Deva (Hinduism) - Revision history

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	{{About\|Devas in Hindu scriptures and culture\|other uses\|Deva (disambiguation)}}		{{About\|Devas in Hindu scriptures and culture\|other uses\|Deva (disambiguation)}}
	{{Italic title}}		{{Italic title}}
	[[File:Indra, Chief of the Gods LACMA M.69.13.4 (1 of 5).jpg\|thumb\|In the Vedas, ''Devas'' are benevolent supernatural ~~beings whose leader~~ is [[~~Indra~~]] (above, in a statue from 16th-century [[Nepal]]).]]		[[File:Indra, Chief of the Gods LACMA M.69.13.4 (1 of 5).jpg\|thumb\|In the earliest [[Vedas\|Vedic literature]], ''Devas'' are benevolent [[supernatural being]]s;<ref name="Klostermaier 2007">{{cite book \|last=Klostermaier \|first=Klaus K. \|author-link=Klaus Klostermaier \|year=2007 \|chapter=Part I. Hinduism: Sources and Worldview – The Many Gods and the One God of Hinduism \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8CVviRghVtIC&pg=PA101 \|title=A Survey of Hinduism \|location=[[Albany, New York]] \|publisher=[[SUNY Press]] \|edition=3rd \|series=India and South Asian Studies \|pages=101–102 \|isbn=9780791470824 \|lccn=2006021542 \|quote=The Hindu ''deva'' is not [[God in Hinduism\|God]]—at the most ''deva'' could be loosely translated as a “divine being.” Etymologically it means “shiny,” “exalted”; and thus we find that the term ''deva'' covers everything that has to do with the supernatural: all figures, forms, processes and emotions, melodies, books, and verse meters—whatever needs the explanation of a transcendent origin or status—are called ''devas'' or ''devatā''. The functions of different parts of the body, symbols, and syllabes are explained as ''deva''. In [[Historical Vedic religion\|Vedic religion]] we find the term used in a relatively restricted way; but even there we are not entitled to equate it with ''god'', but rather with ''supernatural powers'' in general.}}</ref> above, a gilt-copper statue of [[Indra]], "Chief of the Gods", from 16th-century [[Nepal]].]]
	{{Contains special characters\|Indic}}		{{Contains special characters\|Indic}}
	{{Infobox Hindu term		{{Infobox Hindu term
	\| title = ''Deva''		\| title = ''Deva''
	\| en = Heavenly, divine, anything of excellence, donor of knowledge or resources.		\| en = Heavenly, divine, shiny, exalted, anything of excellence, donor of knowledge or resources.
	\| sa = देव		\| sa = देव
	\| sa-Latn = deva		\| sa-Latn = deva
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	\| te-Latn = dēvuḍu		\| te-Latn = dēvuḍu
	\| ma = dev		\| ma = dev
	\| ma-Latn = देव\|or=ଦେବତା\|or-Latn=debôta}}		\| ma-Latn = देव\|or=ଦେବତା\|or-Latn=debôta
			\|as = দেৱতা
			\|as-Latn = dewatā}}

	'''''Deva''''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|d\|eɪ\|v\|ə}}; Sanskrit: {{lang\|sa\|देव}}, {{IAST\|Deva}}) means "heavenly, divine, anything of excellence", and is also one of the terms ~~for~~ a [[deity]] in [[Hinduism]].<ref name=monier>Monier Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary” Etymologically and Philologically Arranged to cognate Indo-European Languages, Motilal Banarsidass, page 492</ref> Deva is a masculine term; the feminine equivalent is [[Devi]].		'''''Deva''''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|d\|eɪ\|v\|ə}}; [[Sanskrit]]: {{lang\|sa\|देव}}, {{IAST\|Deva}}) means "shiny", "exalted", "heavenly being", "divine being", "anything of excellence",<ref name="Klostermaier 2007"/> and is also one of the Sanskrit terms used to indicate a [[deity]] in [[Hinduism]].<ref name=monier>Monier Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary” Etymologically and Philologically Arranged to cognate Indo-European Languages, Motilal Banarsidass, page 492</ref> ''Deva'' is a masculine term; the feminine equivalent is ''[[Devi]]''.

	In the earliest [[Vedas\|Vedic literature]], all [[supernatural being]]s are called Devas<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/deva-religious-being Encyclopaedia Britannica - Deva]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=sEIngqiKOugC&pg=PA147&lpg=PA147&dq=deva+in+vedic+india&source=bl&ots=3wq_k2WbZB&sig=7F_a5jJFcKbQpQAJApkaH85VVgI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjTvKTctPTaAhVKto8KHRVYBZY4FBDoATAIegQIABAB#v=onepage&q=deva%20in%20vedic%20india&f=false Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities by Charles Russell Coulter, Patricia Turner. Pg.147]</ref><ref name="George Williams 2008">George Williams (2008), A Handbook of Hindu Mythology, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN\|978-0195332612}}, pages 90, 112</ref> and [[Asura]]s.<ref>Wash Edward Hale (1999), Ásura in Early Vedic Religion, Motilal Barnarsidass, {{ISBN\|978-8120800618}}, pages 5-11, 22, 99-102</ref><ref>Monier Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary” Etymologically and Philologically Arranged to cognate Indo-European Languages, Motilal Banarsidass, page 121</ref> The concepts and legends ~~evolve~~ in ancient Indian literature, and by the late [[Vedic period]], benevolent supernatural beings are referred to as ''Deva-Asuras''. In post-Vedic texts, such as the [[Puranas]] and the [[Itihasas]] of Hinduism, the Devas represent the good, and the Asuras the bad.<ref name=nickgier/><ref name=fowlergita/> In some medieval Indian literature, ''Devas'' are also referred to as '''Suras''' and contrasted with their equally powerful but malevolent [[half-brother]]s, referred to as the Asuras.<ref name=ang>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/40167/asura/40167rellinks/Related-Links Encyclopædia Britannica]</ref>		In the earliest [[Vedas\|Vedic literature]], all [[supernatural being]]s are called ''Devas''<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/deva-religious-being Encyclopaedia Britannica - Deva]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=sEIngqiKOugC&pg=PA147&lpg=PA147&dq=deva+in+vedic+india&source=bl&ots=3wq_k2WbZB&sig=7F_a5jJFcKbQpQAJApkaH85VVgI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjTvKTctPTaAhVKto8KHRVYBZY4FBDoATAIegQIABAB#v=onepage&q=deva%20in%20vedic%20india&f=false Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities by Charles Russell Coulter, Patricia Turner. Pg.147]</ref><ref name="George Williams 2008">George Williams (2008), A Handbook of Hindu Mythology, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN\|978-0195332612}}, pages 90, 112</ref> and ''[[Asura]]s''.<ref>Wash Edward Hale (1999), Ásura in Early Vedic Religion, Motilal Barnarsidass, {{ISBN\|978-8120800618}}, pages 5-11, 22, 99-102</ref><ref>Monier Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary” Etymologically and Philologically Arranged to cognate Indo-European Languages, Motilal Banarsidass, page 121</ref> The concepts and legends evolved in [[Indian literature#In archaic Indian languages\|ancient Indian literature]], and by the late [[Vedic period]], benevolent supernatural beings are referred to as ''Deva-Asuras''. In post-Vedic [[Hindu texts]], such as the [[Puranas]] and the [[Itihasas]] of Hinduism, the ''Devas'' represent the good, and the ''Asuras'' the bad.<ref name=nickgier/><ref name=fowlergita/> In some [[List of historic Indian texts\|medieval works of Indian literature]], ''Devas'' are also referred to as '''''Suras''''' and contrasted with their equally powerful but malevolent [[half-brother]]s, referred to as the ''Asuras''.<ref name=ang>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/40167/asura/40167rellinks/Related-Links Encyclopædia Britannica]</ref>

	''Devas'', along with ''Asuras'', ''[[Yaksha]]s'' (nature spirits) and ''[[Rakshasa]]s'' (ghoulish ogres/[[demons]]), are part of Indian mythology, and ''Devas'' feature in many cosmological theories in [[Hinduism]].<ref>Don Handelman (2013), One God, Two Goddesses, Three Studies of South Indian Cosmology, Brill Academic, {{ISBN\|978-9004256156}}, pages 23-29</ref><ref>Wendy Doniger (1988), Textual Sources for the Study of Hinduism, Manchester University Press, {{ISBN\|978-0719018664}}, page 67</ref>		''Devas'', along with ''Asuras'', ''[[Yaksha]]s'' (nature spirits), and ''[[Rakshasa]]s'' (ghoulish ogres/[[demons]]), are part of Indian mythology, and ''Devas'' feature in many cosmological theories in [[Hinduism]].<ref>Don Handelman (2013), One God, Two Goddesses, Three Studies of South Indian Cosmology, Brill Academic, {{ISBN\|978-9004256156}}, pages 23-29</ref><ref>Wendy Doniger (1988), Textual Sources for the Study of Hinduism, Manchester University Press, {{ISBN\|978-0719018664}}, page 67</ref>

	==Etymology==		==Etymology==

	''Deva'' is a [[Sanskrit]] word found in Vedic literature of 2nd millennium BCE. [[Monier Monier-Williams\|Monier-Williams]] translates it as "heavenly, divine, terrestrial things of high excellence, exalted, shining ones".<ref name=monier/><ref name=klausklos>Klaus Klostermaier (2010), A Survey of Hinduism, 3rd Edition, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN\|978-0791470824}}, pages 101-102</ref> The concept also is used to refer to deity.<ref name=monier/>		''Deva'' is a [[Sanskrit]] word found in Vedic literature of 2nd millennium BCE. [[Monier Monier-Williams\|Monier-Williams]] translates it as "heavenly, divine, terrestrial things of high excellence, exalted, shining ones".<ref name=monier/><ref name=klausklos>Klaus Klostermaier (2010), A Survey of Hinduism, 3rd Edition, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN\|978-0791470824}}, pages 101-102</ref> The concept also is used to refer to deity.<ref name=monier/>

	The Sanskrit ''deva-'' derives from [[Proto-Indo-Iranian language\|Indo-Iranian]] ''daiv-'' which in turn descends from the [[Proto-Indo-European language\|Proto-Indo-European]] word, ''[[deiwo-]]'', originally an adjective meaning "celestial" or "shining", which is a (not synchronic Sanskrit) [[vrddhi]] derivative from ''diw'', zero-grade of the root ''dyew-'' meaning "to shine", especially as the day-lit sky.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/indoeurop.html\|title=Appendix I - Indo-European Roots}}</ref> The feminine form of ''deiwos'' is ''deiwih<sub>2</sub>'', which descends into Indic languages as ''[[devi]]'', in that context meaning "female deity". Also deriving from ''deiwos'', and thus cognates of ''deva'', are "Zeys/''Ζεύς''" - "Dias/''Δίας''", the Greek father of the gods, Lithuanian [[Dievas]] (Latvian [[Dievs]], Prussian [[Deiwas]]), Germanic [[Tiwaz]] (seen in English "''Tue''sday") and the related Old Norse Tivar (gods), and Latin ~~''deus''~~ "god" and ''divus'' "divine", from which the English words "divine", "deity~~", French "dieu", Portuguese "deus", Catalan "déu", Spanish "dios" and Italian "dio~~" are derived.~~{{Citation needed\|date=July 2015}}~~ It is related to ''[[Dyeus]]'' which while from the same root, may originally have referred to the "heavenly shining father", and hence to "Father Sky", the chief God of the Indo-European pantheon, continued in Sanskrit [[Dyaus]]. The abode of the Devas is [[Dyuloka]].<ref>[http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/0500/mw__0533.html Dyuloka], Monier Monier-Williams, English Sanskrit Dictionary with Etymology, Oxford University Press, page 500</ref>		The Sanskrit ''deva-'' derives from [[Proto-Indo-Iranian language\|Indo-Iranian]] ''daiv-'' which in turn descends from the [[Proto-Indo-European language\|Proto-Indo-European]] word, ''[[deiwo-]]'', originally an adjective meaning "celestial" or "shining", which is a (not synchronic Sanskrit) [[vrddhi]] derivative from ''diw'', zero-grade of the root ''dyew-'' meaning "to shine", especially as the day-lit sky.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/indoeurop.html\|title=Appendix I - Indo-European Roots}}</ref> The feminine form of ''deiwos'' is ''deiwih<sub>2</sub>'', which descends into Indic languages as ''[[devi]]'', in that context meaning "female deity". Also deriving from ''deiwos'', and thus cognates of ''deva'', are "Zeys/''Ζεύς''" - "Dias/''Δίας''", the Greek father of the gods, Lithuanian [[Dievas]] (Latvian [[Dievs]], Prussian [[Deiwas]]), Germanic [[Tiwaz]] (seen in English "''Tue''sday") and the related Old Norse Tivar (gods), and Latin [[Deus]] "god" and ''divus'' "divine", from which the English words "divine" and "deity" are derived. It is related to ''[[Dyeus]]'' which while from the same root, may originally have referred to the "heavenly shining father", and hence to "Father Sky", the chief God of the Indo-European pantheon, continued in Sanskrit [[Dyaus]]. The abode of the Devas is [[Dyuloka]].<ref>[http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/0500/mw__0533.html Dyuloka], Monier Monier-Williams, English Sanskrit Dictionary with Etymology, Oxford University Press, page 500</ref>

	According to Douglas Harper, the etymological roots of ''Deva'' mean "a shining one," from *div- "to shine," and it is cognate with Greek dios "divine" and [[Zeus]], and Latin deus "god" (Old Latin deivos).<ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=deva&searchmode=none Deva] Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper (2015)</ref> The word "Deva" shares similarities with Persian [[Daeva]].<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Krishnan \|first1=K. S. \|title=Origin of Vedas \|date=2019-08-12 \|publisher=Notion Press \|isbn=978-1-64587-981-7 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O6SoDwAAQBAJ&q=vedic+deva+avestan+daeva&pg=PT322 \|access-date=24 January 2021 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last1=Boyce \|first1=Mary \|title=Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices \|date=2001 \|publisher=Psychology Press \|isbn=978-0-415-23902-8 \|page=11 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a6gbxVfjtUEC&q=vedic+deva+avestan+daeva&pg=PA11 \|access-date=24 January 2021 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|title=Essays on the History of Religions \|date=2018 \|publisher=BRILL \|isbn=978-90-04-37792-9 \|page=6 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BN-mDwAAQBAJ&q=vedic+deva+avestan+daeva&pg=PA6 \|access-date=24 January 2021 \|language=en}}</ref>		According to Douglas Harper, the etymological roots of ''Deva'' mean "a shining one," from *div- "to shine," and it is cognate with Greek dios "divine" and [[Zeus]], and Latin deus "god" (Old Latin deivos).<ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=deva&searchmode=none Deva] Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper (2015)</ref> The word "Deva" shares similarities with Persian [[Daeva]].<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Krishnan \|first1=K. S. \|title=Origin of Vedas \|date=2019-08-12 \|publisher=Notion Press \|isbn=978-1-64587-981-7 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O6SoDwAAQBAJ&q=vedic+deva+avestan+daeva&pg=PT322 \|access-date=24 January 2021 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|last1=Boyce \|first1=Mary \|title=Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices \|date=2001 \|publisher=Psychology Press \|isbn=978-0-415-23902-8 \|page=11 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a6gbxVfjtUEC&q=vedic+deva+avestan+daeva&pg=PA11 \|access-date=24 January 2021 \|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book \|title=Essays on the History of Religions \|date=2018 \|publisher=BRILL \|isbn=978-90-04-37792-9 \|page=6 \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BN-mDwAAQBAJ&q=vedic+deva+avestan+daeva&pg=PA6 \|access-date=24 January 2021 \|language=en}}</ref>
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	==References==		==References==
	{{~~Reflist~~\|~~30em~~}}		{{reflist\|25em}}

	== Further reading ==		== Further reading ==

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← Older revision		Revision as of 23:36, 21 June 2022
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	\| te-Latn = dēvuḍu		\| te-Latn = dēvuḍu
	\| ma = dev		\| ma = dev
	\| ma-Latn = देव}}		\| ma-Latn = देव\|or=ଦେବତା\|or-Latn=debôta}}

	'''''Deva''''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|d\|eɪ\|v\|ə}}; Sanskrit: {{lang\|sa\|देव}}, {{IAST\|Deva}}) means "heavenly, divine, anything of excellence", and is also one of the terms for a [[deity]] in [[Hinduism]].<ref name=monier>Monier Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary” Etymologically and Philologically Arranged to cognate Indo-European Languages, Motilal Banarsidass, page 492</ref> Deva is a masculine term; the feminine equivalent is [[Devi]].		'''''Deva''''' ({{IPAc-en\|ˈ\|d\|eɪ\|v\|ə}}; Sanskrit: {{lang\|sa\|देव}}, {{IAST\|Deva}}) means "heavenly, divine, anything of excellence", and is also one of the terms for a [[deity]] in [[Hinduism]].<ref name=monier>Monier Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary” Etymologically and Philologically Arranged to cognate Indo-European Languages, Motilal Banarsidass, page 492</ref> Deva is a masculine term; the feminine equivalent is [[Devi]].

	In the earliest [[Vedas\|Vedic literature]], all [[supernatural being]]s are called Devas<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/deva-religious-being Encyclopaedia Britannica - Deva]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=sEIngqiKOugC&pg=PA147&lpg=PA147&dq=deva+in+vedic+india&source=bl&ots=3wq_k2WbZB&sig=7F_a5jJFcKbQpQAJApkaH85VVgI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjTvKTctPTaAhVKto8KHRVYBZY4FBDoATAIegQIABAB#v=onepage&q=deva%20in%20vedic%20india&f=false Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities by Charles Russell Coulter, Patricia Turner. Pg.147]</ref><ref name="George Williams 2008">George Williams (2008), A Handbook of Hindu Mythology, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN\|978-0195332612}}, pages 90, 112</ref> and [[Asura]]s.<ref>Wash Edward Hale (1999), Ásura in Early Vedic Religion, Motilal Barnarsidass, {{ISBN\|978-8120800618}}, pages 5-11, 22, 99-102</ref><ref>Monier Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary” Etymologically and Philologically Arranged to cognate Indo-European Languages, Motilal Banarsidass, page 121</ref> The concepts and legends evolve in ancient Indian literature, and by the late [[Vedic period]], benevolent supernatural beings are referred to as ''Deva-Asuras''. In post-Vedic texts, such as the [[Puranas]] and the [[Itihasas]] of Hinduism, the Devas represent the good, and the Asuras the bad.<ref name=nickgier/><ref name=fowlergita/> In some medieval Indian literature, ''Devas'' are also referred to as '''Suras''' and contrasted with their equally powerful but malevolent [[half-brother]]s, referred to as the Asuras.<ref name=ang>[~~http~~://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/40167/asura/40167rellinks/Related-Links Encyclopædia Britannica]</ref>		In the earliest [[Vedas\|Vedic literature]], all [[supernatural being]]s are called Devas<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/deva-religious-being Encyclopaedia Britannica - Deva]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=sEIngqiKOugC&pg=PA147&lpg=PA147&dq=deva+in+vedic+india&source=bl&ots=3wq_k2WbZB&sig=7F_a5jJFcKbQpQAJApkaH85VVgI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjTvKTctPTaAhVKto8KHRVYBZY4FBDoATAIegQIABAB#v=onepage&q=deva%20in%20vedic%20india&f=false Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities by Charles Russell Coulter, Patricia Turner. Pg.147]</ref><ref name="George Williams 2008">George Williams (2008), A Handbook of Hindu Mythology, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN\|978-0195332612}}, pages 90, 112</ref> and [[Asura]]s.<ref>Wash Edward Hale (1999), Ásura in Early Vedic Religion, Motilal Barnarsidass, {{ISBN\|978-8120800618}}, pages 5-11, 22, 99-102</ref><ref>Monier Monier-Williams, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary” Etymologically and Philologically Arranged to cognate Indo-European Languages, Motilal Banarsidass, page 121</ref> The concepts and legends evolve in ancient Indian literature, and by the late [[Vedic period]], benevolent supernatural beings are referred to as ''Deva-Asuras''. In post-Vedic texts, such as the [[Puranas]] and the [[Itihasas]] of Hinduism, the Devas represent the good, and the Asuras the bad.<ref name=nickgier/><ref name=fowlergita/> In some medieval Indian literature, ''Devas'' are also referred to as '''Suras''' and contrasted with their equally powerful but malevolent [[half-brother]]s, referred to as the Asuras.<ref name=ang>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/40167/asura/40167rellinks/Related-Links Encyclopædia Britannica]</ref>

	''Devas'', along with ''Asuras'', ''[[Yaksha]]s'' (nature spirits) and ''[[Rakshasa]]s'' (ghoulish ogres/[[demons]]), are part of Indian mythology, and ''Devas'' feature in many cosmological theories in [[Hinduism]].<ref>Don Handelman (2013), One God, Two Goddesses, Three Studies of South Indian Cosmology, Brill Academic, {{ISBN\|978-9004256156}}, pages 23-29</ref><ref>Wendy Doniger (1988), Textual Sources for the Study of Hinduism, Manchester University Press, {{ISBN\|978-0719018664}}, page 67</ref>		''Devas'', along with ''Asuras'', ''[[Yaksha]]s'' (nature spirits) and ''[[Rakshasa]]s'' (ghoulish ogres/[[demons]]), are part of Indian mythology, and ''Devas'' feature in many cosmological theories in [[Hinduism]].<ref>Don Handelman (2013), One God, Two Goddesses, Three Studies of South Indian Cosmology, Brill Academic, {{ISBN\|978-9004256156}}, pages 23-29</ref><ref>Wendy Doniger (1988), Textual Sources for the Study of Hinduism, Manchester University Press, {{ISBN\|978-0719018664}}, page 67</ref>
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	===Samhitas and Brahmanas===		===Samhitas and Brahmanas===
	[[File:Tani Bunchō - Jyūroku Zenshin no Zu.jpg\|thumb\|The 12 Devas protecting Buddha, by [[Tani Bunchō]]. The Hindu Devas were adopted by Japanese Buddhists in the first millennium as ''[[:ja:十二天\|Jūni-ten]]''<ref>[http://www.emuseum.jp/detail/100031/000/000?mode=detail&d_lang=en Twelve Heavenly Deities (Devas)] Nara National Museum, Japan</ref>]]		[[File:Tani Bunchō - Jyūroku Zenshin no Zu.jpg\|thumb\|The 12 Devas protecting Buddha, by [[Tani Bunchō]]. The Hindu Devas were adopted by Japanese Buddhists in the first millennium as ''[[:ja:十二天\|Jūni-ten]]''<ref>[http://www.emuseum.jp/detail/100031/000/000?mode=detail&d_lang=en Twelve Heavenly Deities (Devas)] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304201634/http://www.emuseum.jp/detail/100031/000/000?mode=detail&d_lang=en \|date=2016-03-04 }} Nara National Museum, Japan</ref>]]
	The [[Samhita]]s, which are the oldest layer of text in [[Vedas]] enumerate 33 devas,{{refn\|group=note\|The list of Vedic Devas somewhat varies across the manuscripts found in different parts of South Asia, particularly in terms of guides (Aswins) and personified Devas. One list based on Book 2 of Aitereya Brahmana is:<ref>Hermann Oldenberg (1988), The Religion of the Veda, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN\|978-8120803923}}, pages 23-50</ref><ref>AA MacDonell, {{Google books\|KCQ_AQAAMAAJ\|Vedic mythology\|page=PA19}}, Oxford University Press, pages 19-21</ref><br>		The [[Samhita]]s, which are the oldest layer of text in [[Vedas]] enumerate 33 devas,{{refn\|group=note\|The list of Vedic Devas somewhat varies across the manuscripts found in different parts of South Asia, particularly in terms of guides (Aswins) and personified Devas. One list based on Book 2 of Aitereya Brahmana is:<ref>Hermann Oldenberg (1988), The Religion of the Veda, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN\|978-8120803923}}, pages 23-50</ref><ref>AA MacDonell, {{Google books\|KCQ_AQAAMAAJ\|Vedic mythology\|page=PA19}}, Oxford University Press, pages 19-21</ref><br>
	* Devas personified: [[Indra]] ({{IAST\|Śakra}}), [[Varuna\|{{IAST\|Varuṇa}}]], [[Mitra (Vedic)\|Mitra]], [[Aryaman]], [[Bhaga]], [[Ansa (Hinduism)\|{{IAST\|Aṃśa}}]], Vidhatr ('''Brahma'''),<ref>Francis X Clooney (2010), Divine Mother, Blessed Mother, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN\|978-0199738731}}, page 242</ref> [[Tvashtri\|{{IAST\|Tvāṣṭṛ}}]], [[Pushan\|{{IAST\|Pūṣan}}]], [[Vivasvan\|Vivasvat]], [[Savitr\|{{IAST\|Savitṛ}}]] (Dhatr), '''Vishnu'''.		* Devas personified: [[Indra]] ({{IAST\|Śakra}}), [[Varuna\|{{IAST\|Varuṇa}}]], [[Mitra (Vedic)\|Mitra]], [[Aryaman]], [[Bhaga]], [[Ansa (Hinduism)\|{{IAST\|Aṃśa}}]], Vidhatr ('''Brahma'''),<ref>Francis X Clooney (2010), Divine Mother, Blessed Mother, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN\|978-0199738731}}, page 242</ref> [[Tvashtri\|{{IAST\|Tvāṣṭṛ}}]], [[Pushan\|{{IAST\|Pūṣan}}]], [[Vivasvan\|Vivasvat]], [[Savitr\|{{IAST\|Savitṛ}}]] (Dhatr), '''Vishnu'''.
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	*[[Brahma]] the deity of creation		*[[Brahma]] the deity of creation
	*[[Vishnu]] the deity of preservation		*[[Vishnu]] the deity of preservation
	*[[Shiva]] the deity of destruction and [[time]]		*[[Shiva]] the deity of destruction and [[Kāla\|time]]; associated with fertility and regeneration
	*[[Ganesha]] the deity of new beginnings, wisdom, and luck		*[[Ganesha]] the deity of new beginnings, wisdom, and luck
	*[[Hanuman]] the deity ~~related~~ to courage, reverence and strength		*[[Hanuman]] the deity associateded to courage, reverence and strength/avatar of [[Shiva]]
	*[[Kartikeya]] the deity of victory and [[war]]		*[[Kartikeya]] the deity of victory and [[war]]
	*[[Vishwakarma]] the deity of architecture		*[[Vishwakarma]] the deity of architecture
	*[[Dhanvantari]] the deity of doctors and Ayurveda/avatar of [[Vishnu]]		*[[Dhanvantari]] the deity of doctors and Ayurveda/avatar of [[Vishnu]]
	*[[Dyaus]] the deity of [[aether (classical element) \| aether]] (or [[sky]])		*[[Dyaus]] the deity of the [[aether (classical element) \| aether]] (or [[sky]])
	*[[Vayu]] the deity of [[air]], [[wind]] and [[breath]]		*[[Vayu]] the deity of [[air]], [[wind]] and [[breath]]
	*[[Varuna]] the deity of [[water]] and [[rain]]		*[[Varuna]] the deity of [[water]] and [[rain]]
	*[[Agni]] the deity of [[fire]]		*[[Agni]] the deity of [[fire]]
	*[[Yama (Hinduism)\|Yama]] the deity of [[death]] and justice		*[[Yama (Hinduism)\|Yama]] the deity of [[death]] and [[justice]]
	*[[Samudra]] the deity of the [[seas]]/form of [[Varuna]]		*[[Samudra]] the deity of the [[seas]]/form of [[Varuna]]
	*[[Kubera]] the deity of wealth		*[[Kubera]] the deity of opulence and wealth
	*[[Kamadeva]] the deity of [[love]]		*[[Kamadeva]] the deity of [[love]]
	*[[Indra]] the king of deities and deity of [[weather]], [[storms]] and [[sky]]		*[[Indra]] the king of deities and deity of [[weather]], [[storms]] and [[sky]]