Denotified Tribes - Revision history

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	'''Denotified Tribes''' ~~(DNTs), also known as '''''Vimukta Jati''''',~~<ref>{{cite web \| url = http://www.socialjusticehry.gov.in/list_tribes.htm \| title = List Of Vimukt Jatis (Denotifiedl Tribes) and Tapriwas Jatis \| publisher = Directorate of Social Justice & Empowerment, Government of Haryana \| access-date = 28 September 2011 \| url-status = dead \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120424230957/http://www.socialjusticehry.gov.in/list_tribes.htm \| archive-date = 24 April 2012 \| df = dmy-all }}</ref> are the tribes that were listed originally under the [[Criminal Tribes Act]] of 1871,<ref>[http://www.indiatogether.org/bhasha/budhan/birth1871.htm Year of Birth - 1871: Mahasweta Devi on India's Denotified Tribes] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512222640/http://indiatogether.org/bhasha/budhan/birth1871.htm \|date=12 May 2014 }} by [[Mahasveta Devi]]. ''indiatogether.org.''</ref> as ''Criminal Tribes'' and "addicted to the systematic commission of non-bailable offences." Once a tribe became "notified" as criminal, all its members were required to register with the local magistrate, failing which they would be charged with a "crime" under the [[Indian Penal Code]].		'''Denotified Tribes''' <ref>{{cite web \| url = http://www.socialjusticehry.gov.in/list_tribes.htm \| title = List Of Vimukt Jatis (Denotifiedl Tribes) and Tapriwas Jatis \| publisher = Directorate of Social Justice & Empowerment, Government of Haryana \| access-date = 28 September 2011 \| url-status = dead \| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120424230957/http://www.socialjusticehry.gov.in/list_tribes.htm \| archive-date = 24 April 2012 \| df = dmy-all }}</ref> are the tribes in India that were listed originally under the [[Criminal Tribes Act]] of 1871,<ref>[http://www.indiatogether.org/bhasha/budhan/birth1871.htm Year of Birth - 1871: Mahasweta Devi on India's Denotified Tribes] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512222640/http://indiatogether.org/bhasha/budhan/birth1871.htm \|date=12 May 2014 }} by [[Mahasveta Devi]]. ''indiatogether.org.''</ref> as ''Criminal Tribes'' and "addicted to the systematic commission of non-bailable offences." Once a tribe became "notified" as criminal, all its members were required to register with the local magistrate, failing which they would be charged with a "crime" under the [[Indian Penal Code]].

	The Criminal Tribes Act was repealed in 1949 and thus 'de-notified' the tribal communities.<ref>{{cite book\|last=Halbar\|first=B. G.\|title=Lamani Economy and Society in Change: Socio-cultural Aspects of Economic Change Among the Lamani of North Karnataka \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3NUA2DYuiY8C\|year=1986\|publisher=Mittal Publications \|page=18}}</ref> This Act, however, was replaced by a series of [[Habitual Offenders Acts]], that asked police to investigate a "suspect's" "criminal tendencies" and whether their occupation is "conducive to settled way of life." The denotified tribes were reclassified as "habitual offenders" in 1959.		The Criminal Tribes Act was repealed in 1949 and thus 'de-notified' the tribal communities.<ref>{{cite book\|last=Halbar\|first=B. G.\|title=Lamani Economy and Society in Change: Socio-cultural Aspects of Economic Change Among the Lamani of North Karnataka \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3NUA2DYuiY8C\|year=1986\|publisher=Mittal Publications \|page=18}}</ref> This Act, however, was replaced by a series of [[Habitual Offenders Acts]], that asked police to investigate a "suspect's" "criminal tendencies" and whether their occupation is "conducive to settled way of life." The denotified tribes were reclassified as "habitual offenders" in 1959.
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	==Call for repeal==		==Call for repeal==
	The UN's anti-discrimination body [[Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination]] (CERD) asked India to repeal the Habitual Offenders Act (1952) and effectively rehabilitate the denotified and nomadic tribes on 9 March 2007.<ref>[http://www.asiantribune.com/index.php?q=node/4972 Repeal the Habitual Offenders Act and affectively rehabilitate the denotified tribes, UN to India] ''[[Asian Tribune]]'', Mon, 19 March 2007.</ref>		The UN's anti-discrimination body [[Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination]] (CERD) asked India to repeal the Habitual Offenders Act (1952) and effectively rehabilitate the denotified and nomadic tribes on 9 March 2007.<ref>[http://www.asiantribune.com/index.php?q=node/4972 Repeal the Habitual Offenders Act and affectively rehabilitate the denotified tribes, UN to India] {{Webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320135916/http://www.asiantribune.com/index.php?q=node%2F4972 \|date=20 March 2019 }} ''[[Asian Tribune]]'', Mon, 19 March 2007.</ref>

	==Reservations==		==Reservations==
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	[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]		[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
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'''Denotified Tribes''' (DNTs), also known as '''''Vimukta Jati''''',<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.socialjusticehry.gov.in/list_tribes.htm | title = List Of Vimukt Jatis (Denotifiedl Tribes) and Tapriwas Jatis | publisher = Directorate of Social Justice & Empowerment, Government of Haryana | access-date = 28 September 2011 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120424230957/http://www.socialjusticehry.gov.in/list_tribes.htm | archive-date = 24 April 2012 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> are the tribes that were listed originally under the [[Criminal Tribes Act]] of 1871,<ref>[http://www.indiatogether.org/bhasha/budhan/birth1871.htm Year of Birth - 1871: Mahasweta Devi on India's Denotified Tribes] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512222640/http://indiatogether.org/bhasha/budhan/birth1871.htm |date=12 May 2014 }} by [[Mahasveta Devi]]. ''indiatogether.org.''</ref> as ''Criminal Tribes'' and "addicted to the systematic commission of non-bailable offences." Once a tribe became "notified" as criminal, all its members were required to register with the local magistrate, failing which they would be charged with a "crime" under the [[Indian Penal Code]].

The Criminal Tribes Act was repealed in 1949 and thus 'de-notified' the tribal communities.<ref>{{cite book|last=Halbar|first=B. G.|title=Lamani Economy and Society in Change: Socio-cultural Aspects of Economic Change Among the Lamani of North Karnataka |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3NUA2DYuiY8C|year=1986|publisher=Mittal Publications |page=18}}</ref> This Act, however, was replaced by a series of [[Habitual Offenders Acts]], that asked police to investigate a "suspect's" "criminal tendencies" and whether their occupation is "conducive to settled way of life." The denotified tribes were reclassified as "habitual offenders" in 1959.

The name "Criminal Tribes" is itself a misnomer as no definition of tribe denotes occupation, but they were identified as tribes "performing" their primary occupation. The first census was in 1871 and at that time there was no consensus nor any definition of what constitutes a "tribe". The terms "[[tribe]]" and "[[caste]]" were used interchangeably for these tribes.

==Call for repeal==
The UN's anti-discrimination body [[Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination]] (CERD) asked India to repeal the Habitual Offenders Act (1952) and effectively rehabilitate the denotified and nomadic tribes on 9 March 2007.<ref>[http://www.asiantribune.com/index.php?q=node/4972 Repeal the Habitual Offenders Act and affectively rehabilitate the denotified tribes, UN to India] ''[[Asian Tribune]]'', Mon, 19 March 2007.</ref>

==Reservations==

In 2008, the [[National Commission for Denotified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Tribes]] (NCDNSNT) of [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment]] recommended equal [[reservations in India|reservations]], as available to [[Scheduled Castes]] and [[Scheduled Tribes]], for around 110 million people belonging to the denotified tribes, [[nomadic tribes in India|nomadic]] or semi-nomadic tribes in India.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/panel-favours-reservation-for-nomadic-tribes/351413/ Panel favours reservation for nomadic tribes] by Raghvendra Rao, ''[[Indian Express]]'', 21 August 2008.</ref> Along with the tribes designated as, "Nomadic" or "Semi-Nomadic", the denotified tribes are eligible for reservation.<ref>{{cite journal
| author = Neelabh Mishra
| date = 6 October 2008
| title = A Little Carvanserai
| journal = [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]
| volume = 48
| issue = 40
| pages = 14
}}</ref><ref>[http://www.firstfoundation.in/socio_casteslist_Maha.htm List of Castes – Maharashtra State] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129201627/http://www.firstfoundation.in/socio_casteslist_Maha.htm |date=29 January 2010 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[National Commission for Denotified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Tribes]]
* [[Nomadic tribes in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book| author = Dilip D Souza| title = Branded by Law Looking at India's Denotified Tribes| year = 2001| isbn = 978-0-14-100749-6 }}
* {{cite book| author = G.N. Devy| title = A Nomad Called Thief| year = 2006| isbn = 81-250-3021-2 }}
* {{cite book| last = Debī| first = Mahāśvetā| title = The Book of the Hunter| year = 2002| isbn = 81-7046-204-5 }}
* {{cite book| last = Gandhi| first = Malli| title = Denotified Tribes Dimensions of Change| year = 2008| publisher = Kanishka Publishers| isbn = 978-81-8457-065-6 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090205032326/http://sickle.bwh.harvard.edu/india_tribes.html Denotified and Nomadic Tribes in Maharashtra by Motiraj Rathod] ''[[Harvard University]]''
* [http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cerd/docs/ngos/resist.pdf Racial Abuse against Denotified and Nomadic Tribes in India] ''[[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]]''
* [http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/mahasweta/badge.html Badge of All Their Tribes: Mahashweta Devi]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080523155404/http://www.ffdaindia.in/Members/subash/repeal-the-habitual-offenders-act-and-affectively-rehabilitate-the-denotified-tribes-un-to-india Repeal the Habitual Offenders Act and affectively rehabilitate the denotified tribes, UN to India]
*{{cite book |title=Criminal Tribes of Punjab |editor-first=Birinder Pal |editor-last=Singh |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-13651-786-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tSKmZ7b7MEsC}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140303030624/http://ncdnsnt.gov.in/ National Commission for denotified, Nomadic & Semi-nomadic Tribes (Govt. of India)] ''[[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment]]''
* [http://www.tn.gov.in/departments/denotifiedlist.htm List of Denotified Communities] on Government of Tamil Nadu website

{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:Denotified tribes of India| ]]
[[Category:Discrimination in India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Law in India]]