] and international activist for secular democratic value

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |last=Hāṇḍā |first=Omacanda |title=Textiles, Costumes, and Ornaments of the Western Himalaya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JFPnh9B5zncC&pg=PA178 |year=1998 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-076-7 |ref={{sfnref|Handa, Textiles, Costumes, and Ornaments of the Western Himalaya|1998}}}}
* {{citation |first1=Sukh Dev Singh |last1=Charak |first2=Anita K. |last2=Billawaria |title=Pahāṛi Styles of Indian Murals |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=1998 |isbn=978-8-17017-356-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kugq3wEh-W4C&pg=PA7}}
* {{citation |last=Stein |first=M. A. |title=Kalhana's Rajatarangini: A chronicle of the kings of Kasmir, Volume 1 |url=https://archive.org/details/RajataranginiVol1 |date=1900 |publisher=Archibald Constable and Co. |location=Westminster |isbn=978-81-208-0370-1 |ref={{sfnref|Stein, Kalhana's Rajatarangini|1900}}}}

{{Rajput Groups of India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dogra| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Himalayan peoples]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]]
[[Category:Indian surnames]]
[[Category:Linguistic groups of the constitutionally recognised official languages of India]]
[[Category:Social groups of India]]
[[Category:Social groups of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Social groups of Jammu and Kashmir]]

Dogras - Revision history

CarlNorfleet88: add article and cleaned formatting

Ajay Kumar: Created a new article