Demographics of Kozhikode district - Revision history

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Fix broken anchor: #Kerala literacy successes→most alike anchor Literacy in India#Kerala

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	Kozhikode has been a multi-ethnic and multi-religious town since the early [[medieval period]]. The [[Hinduism in Kerala\|Hindu]]s forms the largest religious group, followed by [[Islam in Kerala\|Muslims]] and [[Christianity in Kerala\|Christians]].<ref name="Official Website of Kozhikode">{{cite web \|url=http://www.kkd.kerala.gov.in/generel.htm \|title=Official Website of Kozhikode \|publisher=Kkd.kerala.gov.in \|date=26 December 1975 \|access-date=23 September 2009 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012185335/http://www.kkd.kerala.gov.in/generel.htm \|archive-date=12 October 2009 }}</ref> [[Hindus]] form the majority at 57.7% with 315807 members of the total population.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW32C-01%20MDDS.XLS</ref> Muslims form 37.6% with 207298 members of the total population.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW32C-01%20MDDS.XLS</ref>		Kozhikode has been a multi-ethnic and multi-religious town since the early [[medieval period]]. The [[Hinduism in Kerala\|Hindu]]s forms the largest religious group, followed by [[Islam in Kerala\|Muslims]] and [[Christianity in Kerala\|Christians]].<ref name="Official Website of Kozhikode">{{cite web \|url=http://www.kkd.kerala.gov.in/generel.htm \|title=Official Website of Kozhikode \|publisher=Kkd.kerala.gov.in \|date=26 December 1975 \|access-date=23 September 2009 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012185335/http://www.kkd.kerala.gov.in/generel.htm \|archive-date=12 October 2009 }}</ref> [[Hindus]] form the majority at 57.7% with 315807 members of the total population.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW32C-01%20MDDS.XLS</ref> Muslims form 37.6% with 207298 members of the total population.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW32C-01%20MDDS.XLS</ref>
	==Literacy==		==Literacy==
	The corporation of Kozhikode has an average [[Literacy in India#Kerala ~~literacy successes~~\|literacy rate]] of 96.8%<ref name=Cities1Lakhandabove>{{cite web \| url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf \| title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Cities having population 1 lakh and above \| publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India \| access-date=26 March 2012}}</ref> ([[Literacy in India\|national average]] is 74.85%). Male literacy rate is 97.93% and female literacy rate is 95.78%.<ref name="Cities1Lakhandabove" /> [[Malayalam]] is the most spoken language. English and [[Tamil language\|Tamil]] are widely understood.{{citation needed\|date=May 2011}}		The corporation of Kozhikode has an average [[Literacy in India#Kerala\|literacy rate]] of 96.8%<ref name=Cities1Lakhandabove>{{cite web \| url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf \| title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Cities having population 1 lakh and above \| publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India \| access-date=26 March 2012}}</ref> ([[Literacy in India\|national average]] is 74.85%). Male literacy rate is 97.93% and female literacy rate is 95.78%.<ref name="Cities1Lakhandabove" /> [[Malayalam]] is the most spoken language. English and [[Tamil language\|Tamil]] are widely understood.{{citation needed\|date=May 2011}}
	==Hindus==		==Hindus==
	The Hindus engage in beliefs spanning all forms of [[theism]] as well as [[atheism]]. [[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva]] and other Gods and Goddesses of the Hindu pantheon are worshipped. Many places have temples with local deities, more often a Goddess (Devi). Festivities like [[Theyyam]], [[Thira]] and art forms like [[Ottamthullal]], [[Kathakali]] are performed in stages attested to temple estates. Many temples have associated oracles called ''Velichappad''. Serpent and ancestral worship are also practised.		The Hindus engage in beliefs spanning all forms of [[theism]] as well as [[atheism]]. [[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva]] and other Gods and Goddesses of the Hindu pantheon are worshipped. Many places have temples with local deities, more often a Goddess (Devi). Festivities like [[Theyyam]], [[Thira]] and art forms like [[Ottamthullal]], [[Kathakali]] are performed in stages attested to temple estates. Many temples have associated oracles called ''Velichappad''. Serpent and ancestral worship are also practised.

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Kozhikode has been a multi-ethnic and multi-religious town since the early [[medieval period]]. The [[Hinduism in Kerala|Hindu]]s forms the largest religious group, followed by [[Islam in Kerala|Muslims]] and [[Christianity in Kerala|Christians]].<ref name="Official Website of Kozhikode">{{cite web |url=http://www.kkd.kerala.gov.in/generel.htm |title=Official Website of Kozhikode |publisher=Kkd.kerala.gov.in |date=26 December 1975 |access-date=23 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012185335/http://www.kkd.kerala.gov.in/generel.htm |archive-date=12 October 2009 }}</ref> [[Hindus]] form the majority at 57.7% with 315807 members of the total population.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW32C-01%20MDDS.XLS</ref> Muslims form 37.6% with 207298 members of the total population.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW32C-01%20MDDS.XLS</ref>
==Literacy==
The corporation of Kozhikode has an average [[Literacy in India#Kerala literacy successes|literacy rate]] of 96.8%<ref name=Cities1Lakhandabove>{{cite web | url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Cities having population 1 lakh and above | publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India | access-date=26 March 2012}}</ref> ([[Literacy in India|national average]] is 74.85%). Male literacy rate is 97.93% and female literacy rate is 95.78%.<ref name="Cities1Lakhandabove" /> [[Malayalam]] is the most spoken language. English and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] are widely understood.{{citation needed|date=May 2011}}
==Hindus==
The Hindus engage in beliefs spanning all forms of [[theism]] as well as [[atheism]]. [[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva]] and other Gods and Goddesses of the Hindu pantheon are worshipped. Many places have temples with local deities, more often a Goddess (Devi). Festivities like [[Theyyam]], [[Thira]] and art forms like [[Ottamthullal]], [[Kathakali]] are performed in stages attested to temple estates. Many temples have associated oracles called ''Velichappad''. Serpent and ancestral worship are also practised.
==Muslims==
The Muslims of Kozhikode are known as [[Mappila]]s, and according to the official Kozhikode website "the great majority of them are [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]] following the [[Shafi school of thought]].<ref name="Official Website of Kozhikode"/> There are also some smaller communities among the Muslims such as [[Dawoodi Bohra]]s.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2006/05/19/stories/2006051916410400.htm |title=Bohras in Calicut |publisher=Hinduonnet.com |date=19 May 2006 |access-date=23 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703153837/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2006/05/19/stories/2006051916410400.htm |archive-date=3 July 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Many of the Muslims living in the historic part of the city follow [[Matrilineality|matriliny]] and are noted for their piety.<ref name="kerala1">{{cite web |url=http://www.kkd.kerala.gov.in/generel.htm |title=Official website of Kozhikode, Govt. of Kerala |publisher=Kkd.kerala.gov.in |date=26 December 1975 |access-date=23 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012185335/http://www.kkd.kerala.gov.in/generel.htm |archive-date=12 October 2009 }}</ref> Though [[Christianity in Kerala|Christianity]] is believed to have been introduced in Kerala in 52 CE, the size of the community in [[Malabar region|Malabar]] (northern Kerala) began to rise only after the arrival of the Portuguese towards the close of the 15th century. A few Christians of [[Travancore|Thiruvitankoor]] and [[Kochi]] have lately migrated to the hilly regions of the district and are settled there.<ref name="kerala1"/>
==Professions==
Pre-modern Kozhikode was already teeming with people of several communities and regional groups. Most of these communities continued to follow their traditional occupations and customs till the 20th century. These included Kosavan (potter), Vannan (washerman), Pulayan (agricultural worker), Chaliyan (weaver), Chetti (merchant), [[Thiyyar (caste)|Thiyyar]] (physicians, militia and toddy tappers), [[Ganaka]] (astrologer), Vettuvan (salt-maker), Paanan (sorcerer), Eravallan (firewood and grass carrier), Kammalas, Parayan etc.<ref name="Barbosa, Duarte 1918">[[Barbosa, Duarte]], ''The Book of Duarte Barbosa: An Account of Countries Bordering on the Indian Ocean and their Inhabitants'', Dames, M.L, (translator and editor), 2 vol., First Published 1918. New Delhi, AES Reprint, 1989.</ref> A number of Brahmins too lived in the city mostly around the Hindu temples. Regional groups like the [[Tamil Brahmins]], Gujaratis and [[Marwari Jains]] became part of the city at various periods and lived around their shrines.<ref>[[M.G.S. Narayanan|Narayanan M.G.S.]], Calicut: The City of Truth, [[Calicut University]] Press (2006)</ref>

==Nair Community==
The [[Nairs]] formed the rulers, warriors and landed gentry of Kozhikode. The [[Samoothiri]] had a ten thousand strong Nair bodyguard called the Kozhikkottu pathinaayiram (The 10,000 of Kozhikode) who defended the capital and supported the administration within the city. He had a larger force of 30,000 Nairs in his capacity as the Prince of Eranadu, called the Kozhikkottu Muppatinaayiram (The 30,000 of Kozhikode). The Nairs also formed the members of the suicide squad ([[Suicide attack#India|chaver]]). The aristocratic Nairs had their ''Taravad'' houses in and around the capital. Several Nairs in the city were traders too. The Nairs could not be imprisoned or fettered except for serious crimes like cow slaughter, criticising the King etc.<ref>Narayanan, M.G.S., ''Calicut: The City of Truth'' (2006) Calicut University Publications</ref> The Mappila community of Kozhikode acted as an important support base for the city's military, economic and political affairs. They were settled primarily in [[Kuttichira]] and Idiyangara. Their aristocratic dwelling houses were similar to the ''tharavad'' houses of the Nairs and the [[Thiyya]]s. Two [[Ghazi warriors|Ghazi]]'s were recognised as their spiritual leaders. Travellers like Barbosa were intrigued by the extent to which the Mapillas blended into the local society, who spoke the same language and looked like any other Nair (except for the round caps and long beards).<ref name="Barbosa, Duarte 1918"/>
==Thiyyar Community==
The Thiyyar formed the ''vaidyars''(Physicians), local militia and traders of Kozhikode. Several [[Thiyyar (caste)|Thiyyar]] families such as 'Kallingal madom' were settled in and around the city.

==Tamil Brahmins==
The [[Tamil Brahmins]] are primarily settled around the Tali Siva temple. They arrived in Kozhikode as dependants of chieftains, working as cooks, cloth merchants and moneylenders.<ref name="ReferenceA">Narayanan.M.G.S.,Calicut: The City of Truth(2006) [[Calicut University]] Publications</ref> They have retained their [[Tamil language]] and dialects as well as caste rituals. The [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] community is settled mostly around the [[Jain]] temple in and around the Valliyangadi. They owned a large number of establishments, especially textile and sweet meat shops. They must have arrived in Kozhikode at least from the beginning of the 14th century. They belong to either the Hindu or the Jain community. A few [[Marwaris|Marwari]] families are also found in Kozhikode who were basically moneylenders.
==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:People from Kozhikode district]]