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{{For2|the modern Indian-administered village|[[Demchok, Ladakh]]|the modern Chinese-administered village|[[Dêmqog, Ngari Prefecture]]|the disputed area|[[Demchok sector]]}}
{{short description|Historical village between Ladakh and Tibet}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
[[File:Demchok-Survey-of-India-1874.jpg|thumb|right|Demchok depicted in a Survey of India map of 1874]]
'''Demchok''' ({{bo|t=ཌེམ་ཆོག|w=Demchog|z=Dêmqog}}, historical: ''bDe-mChog''){{efn|For the traditional spelling see {{harvp|Francke, Antiquities of Indian Tibet, Part 2|1926|pp=115-116}}. Variant spellings include '''Demchog''',<ref>
{{citation |first=John |last=Bray |title=The Lapchak Mission From Ladakh to Lhasa in British Indian Foreign Policy |journal=The Tibet Journal |volume=15 |number=4 |date=Winter 1990 |p=77 |JSTOR=43300375}}
</ref> '''Demjok''',<ref>
{{citation |editor1=Henry Osmaston |editor2=Nawang Tsering |title=Recent Research on Ladakh 6: Proceedings of the Sixth International Colloquium on Ladakh, Leh 1993 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4jX552GiSmYC&pg=PA299 |year=1997 |publisher=International Association for Ladakh Studies / Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1432-5 |page=299}}
</ref>
and '''Dechhog'''.<ref>
{{citation |last=Cunningham |first=Alexander |title=Ladak: Physical, Statistical, Historical |publisher=Wm. H. Allen and Co |location=London |year=1854 |url=https://archive.org/details/ladakphysicalsta00cunnrich |via=archive.org |p=328}}
</ref>}} was described by a British boundary commission in 1847 as a village lying on the border between the [[Kingdom of Ladakh]] and the [[Tibet under Qing rule|Tibet]]. It was a "hamlet of half a dozen huts and tents", divided into two parts by a rivulet which formed the boundary between two states.{{sfnp|Lamb, The China-India border|1964|pp=64–66}}{{sfnp|Lamb, Treaties, Maps and the Western Sector|1965|p=38}} The rivulet, a tributary of the [[Indus River]] variously called the [[Demchok River]], Charding Nullah or the Lhari stream, was set as the boundary between Ladakh and Tibet in the 1684 [[Treaty of Tingmosgang]]. By 1904–05, the Tibetan side of the hamlet was said to have had 8 to 9 huts of [[zamindars]] (landholders), while the Ladakhi side had two.{{sfnp|Report of the Officials, Indian Report, Part 3|1962|pp=3–4, 41}} The area of the former Demchok now straddles the [[Line of Actual Control]], the effective border of the [[People's Republic of China]]'s [[Tibet Autonomous Region]] and the [[Republic of India]]'s [[Ladakh Union Territory]].

==Toponymy==
The [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]] name of "Demchok" ({{bo|t=ཌེམ་ཆོག|w=Demchog|z=Dêmqog}}) literally translates to "seize resilience" ({{bo|t=ཌེམ་|w=dem|z=dêm}}, "resilience"; {{bo|t=ཆོག|w=chog|z=qog}}; "seize").<ref name="2019-changes">{{cite web |url=http://xz.people.com.cn/n2/2019/0711/c138901-33132423.html |title=典角村"五代房":见证阿里"边境第一村"变迁 |trans-title="Five-generation house" in Dianjiao Village: Witness the changes of Ngari's "No. 1 Border Village" |language=zh |publisher={{ill|China Tibet Network|zh|中国西藏新闻网}} |date=11 July 2019 |accessdate=19 July 2020}}</ref>

==Description==
{{OSM Location map
| coord = {{coord|32.63|79.43}} 
| float = right
| zoom = 10
| width = 270
| height = 200
| caption = <center>Modern-day [[Demchok, Ladakh]] and [[Dêmqog, Ngari Prefecture]]</center>
| nolabels = 1
| map-data =

| mark-coord1 = {{coord|32.6949|79.4593}}
| mark1 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size1 = 6
| label1 = Dêmqog–China
| label-size1 = 10
| label-color1 = hard red
| label-pos1 = right |label-offset-x8 = 0 |label-offset-y8 = 3
| mark-title1 = Dêmqog
| mark-image1 =
| mark-description1 = Chinese-administered village

| mark-coord2 = {{coord|32.7040811|79.4467432}}
| mark2 = Red pog.svg
| mark-size2 = 6
| label2 = Demchok–India
| label-size2 = 10
| label-color2 = hard red
| label-pos2 = right | label-offset-x1 = 0 | label-offset-y1 = -7
| mark-title2 = Demchok
| mark-image2 =
| mark-description2 = Indian-administered village

| mark-coord11 = {{coord|32.672861|79.168857}}
| mark11 = Black pog.svg
| mark-size11 = 6
| label11 = Chisumle
| label-size11 = 10
| label-color11 = gray
| label-pos11 = top |label-offset-x5 = -10 |label-offset-y5 = 0
| mark-title11 = Chisumle
| mark-image11 =
| mark-description11 =


| mark-coord3 = {{coord|32.80737|79.38093}}
| mark3 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg
| mark-size3 = 12
| label3 = Indus River
| label-size3 = 11
| label-color3 = hard blue
| label-pos3 = right |label-offset-x10 = 0 |label-offset-y10 = 0
| mark-title3 = Indus River
| mark-image3 =
| mark-description3 = Sengge Zangbo

| mark-coord5 = {{coord|32.5098|79.6762}}
| mark5 = Black pog.svg
| mark-size5 = 8
| label5 = Tashigong |labela9 = (Zhaxigang)
| label-size5 = 11
| label-color5 = gray
| label-pos5 = top |label-offset-x9 = 0 |label-offset-y9 = 0
| mark-title5 = Tashigong
| mark-image5 =
| mark-description5 = Zhaxigang

| mark-coord4 = {{coord|32.5993|79.3999}} 
| mark4 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg
| mark-size4 = 14
| label4 = Charding | labela11 = Nullah
| label-size4 = 10
| label-color4 = hard blue
| label-pos4 = right |label-offset-x11 = 0 |label-offset-y11 = 0
| mark-title4 = Charding Nullah
| mark-image4 =
| mark-description4 = Tributary of the Indus river

| mark-coord6 = {{coord|32.6103|79.3498}}
| mark6 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg
| mark-size6 = 12
| label6 = Nilu 
| label-size6 = 10
| label-color6 = hard blue
| label-pos6 = top |label-offset-x12 = 0 |label-offset-y12 = 0
| mark-title6 = Nilu Nullah
| mark-image6 =
| mark-description6 = Tributary of the Charding Nullah

| mark-coord7 = {{coord|32.5818|79.202}}
| mark7 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg
| mark-size7 = 12
| label7 = Koyul |labela13 = Lungpa
| label-size7 = 10
| label-color7 = hard blue
| label-pos7 = left |label-offset-x13 = 0 |label-offset-y13 = -5
| mark-title7 = Koyul Lungpa river
| mark-image7 =
| mark-description7 = Tributary of the Indus river


| mark-coord8 = {{coord|32.5242|79.4019}}
| mark8 = Mountain pass 12x12 n.svg
| mark-size8 = 10
| label8 = Charding La
| label-size8 = 10
| label-color8 = hard red
| label-pos8 = bottom | label-offset-x21 = 0 | label-offset-y21 = 0
| mark-title8 = Charding La
| mark-image8 =
| mark-description8 =

| mark-coord9 = {{coord|32.7758|79.5344}}
| mark9 = Mountain pass 12x12 ne.svg
| mark-size9 = 10
| label9 = Jara La
| label-size9 = 10
| label-color9 = hard red
| label-pos9 = right | label-offset-x22 = 0 | label-offset-y22 = 0
| mark-title9 = Jara La
| mark-image9 =
| mark-description9 = Mountain pass on the Indian claim line

| mark-coord10 = {{coord|32.696355|79.284238}}
| mark10 = Mountain pass 12x12 e.svg
| mark-size10 = 10
| label10 = Umling La 
| label-size10 = 10
| label-color10 = hard red
| label-pos10 = top | label-offset-x24 = -10 | label-offset-y24 = 0
| mark-title10 = Umling La
| mark-image10 =
| mark-description10 = Mountain pass on the Chinese claim line
}}
The village lay 36.5 km east of [[Ukdungle]] ({{coord|32.6015|78.9651}}). Demchok was on an old route linking Ladakh and Tibet along the bank of the Indus River,<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news|last=Puri|first=Luv|date=2 August 2005|title=Ladakhis await re-opening of historic Tibet route|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/ladakhis-await-re-opening-of-historic-tibet-route/article27440095.ece|accessdate=19 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224113353/http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/02/stories/2005080212731300.htm|archive-date=24 December 2013|quote=Administrative record books show that it has a population of 150 people living in 24 houses, all having solar-powered lights. The village itself was divided into two parts one held by India and the other by China after the 1962 Sino-Indian war, though there is not a single divided family. On the Chinese side one can spot two houses and the road seems to be in a poor condition.}}</ref> which ran mostly through plains to [[Lake Manasarovar]] approximately 300 km away.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=44243 |title=expressindia.com - 'Issue of opening Demchok road with China taken up' |date= 2 April 2005 |access-date=27 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919112520/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=44243 |archive-date=19 September 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==17th century==
{{Further|Chronicles of Ladakh#Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684)}}

The ''[[Chronicles of Ladakh]]'' mention that, at the conclusion of the [[Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal War]] in 1684, the Prime Minister [[Desi Sangye Gyatso]] of [[Ganden Phodrang]] Tibet<ref>{{harvp|Ahmad, New Light on the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War of 1679—1684|1968|p=342}}: "Sans-rGyas rGya-mTsho (1653-1705), sDe-pa or Prime Minister of Tibet 1679-1705"</ref> and the [[Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh#List of kings|King of Ladakh]] [[Delek Namgyal]]<ref>{{harvp|Ahmad, New Light on the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War of 1679—1684|1968|pp=351–352}}: "bDe-legs rNam-rGyal, came to the kingship [of Ladakh] [...] Thereupon, the Government of Tibet, being afraid that the King of Ladakh and his troops might, once again, make war (on Tibet), ordered the 'Brug-pa Mi-'pham dBaii-po that he ought to go (to Ladakh) in order to establish peace."</ref><ref>{{harvp|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977|pp=171–172}}: "bDe-legs-n.g. co-regent (1680-1691)"</ref> agreed on the [[Treaty of Tingmosgang]]. The chronicles describe the treaty as fixing the boundary at "the Lhari stream at Demchok".{{sfnp|Lamb, Treaties, Maps and the Western Sector|1965|p=38}}<ref>{{harvp|Ahmad, New Light on the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War of 1679—1684|1968}}:
*p. 351: "Now, in 1684, the government of Tibet, headed by the sDe-pa Sans-rGyas rGya-mTsho, annexed Gu-ge to Tibet, and fixed the frontier between Ladakh and Tibet at the lHa-ri stream at bDe-mChog."
*p. 351–353: "We produce now a new translation of the ''Ladakh Chronicles'' [...] With this exception, the frontier (of Ladakh) was fixed as from the IHa-ri stream at bDe-mChog."
*p. 356: "The fourth clause fixes the frontier between Ladakh and Tibet at the IHa-ri stream of bDe-mChog, but leaves the King of Ladakh an enclave at Men-ser"</ref>{{sfnp|Francke, Antiguities of Indian Tibet, Part II|1926|pp=115-118}}

According to [[Alexander Cunningham]], "A large stone was then set up as a permanent boundary between the two countries, the line of demarcation drawn from the village of ''Dechhog'' [Demchok] to the hill of ''Karbonas''."{{sfnp|Woodman, Himalayan Frontiers|1969|pp=42–43}}{{sfnp|Cunningham, Ladak|1854|p=328}}

==British colonial era==
{{Further|Demchok sector#History}}
British boundary commissioner [[Henry Strachey (explorer)|Henry Strachey]] visited Demchok in 1847 on the borders of the [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir]]. He described the village as:
{{quote|[Demchok] is a hamlet of half a dozen huts and tents, not permanently inhabited, divided by a rivulet (entering the left bank of the Indus) which constitutes the boundary of this quarter between Gnari ... [in Tibet] ... and Ladakh.{{sfnp|Lamb, The China-India border|1964|p=68}}}}
The boundary commission determined that the border between the Kashmir and Tibet was at Demchok.{{sfn|Maxwell, India's China War|970|loc=map opposite p. 40}}

The ''Survey of Kashmir, Ladak, and Baltistan or Little Tibet'' of 1847 to 1868 under the [[Great Trigonometrical Survey|Great Trigonometrical Survey of India]] then made several adjustments to the boundary, described by [[Alastair Lamb]] as moving "sixteen miles downstream on the Indus from Demchok".{{sfnp|Lamb, The China-India border|1964|pp=72–73}} However, Indian commentators state that the revenue records from the period of the survey show that the Demchok area was administered by Ladakh.<ref>{{harvp|Rao, The India-China Border|1968}}:
* p.24: "But such an evaluation was seldom done and although most officials traced the boundary correctly along the watershed range running parallel to the river Indus, gross blunders were committed regarding the alignment in the Pangong and Demchok areas. This was apparently due to the unfamiliarity of some of the British officials with the traditional and treaty basis of the boundary and to their mistaking local disputes such as pasture disputes with boundary disputes."
* p.29: "The Kashmir Atlas boundary conflicts also with the first-hand evidence provided by the 1847 Commission. In regard to Demchok, it conflicts with well-established facts of history and with revenue records for the very period that the survey was conducted."</ref><ref>{{harvp|Bray, The Lapchak Mission|1990|p=75}}: "Many of these relationships had their origin in the distant past, and the British at first understood their full significance imperfectly, or not at all."</ref>

In 1904–05, a tour report by the Wazir Wazarat (Governor) of Ladakh described the Tibetan side of the hamlet to have 8 to 9 huts of zamindars (landholders) and described the Ladakhi side as having two.{{sfnp|Report of the Officials, Indian Report, Part 3|1962|pp=3–4, 41}} When [[Sven Hedin]] visited the area in the November 1907, he described Demchok as four or five huts lying on the southeastern bank of the Lhari stream in Tibet, with the Ladakhi side of the Lhari stream only containing the pyramidal Lhari peak and the ruins of two or three houses.<ref>{{harvp|Lange, Decoding Mid-19th Century Maps|2017|pp=353–354, 357}} 'Hedin described the place as follows: "Rolled stones play an important part in the country which we have now reached. The whole of Demchok, ''the last village on the Tibetan side'', is built of them. It consists, however, of only four or five huts with brushwood roofs."'</ref><ref name=Hedin>{{harvp|Hedin, Southern Tibet|1922|p=194}}: "A short distance N. W. of Demchok, the road passes a partly frozen brook [Lhari stream] coming from ''Demchok-pu'', a tributary valley from the left. ... At the left side [Ladakhi side] of the mouth of this little valley, are the ruins of two or three houses, which were said to have belonged to ''Hemi-gompa''. A pyramidal peak at the same.. side of the valley is called ''La-ri'' and said to be sacred. The valley, ''Demchok-pu'', itself is regarded as the boundary between Tibet and Ladak."</ref>

==Modern era==
===Chinese-administered village===
{{Main|Dêmqog, Ngari Prefecture}}
The Chinese-administered village of Dêmqog lies on the southeast bank of the Charding Nullah and LAC. Before 1984, only 3 households were living in Dêmqog.<ref name="2019-changes"/> Since 1984, the local governments have encouraged people to move to Dêmqog from surrounding areas.<ref name="2019-changes"/> Dêmqog was officially established as an administrative village in 1990 and had a population of 171 people from 51 households in 2019.<ref name="2019-changes"/>

===Indian-administered village===
{{Main|Demchok, Ladakh}}
The Indian-administered village of Demchok lies on the northwest bank of the Charding Nullah and LAC. According to the [[2011 Census of India]], the village had a population of 78 people from 31 households.<ref name="census_2011">{{cite news |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/datagov/CDB_PCA_Census/PCA_CDB_0103_F_Census.xls |title=Leh district census |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2015-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724100725/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/datagov/CDB_PCA_Census/PCA_CDB_0103_F_Census.xls |archive-date=24 July 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, the village had a population of 69 people.<ref name="Tribune-infra">{{cite news |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/j-k/lack-of-infra-forcing-people-to-migrate-from-frontier-803101 |title=Lack of infra forcing people to migrate from frontier |first=Arteev |last=Sharma |date=17 July 2019 |accessdate=29 May 2020}}</ref>

==See also ==
* [[India-China Border Roads]]
* [[List of disputed territories of India]]
* [[List of towns and villages in Tibet]]
* [[Sino-Indian border dispute]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation |author=India, Ministry of External Affairs |title=Report of the Officials of the Governments of India and the People's Republic of China on the Boundary Question |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AP4ruQEACAAJ |year=1962 |publisher=Government of India Press}}
** Indian Report: {{citation |title=Part 1 |url=http://www.archieve.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/OR_Part_1.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Report of the Officials, Indian Report, Part 1|1962}}}}; {{citation |title=Part 2 |url=http://www.archieve.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/OR_Part_2.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Report of the Officials, Indian Report, Part 2|1962}}}}; {{citation |title=Part 3 |url=http://www.archieve.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/OR_Part_3.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Report of the Officials, Indian Report, Part 3|1962}}}}; {{citation |title=Part 4 |url=http://www.archieve.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/OR_Part_4.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Report of the Officials, Indian Report, Part 4|1962}}}}
** Chinese report: {{citation |title=Part 1 |url=http://www.archieve.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/ORC_01-32_Part1.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Report of the Officials, Chinese Report, Part 1|1962}}}}; {{citation |title=Part 2 |url=http://www.archieve.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/ORC_01-32_Part2.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Report of the Officials, Chinese Report, Part 2|1962}}}}; {{citation |title=Part 3 |url=http://www.archieve.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/ORC_01-32_Part3.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Report of the Officials, Chinese Report, Part 3|1962}}}};
* {{cite journal |last=Ahmad |first=Zahiruddin |year=1968 |title=New Light on the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War of 1679—1684 |journal=East and West |volume=18 |issue=3/4 |pages=340–361 |jstor=29755343 |ref={{sfnref|Ahmad, New Light on the Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal War of 1679—1684|1968}}}}
* {{citation |first=John |last=Bray |title=The Lapchak Mission From Ladakh to Lhasa in British Indian Foreign Policy |journal=The Tibet Journal |volume=15 |number=4 |date=Winter 1990 |pages=75–96 |jstor=43300375 |ref={{sfnref|Bray, The Lapchak Mission|1990}}}}
* {{citation |last=Cunningham |first=Alexander |title=Ladak: Physical, Statistical, Historical |publisher=Wm. H. Allen and Co |location=London |year=1854 |url=https://archive.org/details/ladakphysicalsta00cunnrich |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Cunningham, Ladak|1854}}}}
* {{citation |last=Hedin |first=Sven |title=Southern Tibet: Discoveries in Former Times Compared with My Own Researches in 1906–1908: Vol. IV – Kara-korum and Chang-Tang |location=Stockholm |publisher=Lithographic Institute of the General Staff of the Swedish Army |year=1922 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.2214 |ref={{sfnref|Hedin, Southern Tibet|1922}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Francke |first=August Hermann |authorlink=August Hermann Francke (Tibetologist) |title=Antiquities of Indian Tibet, Part 2 |publisher=Superintendent Government Printing |location=Calcutta |year=1926 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.24327 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Francke, Antiquities of Indian Tibet, Part 2|1926}}}}
* {{cite book |title=Antiquities of Indian Tibet, Part (Volume) II |first=August Hermann |last=Francke |authorlink=August Hermann Francke (Tibetologist) |editor-first=F. W. |editor-last=Thomas |year=1926 |ref={{sfnref|Francke, Antiguities of Indian Tibet, Part II|1926}}}}
* {{citation |last=Lamb |first=Alastair |title=The China-India border |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GfgNAQAAMAAJ |year=1964 |publisher=Oxford University Press |ref={{sfnref|Lamb, The China-India border|1964}}}}
* {{citation |last=Lamb |first=Alastair |title=Treaties, Maps and the Western Sector of the Sino-Indian Boundary Dispute |journal=The Australian Year Book of International Law |year=1965 |pages=37–52 |url=http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AUYrBkIntLaw/1965/4.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Lamb, Treaties, Maps and the Western Sector|1965}}}}
* {{citation |last=Lamb |first=Alastair |title=Tibet, China & India, 1914-1950: a history of imperial diplomacy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nm5wAAAAMAAJ |year=1989 |publisher=Roxford Books |ref={{sfnref|Lamb, Tibet, China & India|1989}}}}
* {{citation |first=Diana |last=Lange |chapter=Decoding Mid-19th Century Maps of the Border Area between Western Tibet, Ladakh, and Spiti |title=Revue d'Études Tibétaines,The Spiti Valley Recovering the Past and Exploring the Present |date=2017 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/34449052 |ref={{sfnref|Lange, Decoding Mid-19th Century Maps|2017}}}}
{{citation |last=Petech |first=Luciano |title=The Kingdom of Ladakh, c. 950–1842 A.D. |publisher=Instituto Italiano Per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente |year=1977 |url=https://www.academia.edu/download/48901732/1977_Kingdom_of_Ladakh_c_950-1842_AD_by_Petech_s.pdf |via=academia.edu |ref={{sfnref|Petech, The Kingdom of Ladakh|1977}}}}
* {{citation |last=Rao |first=Gondker Narayana |title=The India-China Border: A Reappraisal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qFVuAAAAMAAJ |year=1968 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |ref={{sfnref|Rao, The India-China Border|1968}}}}
* {{citation |last=Woodman |first=Dorothy |title=Himalayan Frontiers: A Political Review of British, Chinese, Indian, and Russian Rivalries |year=1969 |publisher=Praeger |url=https://archive.org/details/himalayanfrontie00wood |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Woodman, Himalayan Frontiers|1969}}}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/9823095#map=9/32.8895/79.3507&layers=C Demchok Western Sector] (Chinese claim), OpenStreetMap
* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/7935425#map=9/32.8895/79.3507&layers=C Demchok Eastern Sector] (Indian claim), OpenStreetMap

[[Category:Divided cities]]
[[Category:History of Ladakh]]
[[Category:History of Tibet]]

Demchok (historical village) - Revision history

>PohranicniStraze: sp