Dhamek Stupa - Revision history

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← Older revision		Revision as of 11:37, 24 November 2023
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	Dhamek Stupa marks the precise location where [[the Buddha]] preached [[Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta\|his first discourse]] to his first five disciples ([[Kaundinya]], [[Assaji]], Bhaddiya, Vappa and Mahanama), and where all five eventually became fully liberated.<ref name=vridhamma/> This event marked the formation of the [[sangha]]. Several of the ancient sources describe the site of this first sermon as a ''Mriga-dayaa-vanam'' or a sanctuary for animals. (In Sanskrit, the word ''mriga'' is used in the sense of game animals, with deer being the most common).		Dhamek Stupa marks the precise location where [[the Buddha]] preached [[Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta\|his first discourse]] to his first five disciples ([[Kaundinya]], [[Assaji]], Bhaddiya, Vappa and Mahanama), and where all five eventually became fully liberated.<ref name=vridhamma/> This event marked the formation of the [[sangha]]. Several of the ancient sources describe the site of this first sermon as a ''Mriga-dayaa-vanam'' or a sanctuary for animals. (In Sanskrit, the word ''mriga'' is used in the sense of game animals, with deer being the most common).

	After the [[parinirvana]] of the Buddha in 544 BCE, his remains were cremated and the ashes were divided and buried under eight stupas, with two further stupas encasing the urn and the embers. Dhamek Stupa was presumably among these eight stupas, and [[Mauryan]] King [[Ashoka]] may have commissioned its expansion.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.indian-heritage.org/aindex.html\|title=Stupas\|publisher=Indian Heritage\|accessdate=2006-11-20\|archive-date=8 January 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070108045253/http://www.indian-heritage.org/aindex.html\|url-status=dead}}</ref> But the current Dhamek Stupa, as visible today, was conlusively dated to the [[Gupta Empire\|Gupta period]], in the 5th-6th century CE.<ref>''[[Sir Banister Fletcher's a History of Architecture]]'', 20th ed. (ed. by [[Dan Cruickshank]]). Architectural Press, 1996. {{ISBN\|0-7506-2267-9}}. Page 646.</ref~~><ref name="MSD"/~~>		After the [[parinirvana]] of the Buddha in 544 BCE, his remains were cremated and the ashes were divided and buried under eight stupas, with two further stupas encasing the urn and the embers. Dhamek Stupa was presumably among these eight stupas, and [[Mauryan]] King [[Ashoka]] may have commissioned its expansion.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.indian-heritage.org/aindex.html\|title=Stupas\|publisher=Indian Heritage\|accessdate=2006-11-20\|archive-date=8 January 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070108045253/http://www.indian-heritage.org/aindex.html\|url-status=dead}}</ref> But the current Dhamek Stupa, as visible today, was conlusively dated to the [[Gupta Empire\|Gupta period]], in the 5th-6th century CE.<ref name="MSD"/><ref>''[[Sir Banister Fletcher's a History of Architecture]]'', 20th ed. (ed. by [[Dan Cruickshank]]). Architectural Press, 1996. {{ISBN\|0-7506-2267-9}}. Page 646.</ref>

	A 17th-century [[Jainism\|Jain]] manuscript describes a Jain temple in Varanasi as a [[Tirtha (Jainism)\|pilgrimage site for Jains]]. The temple is located close to "a famous Bodisattva sanctuary" at a place called ''dharmeksā''.{{sfn\|Oertel\|1908\|p=60}}		A 17th-century [[Jainism\|Jain]] manuscript describes a Jain temple in Varanasi as a [[Tirtha (Jainism)\|pilgrimage site for Jains]]. The temple is located close to "a famous Bodisattva sanctuary" at a place called ''dharmeksā''.{{sfn\|Oertel\|1908\|p=60}}
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	*{{cite book\|last=Asher\|first=Frederick M.\|title=Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began\|publisher=Getty Research Institute\|location=Los Angeles\|year=2020\|isbn=978-1606066164\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JMHEDwAAQBAJ}}		*{{cite book\|last=Asher\|first=Frederick M.\|title=Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began\|publisher=Getty Research Institute\|location=Los Angeles\|year=2020\|isbn=978-1606066164\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JMHEDwAAQBAJ}}
	*{{cite book\|last=Cunningham\|first=Alexander\|author-link=Alexander Cunningham\|title=Four reports made during the years 1862-63-64-65\|volume=1\|chapter=Banaras Sarnath\|pages=103–130\|publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]\|location=Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India\|year=1871\|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.94077/page/n225/mode/2up}}		*{{cite book\|last=Cunningham\|first=Alexander\|author-link=Alexander Cunningham\|title=Four reports made during the years 1862-63-64-65\|volume=1\|chapter=Banaras Sarnath\|pages=103–130\|publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]\|location=Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India\|year=1871\|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.94077/page/n225/mode/2up}}
	*{{cite journal\|last=Duncan\|first=Johnathan\|authorlink=Jonathan Duncan (Governor of Bombay)\|title=An Account of the Discovery of Two Urns in the Vicinity of Benares\|journal=[[~~The_Asiatic_Society~~#~~Journal_of_the_Asiatic_Society~~\|Transactions of the Society Instituted in Bengal, for enquiring into the History and Antiquities, the Arts, Sciences and Literature, of Asia]]\|volume=5\|pages=131–3\|year=1799\|url=https://archive.org/details/asiaticresearche05asia/page/130/mode/2up}}		*{{cite journal\|last=Duncan\|first=Johnathan\|authorlink=Jonathan Duncan (Governor of Bombay)\|title=An Account of the Discovery of Two Urns in the Vicinity of Benares\|journal=[[The Asiatic Society#Journal of the Asiatic Society\|Transactions of the Society Instituted in Bengal, for enquiring into the History and Antiquities, the Arts, Sciences and Literature, of Asia]]\|volume=5\|pages=131–3\|year=1799\|url=https://archive.org/details/asiaticresearche05asia/page/130/mode/2up}}
	*{{cite book\|last=Oertel\|first=Friedrich Oscar\|author-link=F. O. Oertel\|title=Archaeological Survey of India Annual Report, 1904–1905\|chapter=Excavations at Sarnath\|publisher=Superintendent Government Printing, India\|location=Calcutta\|year=1908\|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.207530/page/n97/mode/2up}}		*{{cite book\|last=Oertel\|first=Friedrich Oscar\|author-link=F. O. Oertel\|title=Archaeological Survey of India Annual Report, 1904–1905\|chapter=Excavations at Sarnath\|publisher=Superintendent Government Printing, India\|location=Calcutta\|year=1908\|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.207530/page/n97/mode/2up}}
	*{{cite book\|last=Sahni\|first=Daya Ram\|authorlink=Daya Ram Sahni\|title=Guide to the Buddhist ruins of Sarnath\|publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]\|location=Calcutta\|year=1917\|url=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/flipbook/83409}}		*{{cite book\|last=Sahni\|first=Daya Ram\|authorlink=Daya Ram Sahni\|title=Guide to the Buddhist ruins of Sarnath\|publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]\|location=Calcutta\|year=1917\|url=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/flipbook/83409}}

Kamal Guha: Uttar Pradesh Buddhist sites added

2023-11-23T03:31:09Z

Uttar Pradesh Buddhist sites added

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:01, 23 November 2023
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	{{Sarnath Museum}}		{{Sarnath Museum}}
			{{Buddhist sites in Uttar Pradesh}}
	{{Buddhism topics}}		{{Buddhism topics}}
	{{Varanasi}}		{{Varanasi}}

WikiDwarfBOT: Cleanup: Information added.

2023-07-22T00:28:18Z

Cleanup: Information added.

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{{short description|Stupa at Sarnath, Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name=Dhamek Stupa <br/> <small> धामेक स्तूप {{in lang|hi}}</small>
| image=Dhamek Stupa, Sarnath.jpg
| image_size=300px
| caption=
| location= {{flagicon|India}} [[Sarnath]], [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| map_type =India
| map_relief =yes
| coordinates = {{coord|25.3808|83.0245|display=inline,title}}
| religious_affiliation=[[Buddhism]]
| rite=
| province=
| district=
| consecration_year=
| status=
| leadership=
| website=
| architect=
| architecture_type= [[Stupa]]
| architecture_style=
| specifications=
| facade_direction=
| groundbreaking=
| year_completed= 500 CE
| construction_cost=
| capacity=
| length=
| width=
| width_nave=
| height_max=
| materials=
}}

'''Dhamek Stupa''' (also spelled ''Dhamekh'' and ''Dhamekha'', traced to Sanskrit version Dharmarajika Stupa, which can be translated as the Stupa of the reign of Dharma) is a massive [[stupa]] located at [[Sarnath]], 13 km away from [[Varanasi]] in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-monuments/dhamekh-stupa.html|title=Dhamekh Stupa Sarnath, Varanasi India|publisher=iloveindia.com}}</ref>

Stupas originated as pre-Buddhist [[tumulus|tumuli]], in which ascetics were buried in a seated position,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buddhanet.net/stupa.htm |accessdate=2013-01-07|title=Buddhist Art and Architecture: Symbolism of the Stupa / Chorten|date=2006-08-14}}</ref> called [[chaitya]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.upenn.edu/coursepages/hist086/material/sanchi.htm|accessdate=2013-01-07|title=THE BUDDHIST STUPA: ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT|date=2005-01-13}}</ref> After the [[parinirvana]] of the Buddha, his remains were cremated and the ashes divided and buried under eight mounds with two further mounds encasing the urn and the embers. Little is known about these early stupas, particularly since it has not been possible to identify the original ten monuments. However, some later stupas, such as at [[Sarnath]] and [[Sanchi]], seem to be embellishments of earlier mounds.<ref name=Possehl>{{cite book|last1=Possehl|first1=Gregory L|title=The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective|date=2010|publisher=AltaMira|isbn=978-0759101722|page=12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pmAuAsi4ePIC&pg=PA12&dq=Mohenjo-daro+buddhist+stupa&hl=en&sa=X&ei=sEmAVOeYHKTn7gb0m4DQAw&ved=0CCIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Mohenjo-daro%20buddhist%20stupa&f=false}}</ref> The Dhamek Stupa was built in 500 CE<ref>''Sir Banister Fletcher's a History of Architecture'', 20th ed. (ed. by [[Dan Cruickshank]]). Architectural Press, 1996. {{ISBN|0-7506-2267-9}}. Page 646.</ref> to replace an earlier structure commissioned by the great [[Mauryan]] king [[Ashoka]] in 249 BCE, along with several other monuments, to commemorate the Buddha's activities in this location. Stupas originated as circular mounds encircled by large stones. King [[Ashoka]] built stupas to enshrine small pieces of calcinated bone and other relics of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] and his disciples.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.indian-heritage.org/aindex.html
|title=Stupas
|publisher=Indian Heritage
|accessdate=2006-11-20
}}</ref> An [[Ashoka pillar]] with an edict engraved on it stands near the site.

The Dhamek Stupa is said to mark the spot (''Rishipattana'' which can be translated as "where the Rishi arrived") where the Buddha gave the first sermon to his first five disciples, led by [[Kaundinya]], after attaining enlightenment,<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.buddhistpilgrimage.info/sarnath.htm
|title=Place of the Buddha’s First Sermon
|publisher=Indian architecture
|accessdate=2006-09-19
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060828022730/http://buddhistpilgrimage.info/sarnath.htm
|archive-date=28 August 2006
|url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.asia.msu.edu/southasia/india/culture/architecture.html
|title=http://www.asia.msu.edu/southasia/india/culture/architecture.html
|accessdate=2007-02-08
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901123953/http://www.asia.msu.edu/southasia/india/culture/architecture.html
|archive-date=1 September 2006
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> "revealing his [[Eightfold Path]] leading to [[nirvana]]".<ref>Quoted from: Pippa de Bruyn, Niloufer Venkatraman, Keith Bain. ''Frommer's India''. {{ISBN|0-471-79434-1}}. Page 340.</ref> This event marked the formation of the [[sangha]]. In several of the ancient sources the site of the first sermon is mentioned to have been at a ″Mriga-dayaa-vanam″ or a sanctuary for animals. ( In Sanskrit mriga is used in the sense of game animals, deer being the most common). The last royal endowment at the site is dated to about 12th c. CE, after which the location of the Mrigadayavanam seems to have been lost even to the devout. The stupa was enlarged on six occasions but the upper part is still unfinished.<ref>Bradnock, Robert W. ''Footprint India''. Footprint Travel Guides, 2004. {{ISBN|1-904777-00-7}}. Page 191.</ref> While visiting Sarnath in 640 CE, [[Xuanzang]] recorded that the colony had over 1,500 priests and the main stupa was nearly {{convert|300|ft|m}} high.<ref>Arnett, Robert A. ''India Unveiled''. Atman Press, 2006. {{ISBN|0-9652900-4-2}}.</ref>

In its current shape, the stupa is a solid cylinder of bricks and stone reaching a height of 43.6 meters and having a diameter of 28 meters. It is the most massive structure in Sarnath.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.varanasicity.com/sarnath/dhamek-stupa.html
|title=Dhamekh Stupa
|publisher=Varanasicity.com
|accessdate=2006-10-16
}}</ref>
The basement seems to have survived from Ashoka's structure: the stone facing is chiseled and displays delicate floral carvings of [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] origin.
The wall is covered with exquisitely carved figures of humans and birds, as well as inscriptions in the [[Brāhmī script]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.culturalindia.net/monuments/dhamekh-stupa.html
|title=Dhamekh Stupa
|publisher=
|accessdate=2006-09-19
}}</ref>

[[File:Indika. The country and the people of India and Ceylon (1891) (14583657009).jpg|thumb|Stupa in 1891]]

== Gallery ==



<gallery perrow="2" widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:Stupas around the Dhamekh Stupa, Sarnath.jpg|[[Dhamekh Stupa]], Saranath
Image:History of Dhamekh Stupa on Stone.jpg|History of [[Dhamekh Stupa]] on [[Rock (geology)|stone]]

File:Dhamekh Stupa close-up, Sarnath.jpg|Dhamekh Stupa close-up, Sarnath
File:Dhamekh Stupa close up.jpg|[[Dhamekh Stupa]] wall Close Up
File:Sarnath - Plan of Excavations.jpg|Sarnath - Plan of Excavations
</gallery>

==References==
{{commons category|Dhamekh Stupa}}
{{Reflist|33em}}

[[Category:500]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 5th century]]
[[Category:Maurya Empire]]
[[Category:Stupas in India]]
[[Category:Buddhist temples in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Varanasi]]
[[Category:Archaeological monuments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Varanasi district]]
[[Category:5th century in India]]
[[Category:Buddhist relics]]
[[Category:Sarnath]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:37, 24 November 2023
Line 40:		Line 40:
	Dhamek Stupa marks the precise location where [[the Buddha]] preached [[Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta\|his first discourse]] to his first five disciples ([[Kaundinya]], [[Assaji]], Bhaddiya, Vappa and Mahanama), and where all five eventually became fully liberated.<ref name=vridhamma/> This event marked the formation of the [[sangha]]. Several of the ancient sources describe the site of this first sermon as a ''Mriga-dayaa-vanam'' or a sanctuary for animals. (In Sanskrit, the word ''mriga'' is used in the sense of game animals, with deer being the most common).		Dhamek Stupa marks the precise location where [[the Buddha]] preached [[Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta\|his first discourse]] to his first five disciples ([[Kaundinya]], [[Assaji]], Bhaddiya, Vappa and Mahanama), and where all five eventually became fully liberated.<ref name=vridhamma/> This event marked the formation of the [[sangha]]. Several of the ancient sources describe the site of this first sermon as a ''Mriga-dayaa-vanam'' or a sanctuary for animals. (In Sanskrit, the word ''mriga'' is used in the sense of game animals, with deer being the most common).

	After the [[parinirvana]] of the Buddha in 544 BCE, his remains were cremated and the ashes were divided and buried under eight stupas, with two further stupas encasing the urn and the embers. Dhamek Stupa was presumably among these eight stupas, and [[Mauryan]] King [[Ashoka]] may have commissioned its expansion.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.indian-heritage.org/aindex.html\|title=Stupas\|publisher=Indian Heritage\|accessdate=2006-11-20\|archive-date=8 January 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070108045253/http://www.indian-heritage.org/aindex.html\|url-status=dead}}</ref> But the current Dhamek Stupa, as visible today, was conlusively dated to the [[Gupta Empire\|Gupta period]], in the 5th-6th century CE.<ref>''[[Sir Banister Fletcher's a History of Architecture]]'', 20th ed. (ed. by [[Dan Cruickshank]]). Architectural Press, 1996. {{ISBN\|0-7506-2267-9}}. Page 646.</ref~~><ref name="MSD"/~~>		After the [[parinirvana]] of the Buddha in 544 BCE, his remains were cremated and the ashes were divided and buried under eight stupas, with two further stupas encasing the urn and the embers. Dhamek Stupa was presumably among these eight stupas, and [[Mauryan]] King [[Ashoka]] may have commissioned its expansion.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.indian-heritage.org/aindex.html\|title=Stupas\|publisher=Indian Heritage\|accessdate=2006-11-20\|archive-date=8 January 2007\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070108045253/http://www.indian-heritage.org/aindex.html\|url-status=dead}}</ref> But the current Dhamek Stupa, as visible today, was conlusively dated to the [[Gupta Empire\|Gupta period]], in the 5th-6th century CE.<ref name="MSD"/><ref>''[[Sir Banister Fletcher's a History of Architecture]]'', 20th ed. (ed. by [[Dan Cruickshank]]). Architectural Press, 1996. {{ISBN\|0-7506-2267-9}}. Page 646.</ref>

	A 17th-century [[Jainism\|Jain]] manuscript describes a Jain temple in Varanasi as a [[Tirtha (Jainism)\|pilgrimage site for Jains]]. The temple is located close to "a famous Bodisattva sanctuary" at a place called ''dharmeksā''.{{sfn\|Oertel\|1908\|p=60}}		A 17th-century [[Jainism\|Jain]] manuscript describes a Jain temple in Varanasi as a [[Tirtha (Jainism)\|pilgrimage site for Jains]]. The temple is located close to "a famous Bodisattva sanctuary" at a place called ''dharmeksā''.{{sfn\|Oertel\|1908\|p=60}}
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	*{{cite book\|last=Asher\|first=Frederick M.\|title=Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began\|publisher=Getty Research Institute\|location=Los Angeles\|year=2020\|isbn=978-1606066164\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JMHEDwAAQBAJ}}		*{{cite book\|last=Asher\|first=Frederick M.\|title=Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began\|publisher=Getty Research Institute\|location=Los Angeles\|year=2020\|isbn=978-1606066164\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JMHEDwAAQBAJ}}
	*{{cite book\|last=Cunningham\|first=Alexander\|author-link=Alexander Cunningham\|title=Four reports made during the years 1862-63-64-65\|volume=1\|chapter=Banaras Sarnath\|pages=103–130\|publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]\|location=Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India\|year=1871\|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.94077/page/n225/mode/2up}}		*{{cite book\|last=Cunningham\|first=Alexander\|author-link=Alexander Cunningham\|title=Four reports made during the years 1862-63-64-65\|volume=1\|chapter=Banaras Sarnath\|pages=103–130\|publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]\|location=Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India\|year=1871\|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.94077/page/n225/mode/2up}}
	*{{cite journal\|last=Duncan\|first=Johnathan\|authorlink=Jonathan Duncan (Governor of Bombay)\|title=An Account of the Discovery of Two Urns in the Vicinity of Benares\|journal=[[~~The_Asiatic_Society~~#~~Journal_of_the_Asiatic_Society~~\|Transactions of the Society Instituted in Bengal, for enquiring into the History and Antiquities, the Arts, Sciences and Literature, of Asia]]\|volume=5\|pages=131–3\|year=1799\|url=https://archive.org/details/asiaticresearche05asia/page/130/mode/2up}}		*{{cite journal\|last=Duncan\|first=Johnathan\|authorlink=Jonathan Duncan (Governor of Bombay)\|title=An Account of the Discovery of Two Urns in the Vicinity of Benares\|journal=[[The Asiatic Society#Journal of the Asiatic Society\|Transactions of the Society Instituted in Bengal, for enquiring into the History and Antiquities, the Arts, Sciences and Literature, of Asia]]\|volume=5\|pages=131–3\|year=1799\|url=https://archive.org/details/asiaticresearche05asia/page/130/mode/2up}}
	*{{cite book\|last=Oertel\|first=Friedrich Oscar\|author-link=F. O. Oertel\|title=Archaeological Survey of India Annual Report, 1904–1905\|chapter=Excavations at Sarnath\|publisher=Superintendent Government Printing, India\|location=Calcutta\|year=1908\|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.207530/page/n97/mode/2up}}		*{{cite book\|last=Oertel\|first=Friedrich Oscar\|author-link=F. O. Oertel\|title=Archaeological Survey of India Annual Report, 1904–1905\|chapter=Excavations at Sarnath\|publisher=Superintendent Government Printing, India\|location=Calcutta\|year=1908\|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.207530/page/n97/mode/2up}}
	*{{cite book\|last=Sahni\|first=Daya Ram\|authorlink=Daya Ram Sahni\|title=Guide to the Buddhist ruins of Sarnath\|publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]\|location=Calcutta\|year=1917\|url=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/flipbook/83409}}		*{{cite book\|last=Sahni\|first=Daya Ram\|authorlink=Daya Ram Sahni\|title=Guide to the Buddhist ruins of Sarnath\|publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]\|location=Calcutta\|year=1917\|url=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/flipbook/83409}}