Advaiya: new

2023-09-25T08:10:21Z

new

New page

{{Short description|Arabic and Islamic term for "creed", "religion", or "(religious) lifestyle"}}
{{Distinguish|religion}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Islam and iman}}

'''Dīn''' ({{lang-ar|دين|Dīn}}, also anglicized as '''Deen''') is an Arabic word with three general senses: judgment, custom, and religion.<ref name=EI2>{{Cite encyclopedia|author=Gardet, L. |title= Dīn | year= 2012 |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam| edition=2nd|publisher=Brill |editor1=P. Bearman|editor2= Th. Bianquis|editor3= C.E. Bosworth|editor4= E. van Donzel|editor5= W.P. Heinrichs|doi= 10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0168 }}</ref> It is used by both [[Muslims]] and [[Arab Christians]].

In Islamic terminology, the word refers to the way of life Muslims must adopt to comply with [[Sharia|divine law]], encompassing beliefs, character and deeds.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title= Din |editor=John L. Esposito|encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2014|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e541|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The term appears in the Quran 98 times with different connotations, including in the phrase ''yawm al-din'' ({{lang-ar|يوم الدين}}), generally translated to "[[Day of Judgment]]" or the famous verse "La ikraha fid din" which translates to "Let there be no compulsion in religion." ([[Abdullah Yusuf Ali|Abdullah Yusuf Ali Translation]]).

==Etymology==
{{Islam|practices}}

According to [[Arthur Jeffery]] ''dīn "related to religion"'' and ''dīn "judgement, debt etc..."'' are two separate words of different origin, he derives the ''dīn'' related to religion from the [[Middle Persian]] ''den'', itself derived from the [[Zoroastrian]] [[Avestan]] notion ''[[daena]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Jeffery |first=Arthur |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.217779 |title=The Foreign Vocabulary Of The Quran (Gaekwad's Oriental Series; 79) |date=1938 |publisher=Baroda: Oriental Institute |pages=133 seqq}}</ref> Most scholars, such as [[Theodor Nöldeke|Nöldeke]], [[Karl Vollers|Vollers]], Mushegh Asatrian and Johnny Cheung are in agreement with this etymology.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Asatrian |first=Mushegh |date=2006 |title=Iranian Elements in Arabic: The State of Research |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4030944 |journal=Iran & the Caucasus |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=87–106 |doi=10.1163/157338406777979386 |issn=1609-8498 |jstor=4030944}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Cheung |first=Johnny |title=On the (Middle) Iranian borrowings in Qur'ānic (and pre-Islamic) Arabic |date=2016-06-06 |url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-01445860 |access-date=2022-12-29 |language=en}}</ref> Others like [[Maurice Gaudefroy-Demombynes|Gaudefroy-Demombynes]] and [[Louis Gardet|Gardet]], have found this derivation unconvincing.<ref name="EI2" /> Nonetheless, Al Khafaji and Tha'ahbi have included the ''dīn'' that is related to religion in their list of foreign words, due to its lack of verbal root.<ref name=":0" />

The Arabic ''dīn "judgement, debt, etc.."'' has Semitic [[cognate|cognates]], including the [[Hebrew]] ''dīn'' ({{Script/Hebrew|דין}}), [[Aramaic]] ''dīnā'' ({{lang|arc|דִּינָא}}), [[Amharic]] ''dañä'' (ዳኘ) and [[Ugaritic]] ''dyn'' (𐎄𐎊𐎐). However none of these cognates carry any form of religious connotations, further supporting the etymological proposition made by Arthur Jeffery.<ref name=":0" />

The Arabic sense of judgment is likely analogous to the Hebraeo-Aramaic cognate root.<ref name="EI2" /> The Hebrew term "[[wikt:דין|דין]]", transliterated as "dīn", means either "law" or "judgement". In the [[Kabbalah]] of [[Judaism]], the term can, alongside "Gevurah" (cognate to the feminine form of Arabic adjective "''Jabārah'' <big>جَبَّارَة</big>"), refer to "power" and "judgement".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/Din.html|title = Ten Sefirot: Din, Gevurah}}</ref> In ancient Israel, the term featured heavily in administrative and legal proceedings i.e. [[Bet Din]], literally "the house of judgement," the ancient building block of the Jewish legal system.<ref>Fox, Tamar "The Bet Din" http://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-beit-din/ 9/5/2016</ref><ref>Rabbi Jonathan Reiss http://www.jlaw.com/Articles/divorcebeit.html Winter 1999</ref> The Arabic sense "custom, usage" has been derived by classical and modern lexicologists from the Arabic verbal forms ''dāna'' (<big>دانى</big>, "be indebted") and ''dāna li-'' (<big>-دانى لِ</big>, "submit to").<ref name="EI2" /> [[Louis Gardet]] sees the Hebraic and Arabic senses as related through the notions of retribution, debt, obligation, custom, and direction, prompting him to translate ''yawm al-din'' as "the day when God gives a direction to each human being".<ref name="EI2" /> This view is not supported by the majority of scholars, who translate ''yawm al-din'' as "the day of judgement".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wehr |first=Hans |date=1994 |year=1994 |title=A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic |url=http://ejtaal.net/aa/#hw4=365,ll=985,ls=5,la=1467,sg=400,ha=235,br=345,pr=59,vi=152,mgf=314,mr=239,mn=437,aan=196,kz=767,uqq=109,ulq=737,uqa=137,uqw=563,umr=379,ums=312,umj=262,bdw=334,amr=232,asb=304,auh=586,dhq=186,mht=306,msb=85,tla=50,amj=253,ens=1,mis=685 |url-status= |publisher=Spoken Language Services |pages=352 |language=English |isbn=0-87950-003-4}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==Use in Islam==

It has been said that the word ''Dīn'' appears in as many as 79 verses in the Qur'an,<ref>Gulam Ahmed Parwez, "Exposition of the Qur'an", p. 12, Tolu-E-Islam Trust</ref> but because there is no exact English translation of the term, its precise definition has been the subject of some misunderstanding and disagreement. For instance, the term is often translated in parts of the [[Qur'an]] as "religion".<ref>For instance, translations of the Qur'an by Marmaduke Pickthall, Shakir, and others</ref>

Some Qur'anic scholars have translated ''Dīn'' in places as "faith".<ref>For instance, the translation by Abdullah Yusuf Ali, 60:9</ref> Others suggest that the term "has been used in various forms and meanings, e.g., system, power, supremacy, ascendancy, sovereignty or lordship, dominion, law, constitution, mastery, government, realm, decision, definite outcome, reward and punishment. On the other hand, this word is also used in the sense of obedience, submission and allegiance".<ref>''Lugh’at-ul-Quran'', Ghulam Ahmed Parwez, Tolu-e-Islam Trust, 1941</ref>

In addition to the two broad usages referred to so far, of sovereignty on the one hand and submission on the other, others have noted<ref>"Let Us Be Muslims, Abu Ala Maududi U.K.I.M. Dawah Center, 1960</ref> that the term ''Dīn'' is also widely used in translations of the Qur'an in a third sense. Most famously in its opening chapter, al-Fātiḥah, the term is translated in almost all English translations as "judgment":

{{Cquote|1:3 {{lang|ar|مَٰلِكِ يَوْمِ '''ٱلدِّينِ}}

transliterated as "Maliki yawmi '''ad-Dīn'''i," and (usually) translated as "Master of the Day of Judgment".}}

The well-known Islamic scholar, Fazlur Rahman Malik, suggested that Dīn is best considered as "the way-to-be-followed". In that interpretation, Dīn is the exact correlate of [[Shari'a]]: "whereas Shari'a is the ordaining of the Way and its proper subject is God, Dīn is the following of that Way, and its subject is man".<ref name="autoA">Rahman F, ''Islam'', p. 100, University of Chicago Press, 1979</ref> Thus, "if we abstract from the Divine and the human points of reference, Shari'a and Dīn would be identical as far as the 'Way' and its content are concerned".<ref name="autoA" />

In many hadith, the din has been described as a midway lifestyle:
{{quote|Narrated Abu Huraira, the Prophet said, "Religion (Dīn) is very easy and whoever overburdens himself in his religion will not be able to continue in that way. So you should not be extremists, but try to be near to perfection and receive the good tidings that you will be rewarded; and gain strength by worshipping in the mornings, the nights." |{{hadith-usc|usc=yes|bukhari|1|2|38}}, (Fath-ul-Bari, Page 102, Vol 1)}}

== See also ==
* [[Taqwa]]
* [[Daena]]
* [[List of Islamic terms in Arabic]]
* [[Sharia]]
* [[Christian worldview]]
* [[Halakha]]
* [[Kabbalah]]
* [[Wasatiyyah (Islamic term)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090317074105/http://www.learndeen.com/jm/deen-islam/aqueeda-a-tawheed/36/172-deen-ul-islam.html Definition of Deen]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Din}}
[[Category:Arabic words and phrases]]
[[Category:Islamic terminology]]

Din (Arabic) - Revision history

Advaiya: new