Delhi - Revision history

WikiDwarf: Undo revision 565540 by Indianachievers2026 (talk)

2026-10-03T03:57:29Z

Undo revision 565540 by Indianachievers2026 (talk)

Indianachievers2026 at 19:29, 2 October 2026

2026-10-02T19:29:20Z

58.71.120.251: minor fixed page after review and added references

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MUKT: /* Utility services */Added content. Improved formatting.

2024-02-04T06:38:07Z

Utility services: Added content. Improved formatting.

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:08, 4 February 2024
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	Delhi's municipal water supply is managed by the [[Delhi Jal Board]] (DJB). {{As of\|2005\|06}}, it supplied 650 million gallons per day (MGD), whereas the estimated consumption requirement is 963 MGD.<ref name=ecosurv13>{{cite web\|url=https://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic%20Survey/ES%202005-06/Chpt/13.pdf\|title=Chapter 13: Water Supply and Sewerage\|access-date=21 December 2006\|work=Economic Survey of Delhi, 2005–2006\|publisher=Planning Department, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi\|pages=147–162\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614203642/https://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic%20Survey/ES%202005-06/Chpt/13.pdf\|archive-date=14 June 2007}}</ref> The shortfall is met by private and public [[tube well]]s and [[hand pump]]s. At 240 MGD, the Bhakra storage is DJB's largest water source, followed by the Yamuna and [[Ganges]] rivers. Delhi's [[groundwater]] level is falling and its population density is increasing, so residents often encounter acute water shortage.<ref name=ecosurv13 /> Research on Delhi suggests that up to half of the city's water use is unofficial groundwater.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.digital-development-debates.org/issue-18-cities--delhi--unequal-unreliable-and-running-out.html\|title=Unequal, Unreliable and Running Out\|last=Birkinshaw\|first=Matt\|date=July 2016\|website=Digital Development Debates\|access-date=5 September 2016\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915231848/https://www.digital-development-debates.org/issue-18-cities--delhi--unequal-unreliable-and-running-out.html\|archive-date=15 September 2016}}</ref><br />In Delhi, daily domestic solid waste production is 8000 [[tonne]]s which is dumped at three [[landfill]] locations by MCD.<ref name=hinduwaste>{{cite news \|first=Sandeep \|last=Joshi \|title=MCD developing new landfill site \|url=https://www.hindu.com/2006/06/19/stories/2006061915630400.htm \|date=19 June 2006 \|access-date=19 December 2006 \|location=Chennai\|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119091230/https://www.hindu.com/2006/06/19/stories/2006061915630400.htm \|work=[[The Hindu]] \|archive-date=19 November 2006 }}</ref> The daily domestic waste water production is 470 MGD and industrial waste water is 70 MGD.<ref name=Delhirisks>{{cite web\|url=https://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/natural_hazards/overview/nho0019pf.htm\|title=Risks in Delhi: Environmental concerns\|access-date=19 December 2006\|last=Gadhok\|first=Taranjot Kaur\|work=Natural Hazard Management\|publisher=GISdevelopment.net\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512093110/https://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/natural_hazards/overview/nho0019pf.htm\|archive-date=12 May 2012}}</ref> A large portion of the sewage flows untreated into the Yamuna river.<ref name=Delhirisks />		Delhi's municipal water supply is managed by the [[Delhi Jal Board]] (DJB). {{As of\|2005\|06}}, it supplied 650 million gallons per day (MGD), whereas the estimated consumption requirement is 963 MGD.<ref name=ecosurv13>{{cite web\|url=https://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic%20Survey/ES%202005-06/Chpt/13.pdf\|title=Chapter 13: Water Supply and Sewerage\|access-date=21 December 2006\|work=Economic Survey of Delhi, 2005–2006\|publisher=Planning Department, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi\|pages=147–162\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614203642/https://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic%20Survey/ES%202005-06/Chpt/13.pdf\|archive-date=14 June 2007}}</ref> The shortfall is met by private and public [[tube well]]s and [[hand pump]]s. At 240 MGD, the Bhakra storage is DJB's largest water source, followed by the Yamuna and [[Ganges]] rivers. Delhi's [[groundwater]] level is falling and its population density is increasing, so residents often encounter acute water shortage.<ref name=ecosurv13 /> Research on Delhi suggests that up to half of the city's water use is unofficial groundwater.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.digital-development-debates.org/issue-18-cities--delhi--unequal-unreliable-and-running-out.html\|title=Unequal, Unreliable and Running Out\|last=Birkinshaw\|first=Matt\|date=July 2016\|website=Digital Development Debates\|access-date=5 September 2016\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915231848/https://www.digital-development-debates.org/issue-18-cities--delhi--unequal-unreliable-and-running-out.html\|archive-date=15 September 2016}}</ref><br />In Delhi, daily domestic solid waste production is 8000 [[tonne]]s which is dumped at three [[landfill]] locations by MCD.<ref name=hinduwaste>{{cite news \|first=Sandeep \|last=Joshi \|title=MCD developing new landfill site \|url=https://www.hindu.com/2006/06/19/stories/2006061915630400.htm \|date=19 June 2006 \|access-date=19 December 2006 \|location=Chennai\|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119091230/https://www.hindu.com/2006/06/19/stories/2006061915630400.htm \|work=[[The Hindu]] \|archive-date=19 November 2006 }}</ref> The daily domestic waste water production is 470 MGD and industrial waste water is 70 MGD.<ref name=Delhirisks>{{cite web\|url=https://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/natural_hazards/overview/nho0019pf.htm\|title=Risks in Delhi: Environmental concerns\|access-date=19 December 2006\|last=Gadhok\|first=Taranjot Kaur\|work=Natural Hazard Management\|publisher=GISdevelopment.net\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512093110/https://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/natural_hazards/overview/nho0019pf.htm\|archive-date=12 May 2012}}</ref> A large portion of the sewage flows untreated into the Yamuna river.<ref name=Delhirisks />

	The city's electricity consumption is about 1,265 kWh per capita but the actual demand is higher.<ref name=ecosurv11>{{cite web\|url=https://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic%20Survey/ES%202005-06/Chpt/11.pdf\|title=Chapter 11: Energy\|access-date=21 December 2006\|work=Economic Survey of Delhi, 2005–06\|publisher=Planning Department, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi\|pages=117–129\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614203731/https://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic%20Survey/ES%202005-06/Chpt/11.pdf\|archive-date=14 June 2007}}</ref> In Delhi power distribution is managed by [[Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited\|TPDDL]] and [[BSES Yamuna Power Limited\|BSES Yamuna]] & [[BSES Rajdhani]] since 2002, while [[Delhi Transco Ltd]] is the power transmission utility. The [[Delhi Fire Service]] runs 43 fire stations that attend about 15,000 fire and rescue calls per year.<ref name="dfs">{{cite web\|url=https://dfs.delhigovt.nic.in/aboutf.html\|title=About Us\|access-date=9 January 2007\|work=Delhi Fire Service\|publisher=Govt. of NCT of Delhi\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070122143240/https://dfs.delhigovt.nic.in/aboutf.html\|archive-date=22 January 2007}}</ref> The state-owned [[~~Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited\|BSNL~~]] and private enterprises such as [[Bharti Airtel\|Airtel]], [[Vodafone Idea\|Vi]], [[Jio]], and provide telephone and cell phone services to the city. Cellular coverage is available in [[GSM]], [[CDMA]], [[3G]], [[4G]] [[LTE Advanced\|4G+]] and [[5G]].{{citation needed\|date=July 2022}}		The city's electricity consumption is about 1,265 kWh per capita but the actual demand is higher.<ref name=ecosurv11>{{cite web\|url=https://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic%20Survey/ES%202005-06/Chpt/11.pdf\|title=Chapter 11: Energy\|access-date=21 December 2006\|work=Economic Survey of Delhi, 2005–06\|publisher=Planning Department, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi\|pages=117–129\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614203731/https://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic%20Survey/ES%202005-06/Chpt/11.pdf\|archive-date=14 June 2007}}</ref> In Delhi power distribution is managed by [[Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited\|TPDDL]] and [[BSES Yamuna Power Limited\|BSES Yamuna]] & [[BSES Rajdhani]] since 2002, while [[Delhi Transco Ltd]] is the power transmission utility. Due to concerns of pollution and poor air quality, the city imports bulk of its power from other states.

			The [[Delhi Fire Service]] runs 43 fire stations that attend about 15,000 fire and rescue calls per year.<ref name="dfs">{{cite web\|url=https://dfs.delhigovt.nic.in/aboutf.html\|title=About Us\|access-date=9 January 2007\|work=Delhi Fire Service\|publisher=Govt. of NCT of Delhi\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070122143240/https://dfs.delhigovt.nic.in/aboutf.html\|archive-date=22 January 2007}}</ref>
			The state-owned company [[MTNL]], and private enterprises such as [[Bharti Airtel\|Airtel]], [[Vodafone Idea\|Vi]], [[Jio]], and provide telephone and cell phone services to the city. Cellular coverage is available in [[GSM]], [[CDMA]], [[3G]], [[4G]] [[LTE Advanced\|4G+]] and [[5G]].{{citation needed\|date=July 2022}}

	== Transport ==		== Transport ==

MUKT: /* Utility services */Added content

2024-02-04T06:25:52Z

Utility services: Added content

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:55, 4 February 2024
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	Delhi's municipal water supply is managed by the [[Delhi Jal Board]] (DJB). {{As of\|2005\|06}}, it supplied 650 million gallons per day (MGD), whereas the estimated consumption requirement is 963 MGD.<ref name=ecosurv13>{{cite web\|url=https://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic%20Survey/ES%202005-06/Chpt/13.pdf\|title=Chapter 13: Water Supply and Sewerage\|access-date=21 December 2006\|work=Economic Survey of Delhi, 2005–2006\|publisher=Planning Department, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi\|pages=147–162\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614203642/https://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic%20Survey/ES%202005-06/Chpt/13.pdf\|archive-date=14 June 2007}}</ref> The shortfall is met by private and public [[tube well]]s and [[hand pump]]s. At 240 MGD, the Bhakra storage is DJB's largest water source, followed by the Yamuna and [[Ganges]] rivers. Delhi's [[groundwater]] level is falling and its population density is increasing, so residents often encounter acute water shortage.<ref name=ecosurv13 /> Research on Delhi suggests that up to half of the city's water use is unofficial groundwater.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.digital-development-debates.org/issue-18-cities--delhi--unequal-unreliable-and-running-out.html\|title=Unequal, Unreliable and Running Out\|last=Birkinshaw\|first=Matt\|date=July 2016\|website=Digital Development Debates\|access-date=5 September 2016\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915231848/https://www.digital-development-debates.org/issue-18-cities--delhi--unequal-unreliable-and-running-out.html\|archive-date=15 September 2016}}</ref><br />In Delhi, daily domestic solid waste production is 8000 [[tonne]]s which is dumped at three [[landfill]] locations by MCD.<ref name=hinduwaste>{{cite news \|first=Sandeep \|last=Joshi \|title=MCD developing new landfill site \|url=https://www.hindu.com/2006/06/19/stories/2006061915630400.htm \|date=19 June 2006 \|access-date=19 December 2006 \|location=Chennai\|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119091230/https://www.hindu.com/2006/06/19/stories/2006061915630400.htm \|work=[[The Hindu]] \|archive-date=19 November 2006 }}</ref> The daily domestic waste water production is 470 MGD and industrial waste water is 70 MGD.<ref name=Delhirisks>{{cite web\|url=https://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/natural_hazards/overview/nho0019pf.htm\|title=Risks in Delhi: Environmental concerns\|access-date=19 December 2006\|last=Gadhok\|first=Taranjot Kaur\|work=Natural Hazard Management\|publisher=GISdevelopment.net\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512093110/https://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/natural_hazards/overview/nho0019pf.htm\|archive-date=12 May 2012}}</ref> A large portion of the sewage flows untreated into the Yamuna river.<ref name=Delhirisks />		Delhi's municipal water supply is managed by the [[Delhi Jal Board]] (DJB). {{As of\|2005\|06}}, it supplied 650 million gallons per day (MGD), whereas the estimated consumption requirement is 963 MGD.<ref name=ecosurv13>{{cite web\|url=https://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic%20Survey/ES%202005-06/Chpt/13.pdf\|title=Chapter 13: Water Supply and Sewerage\|access-date=21 December 2006\|work=Economic Survey of Delhi, 2005–2006\|publisher=Planning Department, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi\|pages=147–162\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614203642/https://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic%20Survey/ES%202005-06/Chpt/13.pdf\|archive-date=14 June 2007}}</ref> The shortfall is met by private and public [[tube well]]s and [[hand pump]]s. At 240 MGD, the Bhakra storage is DJB's largest water source, followed by the Yamuna and [[Ganges]] rivers. Delhi's [[groundwater]] level is falling and its population density is increasing, so residents often encounter acute water shortage.<ref name=ecosurv13 /> Research on Delhi suggests that up to half of the city's water use is unofficial groundwater.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://www.digital-development-debates.org/issue-18-cities--delhi--unequal-unreliable-and-running-out.html\|title=Unequal, Unreliable and Running Out\|last=Birkinshaw\|first=Matt\|date=July 2016\|website=Digital Development Debates\|access-date=5 September 2016\|url-status=live\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915231848/https://www.digital-development-debates.org/issue-18-cities--delhi--unequal-unreliable-and-running-out.html\|archive-date=15 September 2016}}</ref><br />In Delhi, daily domestic solid waste production is 8000 [[tonne]]s which is dumped at three [[landfill]] locations by MCD.<ref name=hinduwaste>{{cite news \|first=Sandeep \|last=Joshi \|title=MCD developing new landfill site \|url=https://www.hindu.com/2006/06/19/stories/2006061915630400.htm \|date=19 June 2006 \|access-date=19 December 2006 \|location=Chennai\|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119091230/https://www.hindu.com/2006/06/19/stories/2006061915630400.htm \|work=[[The Hindu]] \|archive-date=19 November 2006 }}</ref> The daily domestic waste water production is 470 MGD and industrial waste water is 70 MGD.<ref name=Delhirisks>{{cite web\|url=https://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/natural_hazards/overview/nho0019pf.htm\|title=Risks in Delhi: Environmental concerns\|access-date=19 December 2006\|last=Gadhok\|first=Taranjot Kaur\|work=Natural Hazard Management\|publisher=GISdevelopment.net\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512093110/https://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/natural_hazards/overview/nho0019pf.htm\|archive-date=12 May 2012}}</ref> A large portion of the sewage flows untreated into the Yamuna river.<ref name=Delhirisks />

	The city's electricity consumption is about 1,265 kWh per capita but the actual demand is higher.<ref name=ecosurv11>{{cite web\|url=https://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic%20Survey/ES%202005-06/Chpt/11.pdf\|title=Chapter 11: Energy\|access-date=21 December 2006\|work=Economic Survey of Delhi, 2005–06\|publisher=Planning Department, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi\|pages=117–129\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614203731/https://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic%20Survey/ES%202005-06/Chpt/11.pdf\|archive-date=14 June 2007}}</ref> In Delhi power distribution is managed by [[Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited\|TPDDL]] and [[BSES Yamuna Power Limited\|BSES Yamuna]] & BSES Rajdhani since 2002. The [[Delhi Fire Service]] runs 43 fire stations that attend about 15,000 fire and rescue calls per year.<ref name="dfs">{{cite web\|url=https://dfs.delhigovt.nic.in/aboutf.html\|title=About Us\|access-date=9 January 2007\|work=Delhi Fire Service\|publisher=Govt. of NCT of Delhi\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070122143240/https://dfs.delhigovt.nic.in/aboutf.html\|archive-date=22 January 2007}}</ref> The state-owned [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited\|BSNL]] and private enterprises such as [[Bharti Airtel\|Airtel]], [[Vodafone Idea\|Vi]], [[Jio]], and provide telephone and cell phone services to the city. Cellular coverage is available in [[GSM]], [[CDMA]], [[3G]], [[4G]] ~~and~~ [[LTE Advanced\|4G+]].{{citation needed\|date=July 2022}}		The city's electricity consumption is about 1,265 kWh per capita but the actual demand is higher.<ref name=ecosurv11>{{cite web\|url=https://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic%20Survey/ES%202005-06/Chpt/11.pdf\|title=Chapter 11: Energy\|access-date=21 December 2006\|work=Economic Survey of Delhi, 2005–06\|publisher=Planning Department, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi\|pages=117–129\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614203731/https://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic%20Survey/ES%202005-06/Chpt/11.pdf\|archive-date=14 June 2007}}</ref> In Delhi power distribution is managed by [[Tata Power Delhi Distribution Limited\|TPDDL]] and [[BSES Yamuna Power Limited\|BSES Yamuna]] & [[BSES Rajdhani]] since 2002, while [[Delhi Transco Ltd]] is the power transmission utility. The [[Delhi Fire Service]] runs 43 fire stations that attend about 15,000 fire and rescue calls per year.<ref name="dfs">{{cite web\|url=https://dfs.delhigovt.nic.in/aboutf.html\|title=About Us\|access-date=9 January 2007\|work=Delhi Fire Service\|publisher=Govt. of NCT of Delhi\|url-status=dead\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070122143240/https://dfs.delhigovt.nic.in/aboutf.html\|archive-date=22 January 2007}}</ref> The state-owned [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited\|BSNL]] and private enterprises such as [[Bharti Airtel\|Airtel]], [[Vodafone Idea\|Vi]], [[Jio]], and provide telephone and cell phone services to the city. Cellular coverage is available in [[GSM]], [[CDMA]], [[3G]], [[4G]] [[LTE Advanced\|4G+]] and [[5G]].{{citation needed\|date=July 2022}}

	== Transport ==		== Transport ==

Sfinegold1980: Spelling/grammar/punctuation/typographical correction

2023-10-14T02:24:38Z

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CleanupBot II: Removed empty portal template using script

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← Older revision		Revision as of 03:03, 14 August 2023
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	{{Megacities}}		{{Megacities}}
	}}		}}
	~~{{Portalbar\|India}}~~
	{{Authority control}}		{{Authority control}}

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← Older revision		Revision as of 01:24, 2 July 2023
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	{{distinguish\|text=[[New Delhi]], the capital of India, entirely within the limits of Delhi}}		{{distinguish\|text=[[New Delhi]], the capital of India, entirely within the limits of Delhi}}
	{{other uses}}		{{other uses}}
	~~{{pp-semi-indef}}~~
	{{Use Indian English\|date=October 2019}}		{{Use Indian English\|date=October 2019}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2022}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=May 2022}}

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:27, 3 October 2026
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	\| area_footnotes = <ref name='Delhi Info'>{{cite web\|title=Delhi Info\|url=https://unccdcop14india.gov.in/about-delhi\|website=unccdcop14india.gov.in\|access-date=24 November 2020\|archive-date=29 November 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129201811/https://unccdcop14india.gov.in/about-delhi\|url-status=dead}}</ref>		\| area_footnotes = <ref name='Delhi Info'>{{cite web\|title=Delhi Info\|url=https://unccdcop14india.gov.in/about-delhi\|website=unccdcop14india.gov.in\|access-date=24 November 2020\|archive-date=29 November 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129201811/https://unccdcop14india.gov.in/about-delhi\|url-status=dead}}</ref>
	\| area_water_sq_mi = 6.9		\| area_water_sq_mi = 6.9
	<!--\| area_rank = [[List of states and territories of India by ~~Area~~\|32nd]]-->\| area_metro_km2 = 3483		<!--\| area_rank = [[List of states and territories of India by area\|32nd]]-->\| area_metro_km2 = 3483
	\| area_metro_footnotes = <ref name="metroarea">{{cite web \|title=Study on counter magnet areas to Delhi & NCR \|url=http://ncrpb.nic.in/pdf_files/04_Chapter1_cma.pdf \|website=National Capital Region Planning Board\|page=2}}</ref>{{efn\|Combined area figures of 1,483 sq km for "NCT Delhi" and 2000 sq km for "Central National Capital Region"/ CNCR (formerly designated "Delhi Metropolitan Area"/ DMA) comprising adjoining satellite cities of Delhi located in Haryana and Uttar Pradesh<ref name="metroarea"/><ref name="DMA towns">{{cite web \|date=September 2007 \|title=Evaluation Study of DMA Towns in National Capital Region \|url=http://tcpomud.gov.in/divisions/mutp/dma/final_dma_report.pdf \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052724/http://tcpomud.gov.in/divisions/mutp/dma/final_dma_report.pdf \|archive-date=20 March 2017 \|access-date=19 March 2017 \|website=Town and Country Planning Organisation \|publisher=[[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs\|Ministry of Urban Development]]}}</ref>}}		\| area_metro_footnotes = <ref name="metroarea">{{cite web \|title=Study on counter magnet areas to Delhi & NCR \|url=http://ncrpb.nic.in/pdf_files/04_Chapter1_cma.pdf \|website=National Capital Region Planning Board\|page=2}}</ref>{{efn\|Combined area figures of 1,483 sq km for "NCT Delhi" and 2000 sq km for "Central National Capital Region"/ CNCR (formerly designated "Delhi Metropolitan Area"/ DMA) comprising adjoining satellite cities of Delhi located in Haryana and Uttar Pradesh<ref name="metroarea"/><ref name="DMA towns">{{cite web \|date=September 2007 \|title=Evaluation Study of DMA Towns in National Capital Region \|url=http://tcpomud.gov.in/divisions/mutp/dma/final_dma_report.pdf \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052724/http://tcpomud.gov.in/divisions/mutp/dma/final_dma_report.pdf \|archive-date=20 March 2017 \|access-date=19 March 2017 \|website=Town and Country Planning Organisation \|publisher=[[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs\|Ministry of Urban Development]]}}</ref>}}
	\| elevation_m = 200–250		\| elevation_m = 200–250
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	* {{citation \|last1=Talbot \|first1=Ian \|last2=Singh \|first2=Gurharpal \|title=The Partition of India \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ&pg=PA118 \|year=2009 \|pages=118–119 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn=978-0-521-85661-4 \|quote=It is now almost a cliché that the Partition transformed Delhi from a Mughal to a Punjabi city. The bitter experiences of the refugees at the hands of Islamists in Pakistan encouraged them to support right-wing Hindu parties. ... Trouble began in September (1947) after the arrival of refugees from Pakistan who were determined on revenge and driving Muslims out of properties which they could then occupy. Gandhi in his prayer meetings in Birla House denounced the 'crooked and ungentlemanly' squeezing out of Muslims who left for Pakistan. Despite these exhortations, two-thirds of the city's Muslims were to abandon India's capital eventually. \|access-date=3 December 2021 \|archive-date=2 December 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202201454/https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ&pg=PA118 \|url-status=live }}		* {{citation \|last1=Talbot \|first1=Ian \|last2=Singh \|first2=Gurharpal \|title=The Partition of India \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ&pg=PA118 \|year=2009 \|pages=118–119 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn=978-0-521-85661-4 \|quote=It is now almost a cliché that the Partition transformed Delhi from a Mughal to a Punjabi city. The bitter experiences of the refugees at the hands of Islamists in Pakistan encouraged them to support right-wing Hindu parties. ... Trouble began in September (1947) after the arrival of refugees from Pakistan who were determined on revenge and driving Muslims out of properties which they could then occupy. Gandhi in his prayer meetings in Birla House denounced the 'crooked and ungentlemanly' squeezing out of Muslims who left for Pakistan. Despite these exhortations, two-thirds of the city's Muslims were to abandon India's capital eventually. \|access-date=3 December 2021 \|archive-date=2 December 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202201454/https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ&pg=PA118 \|url-status=live }}
	*{{cite book\|last=Sen\|first=Uditi\|title = Calcutta: The Stormy Decades\| editor1-last= Bandyopadhyay\|editor1-first=Sekhar\|editor2-last=Sarkar\|editor2-first=Tanika \|year=2017\|chapter=Building Bijaygarh: A Microhistory of Refugee Squatting in Calcutta\|page=407\|isbn=9781351581721\|publisher=Routledge\|quote=Historians of the Partition of India broadly acknowledge that the demographic upheaval that followed in its wake permanently altered the faces of the capital cities of South Asia. Karachi and Dhaka were transformed overnight into national capitals; Delhi changed from a Mughal city to a Punjabi one, while Calcutta, which had always been a city of migrants, rapidly earned the dubious distinction of becoming a city of refugees.}}		*{{cite book\|last=Sen\|first=Uditi\|title = Calcutta: The Stormy Decades\| editor1-last= Bandyopadhyay\|editor1-first=Sekhar\|editor2-last=Sarkar\|editor2-first=Tanika \|year=2017\|chapter=Building Bijaygarh: A Microhistory of Refugee Squatting in Calcutta\|page=407\|isbn=9781351581721\|publisher=Routledge\|quote=Historians of the Partition of India broadly acknowledge that the demographic upheaval that followed in its wake permanently altered the faces of the capital cities of South Asia. Karachi and Dhaka were transformed overnight into national capitals; Delhi changed from a Mughal city to a Punjabi one, while Calcutta, which had always been a city of migrants, rapidly earned the dubious distinction of becoming a city of refugees.}}
	*{{citation\|last=Virdee\|first=Pippa\|title=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India\|chapter=Partitioning India: Dreams, ~~Memories~~, and ~~Legacies~~\|editor-last=Jacobsen\|editor-first=Knut A.\|publisher=Routledge\|year=2023\|isbn=9781000984231\|doi=10.4324/9781003278436-3\|quote=The mass migration of people following Partition also fundamentally altered the physical landscape. Delhi, the colonial capital, was transformed from an Urdu-~~Speaking~~ Muslim city in character to a city that housed the incoming Punjabi refugees that now lend much of their character to the city. … Delhi retains its Mughal links through the extensive architecture that dominates the city, but the people are now heavily influenced by Punjabi migrants. Mughal place names and influences though are gradually being erased in favour of more ‘ancient’ and ‘authentic’ alternatives.}}		*{{citation\|last=Virdee\|first=Pippa\|title=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India\|chapter=Partitioning India: Dreams, memories, and legacies\|editor-last=Jacobsen\|editor-first=Knut A.\|publisher=Routledge\|year=2023\|isbn=9781000984231\|doi=10.4324/9781003278436-3\|quote=The mass migration of people following Partition also fundamentally altered the physical landscape. Delhi, the colonial capital, was transformed from an Urdu-speaking Muslim city in character to a city that housed the incoming Punjabi refugees that now lend much of their character to the city. … Delhi retains its Mughal links through the extensive architecture that dominates the city, but the people are now heavily influenced by Punjabi migrants. Mughal place names and influences though are gradually being erased in favour of more ‘ancient’ and ‘authentic’ alternatives.}}
	*{{citation\|last=Guha\|first=Ramchandra\|title=India after Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy\|publisher= Pan Macmillan\|year=2011 \|isbn=9780330540209\| quote=Meanwhile, thousands of refugees had made their homes in Delhi itself. Till 1911 that city had been Muslim in character and culture. In that year, the British shifted their capital there from Calcutta. After 1947 New Delhi became the seat of the government of free India. Urdu-speaking Muslims went away to Pakistan, many unwillingly, while Punjabi-speaking Hindus and Sikhas arrived in their place. They set up house, and shop, wherever they could. … Indeed, a city that was once a Mughal city, then a British city, had by the 1950s emphatically become a Punjabi city.}}</ref><ref> A large number of refugees migrated out of Sindh, Pakistan in 1947. They were found living in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Hyderabad, and Maharashtra:		*{{citation\|last=Guha\|first=Ramchandra\|title=India after Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy\|publisher= Pan Macmillan\|year=2011 \|isbn=9780330540209\| quote=Meanwhile, thousands of refugees had made their homes in Delhi itself. Till 1911 that city had been Muslim in character and culture. In that year, the British shifted their capital there from Calcutta. After 1947 New Delhi became the seat of the government of free India. Urdu-speaking Muslims went away to Pakistan, many unwillingly, while Punjabi-speaking Hindus and Sikhas arrived in their place. They set up house, and shop, wherever they could. … Indeed, a city that was once a Mughal city, then a British city, had by the 1950s emphatically become a Punjabi city.}}</ref><ref> A large number of refugees migrated out of Sindh, Pakistan in 1947. They were found living in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Hyderabad, and Maharashtra:
	*{{cite journal \|last1 = Gautam \| first1 = Khushboo \| last2 = Devnani \| first2 = Chanchal \| last3 = Dasgupta \| first3 = Shruti \| last4 = Reddy \| first4 = Madhusudan \| title = Genetic architecture of the Sindhi Indian population: a 19X-STR forensic analysis\| journal = BMC Genomics \| year = 2025 \| volume = 26 \| issue = 889 \| article-number = 889 \| doi=10.1186/s12864-025-12032-8 \| pmid = 41057809 \| pmc = 12505593 \| doi-access = free \| quote = A large number of Sindhi migrated from Pakistan after the partition of India in 1947 and were found inhabiting Gujarat, Rajasthan, Hyderabad, and Maharashtra.}}		*{{cite journal \|last1 = Gautam \| first1 = Khushboo \| last2 = Devnani \| first2 = Chanchal \| last3 = Dasgupta \| first3 = Shruti \| last4 = Reddy \| first4 = Madhusudan \| title = Genetic architecture of the Sindhi Indian population: a 19X-STR forensic analysis\| journal = BMC Genomics \| year = 2025 \| volume = 26 \| issue = 889 \| article-number = 889 \| doi=10.1186/s12864-025-12032-8 \| pmid = 41057809 \| pmc = 12505593 \| doi-access = free \| quote = A large number of Sindhi migrated from Pakistan after the partition of India in 1947 and were found inhabiting Gujarat, Rajasthan, Hyderabad, and Maharashtra.}}
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	*{{cite book\|last1=Ansari\|first1=Sarah \| last2= Gould \|first2 = William \| title = Boundaries of Belonging: Localities, Citizenship and Rights in India and Pakistan \| page = 71\| publisher = Cambridge University Press\| year = 2019\|doi=10.1017/9781108164511.004 \| quote = Though a definitive total is impossible to provide thanks to the massive demographic confusion that Partition produced, an estimated fourteen to sixteen million people sought to cross the hastily delineated borders in what remains arguably the largest migration in history. ... people crossed the Rajasthan border into and out of Sindh or travelled by ship between the port cities of Bombay and Karachi.}}</ref> losing two-thirds of its Muslim residents, in part due to the pressure brought to bear by the arriving Hindu and Sikh refugees from western Punjab.<ref>		*{{cite book\|last1=Ansari\|first1=Sarah \| last2= Gould \|first2 = William \| title = Boundaries of Belonging: Localities, Citizenship and Rights in India and Pakistan \| page = 71\| publisher = Cambridge University Press\| year = 2019\|doi=10.1017/9781108164511.004 \| quote = Though a definitive total is impossible to provide thanks to the massive demographic confusion that Partition produced, an estimated fourteen to sixteen million people sought to cross the hastily delineated borders in what remains arguably the largest migration in history. ... people crossed the Rajasthan border into and out of Sindh or travelled by ship between the port cities of Bombay and Karachi.}}</ref> losing two-thirds of its Muslim residents, in part due to the pressure brought to bear by the arriving Hindu and Sikh refugees from western Punjab.<ref>
	*{{citation\|last=Talbot\|first=Ian\|title=The History of British Diplomacy in Pakistan\|year=2020\|publisher=Routledge\|isbn=9781000326703 \|quote=Delhi had also experienced a refugee influx that transformed it from a Mughal city to a Punjabi city in the aftermath of Partition. Despite the departure of around 300,000 Muslims, the city’s population grew dramatically with attendant pressures on housing. By the beginning of August 1947, there were already 80,000 refugees in the city, and after the Transfer of Power, this number was swollen daily by around 4,000–5,000 migrants from Pakistan Punjab. The 1951 Census revealed that every third person in the city was a partition migrant.}}		*{{citation\|last=Talbot\|first=Ian\|title=The History of British Diplomacy in Pakistan\|year=2020\|publisher=Routledge\|isbn=9781000326703 \|quote=Delhi had also experienced a refugee influx that transformed it from a Mughal city to a Punjabi city in the aftermath of Partition. Despite the departure of around 300,000 Muslims, the city’s population grew dramatically with attendant pressures on housing. By the beginning of August 1947, there were already 80,000 refugees in the city, and after the Transfer of Power, this number was swollen daily by around 4,000–5,000 migrants from Pakistan Punjab. The 1951 Census revealed that every third person in the city was a partition migrant.}}
	*{{citation\|last=Kumar\|first=Sunil\|chapter=Delhi\|title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought \|editor1-last = Bowering\|editor1-first =Gerhard\| editor2-last =Crone\|editor2-first= Patricia\|editor3-last=Mirza\|editor3-first=Mahan\|publisher=Princeton University Press\|isbn= 9780691134840 \|year=2013 \| page = 127\| quote=... it was not until 1648 and the construction of the new city in the northern part of the riverine plain by Shibab al-Did Shah Jahan that the imperial capital returned to Delhi. The new capital was named Shahajahanabad … was the largest, most complex, and expansive city to be constructed in the Delhi region. … The demise of Shahjahanabad as a center of culture, ~~Social Life~~, and ~~Political~~ authority was confirmed when the British started constructing New Delhi as their capital. The new colonial capital was modeled on architectural paradigms first tested in South Africa and Australia and, other than in its decorative aspects, retained little of the urban traditions of the Delhi Sultanate or Shajahanabad. Independent India inherited this city as its capital in 1947, a transition that was disrupted by partition and communal clashes with large numbers of the city’s Muslim population fled and were replaced by displaced Punjabi refugees from West Pakistan. The demographic change in the population brought new residents to the city who were far removed from its history and culture. ‘’Hazrat-i-Dehli’’ meant little to the new residents of the capital of independent India, a past of the city that resides uneasily with its present.}}		*{{citation\|last=Kumar\|first=Sunil\|chapter=Delhi\|title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought \|editor1-last = Bowering\|editor1-first =Gerhard\| editor2-last =Crone\|editor2-first= Patricia\|editor3-last=Mirza\|editor3-first=Mahan\|publisher=Princeton University Press\|isbn= 9780691134840 \|year=2013 \| page = 127\| quote=... it was not until 1648 and the construction of the new city in the northern part of the riverine plain by Shibab al-Did Shah Jahan that the imperial capital returned to Delhi. The new capital was named Shahajahanabad … was the largest, most complex, and expansive city to be constructed in the Delhi region. … The demise of Shahjahanabad as a center of culture, social life, and political authority was confirmed when the British started constructing New Delhi as their capital. The new colonial capital was modeled on architectural paradigms first tested in South Africa and Australia and, other than in its decorative aspects, retained little of the urban traditions of the Delhi Sultanate or Shajahanabad. Independent India inherited this city as its capital in 1947, a transition that was disrupted by partition and communal clashes with large numbers of the city’s Muslim population fled and were replaced by displaced Punjabi refugees from West Pakistan. The demographic change in the population brought new residents to the city who were far removed from its history and culture. ‘’Hazrat-i-Dehli’’ meant little to the new residents of the capital of independent India, a past of the city that resides uneasily with its present.}}
	*{{cite journal \| last = Geva \| first = Rotem \| title = Press charges: renegotiating free speech and citizenship in post-partition Delhi \| journal = Contemporary South Asia \| publisher = Routledge \| year = 2024 \| volume = 32 \| issue = 2 \| pages = 137–150 \| doi = 10.1080/09584935.2024.2341175 \| quote =This article analyzes the conflict between press censorship and press freedom in Delhi during the period immediately after partition, …. Decolonization had a momentous impact on India’s capital city, Delhi, resulting in structural shifts and dislocations. As the seat of political power and an emblem of the nation, Delhi was central to the projects of nation building and state formation, with their attendant ideological and power struggles. At the same time, Delhi became a ‘partition city,’ overwhelmed with roughly half a million Hindu and Sikh refugees from West Pakistan, desperate for food, ~~Shelter~~, and ~~Livelihood~~. Amid this crisis, major violence erupted, targeting Delhi’s Muslims and forcing over two-thirds of them to flee to Pakistan.}}		*{{cite journal \| last = Geva \| first = Rotem \| title = Press charges: renegotiating free speech and citizenship in post-partition Delhi \| journal = Contemporary South Asia \| publisher = Routledge \| year = 2024 \| volume = 32 \| issue = 2 \| pages = 137–150 \| doi = 10.1080/09584935.2024.2341175 \| quote =This article analyzes the conflict between press censorship and press freedom in Delhi during the period immediately after partition, …. Decolonization had a momentous impact on India’s capital city, Delhi, resulting in structural shifts and dislocations. As the seat of political power and an emblem of the nation, Delhi was central to the projects of nation building and state formation, with their attendant ideological and power struggles. At the same time, Delhi became a ‘partition city,’ overwhelmed with roughly half a million Hindu and Sikh refugees from West Pakistan, desperate for food, shelter, and livelihood. Amid this crisis, major violence erupted, targeting Delhi’s Muslims and forcing over two-thirds of them to flee to Pakistan.}}
	</ref>		</ref>
	After independence in 1947, New Delhi continued as the capital of the [[Dominion of India]], and after 1950, of the [[Republic of India]].		After independence in 1947, New Delhi continued as the capital of the [[Dominion of India]], and after 1950, of the [[Republic of India]].

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:59, 3 October 2026
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	\| area_footnotes = <ref name='Delhi Info'>{{cite web\|title=Delhi Info\|url=https://unccdcop14india.gov.in/about-delhi\|website=unccdcop14india.gov.in\|access-date=24 November 2020\|archive-date=29 November 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129201811/https://unccdcop14india.gov.in/about-delhi\|url-status=dead}}</ref>		\| area_footnotes = <ref name='Delhi Info'>{{cite web\|title=Delhi Info\|url=https://unccdcop14india.gov.in/about-delhi\|website=unccdcop14india.gov.in\|access-date=24 November 2020\|archive-date=29 November 2020\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129201811/https://unccdcop14india.gov.in/about-delhi\|url-status=dead}}</ref>
	\| area_water_sq_mi = 6.9		\| area_water_sq_mi = 6.9
	<!--\| area_rank = [[List of states and territories of India by ~~area~~\|32nd]]-->\| area_metro_km2 = 3483		<!--\| area_rank = [[List of states and territories of India by Area\|32nd]]-->\| area_metro_km2 = 3483
	\| area_metro_footnotes = <ref name="metroarea">{{cite web \|title=Study on counter magnet areas to Delhi & NCR \|url=http://ncrpb.nic.in/pdf_files/04_Chapter1_cma.pdf \|website=National Capital Region Planning Board\|page=2}}</ref>{{efn\|Combined area figures of 1,483 sq km for "NCT Delhi" and 2000 sq km for "Central National Capital Region"/ CNCR (formerly designated "Delhi Metropolitan Area"/ DMA) comprising adjoining satellite cities of Delhi located in Haryana and Uttar Pradesh<ref name="metroarea"/><ref name="DMA towns">{{cite web \|date=September 2007 \|title=Evaluation Study of DMA Towns in National Capital Region \|url=http://tcpomud.gov.in/divisions/mutp/dma/final_dma_report.pdf \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052724/http://tcpomud.gov.in/divisions/mutp/dma/final_dma_report.pdf \|archive-date=20 March 2017 \|access-date=19 March 2017 \|website=Town and Country Planning Organisation \|publisher=[[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs\|Ministry of Urban Development]]}}</ref>}}		\| area_metro_footnotes = <ref name="metroarea">{{cite web \|title=Study on counter magnet areas to Delhi & NCR \|url=http://ncrpb.nic.in/pdf_files/04_Chapter1_cma.pdf \|website=National Capital Region Planning Board\|page=2}}</ref>{{efn\|Combined area figures of 1,483 sq km for "NCT Delhi" and 2000 sq km for "Central National Capital Region"/ CNCR (formerly designated "Delhi Metropolitan Area"/ DMA) comprising adjoining satellite cities of Delhi located in Haryana and Uttar Pradesh<ref name="metroarea"/><ref name="DMA towns">{{cite web \|date=September 2007 \|title=Evaluation Study of DMA Towns in National Capital Region \|url=http://tcpomud.gov.in/divisions/mutp/dma/final_dma_report.pdf \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052724/http://tcpomud.gov.in/divisions/mutp/dma/final_dma_report.pdf \|archive-date=20 March 2017 \|access-date=19 March 2017 \|website=Town and Country Planning Organisation \|publisher=[[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs\|Ministry of Urban Development]]}}</ref>}}
	\| elevation_m = 200–250		\| elevation_m = 200–250
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	* {{citation \|last1=Talbot \|first1=Ian \|last2=Singh \|first2=Gurharpal \|title=The Partition of India \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ&pg=PA118 \|year=2009 \|pages=118–119 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn=978-0-521-85661-4 \|quote=It is now almost a cliché that the Partition transformed Delhi from a Mughal to a Punjabi city. The bitter experiences of the refugees at the hands of Islamists in Pakistan encouraged them to support right-wing Hindu parties. ... Trouble began in September (1947) after the arrival of refugees from Pakistan who were determined on revenge and driving Muslims out of properties which they could then occupy. Gandhi in his prayer meetings in Birla House denounced the 'crooked and ungentlemanly' squeezing out of Muslims who left for Pakistan. Despite these exhortations, two-thirds of the city's Muslims were to abandon India's capital eventually. \|access-date=3 December 2021 \|archive-date=2 December 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202201454/https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ&pg=PA118 \|url-status=live }}		* {{citation \|last1=Talbot \|first1=Ian \|last2=Singh \|first2=Gurharpal \|title=The Partition of India \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ&pg=PA118 \|year=2009 \|pages=118–119 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn=978-0-521-85661-4 \|quote=It is now almost a cliché that the Partition transformed Delhi from a Mughal to a Punjabi city. The bitter experiences of the refugees at the hands of Islamists in Pakistan encouraged them to support right-wing Hindu parties. ... Trouble began in September (1947) after the arrival of refugees from Pakistan who were determined on revenge and driving Muslims out of properties which they could then occupy. Gandhi in his prayer meetings in Birla House denounced the 'crooked and ungentlemanly' squeezing out of Muslims who left for Pakistan. Despite these exhortations, two-thirds of the city's Muslims were to abandon India's capital eventually. \|access-date=3 December 2021 \|archive-date=2 December 2021 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202201454/https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ&pg=PA118 \|url-status=live }}
	*{{cite book\|last=Sen\|first=Uditi\|title = Calcutta: The Stormy Decades\| editor1-last= Bandyopadhyay\|editor1-first=Sekhar\|editor2-last=Sarkar\|editor2-first=Tanika \|year=2017\|chapter=Building Bijaygarh: A Microhistory of Refugee Squatting in Calcutta\|page=407\|isbn=9781351581721\|publisher=Routledge\|quote=Historians of the Partition of India broadly acknowledge that the demographic upheaval that followed in its wake permanently altered the faces of the capital cities of South Asia. Karachi and Dhaka were transformed overnight into national capitals; Delhi changed from a Mughal city to a Punjabi one, while Calcutta, which had always been a city of migrants, rapidly earned the dubious distinction of becoming a city of refugees.}}		*{{cite book\|last=Sen\|first=Uditi\|title = Calcutta: The Stormy Decades\| editor1-last= Bandyopadhyay\|editor1-first=Sekhar\|editor2-last=Sarkar\|editor2-first=Tanika \|year=2017\|chapter=Building Bijaygarh: A Microhistory of Refugee Squatting in Calcutta\|page=407\|isbn=9781351581721\|publisher=Routledge\|quote=Historians of the Partition of India broadly acknowledge that the demographic upheaval that followed in its wake permanently altered the faces of the capital cities of South Asia. Karachi and Dhaka were transformed overnight into national capitals; Delhi changed from a Mughal city to a Punjabi one, while Calcutta, which had always been a city of migrants, rapidly earned the dubious distinction of becoming a city of refugees.}}
	*{{citation\|last=Virdee\|first=Pippa\|title=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India\|chapter=Partitioning India: Dreams, ~~memories~~, and ~~legacies~~\|editor-last=Jacobsen\|editor-first=Knut A.\|publisher=Routledge\|year=2023\|isbn=9781000984231\|doi=10.4324/9781003278436-3\|quote=The mass migration of people following Partition also fundamentally altered the physical landscape. Delhi, the colonial capital, was transformed from an Urdu-~~speaking~~ Muslim city in character to a city that housed the incoming Punjabi refugees that now lend much of their character to the city. … Delhi retains its Mughal links through the extensive architecture that dominates the city, but the people are now heavily influenced by Punjabi migrants. Mughal place names and influences though are gradually being erased in favour of more ‘ancient’ and ‘authentic’ alternatives.}}		*{{citation\|last=Virdee\|first=Pippa\|title=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India\|chapter=Partitioning India: Dreams, Memories, and Legacies\|editor-last=Jacobsen\|editor-first=Knut A.\|publisher=Routledge\|year=2023\|isbn=9781000984231\|doi=10.4324/9781003278436-3\|quote=The mass migration of people following Partition also fundamentally altered the physical landscape. Delhi, the colonial capital, was transformed from an Urdu-Speaking Muslim city in character to a city that housed the incoming Punjabi refugees that now lend much of their character to the city. … Delhi retains its Mughal links through the extensive architecture that dominates the city, but the people are now heavily influenced by Punjabi migrants. Mughal place names and influences though are gradually being erased in favour of more ‘ancient’ and ‘authentic’ alternatives.}}
	*{{citation\|last=Guha\|first=Ramchandra\|title=India after Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy\|publisher= Pan Macmillan\|year=2011 \|isbn=9780330540209\| quote=Meanwhile, thousands of refugees had made their homes in Delhi itself. Till 1911 that city had been Muslim in character and culture. In that year, the British shifted their capital there from Calcutta. After 1947 New Delhi became the seat of the government of free India. Urdu-speaking Muslims went away to Pakistan, many unwillingly, while Punjabi-speaking Hindus and Sikhas arrived in their place. They set up house, and shop, wherever they could. … Indeed, a city that was once a Mughal city, then a British city, had by the 1950s emphatically become a Punjabi city.}}</ref><ref> A large number of refugees migrated out of Sindh, Pakistan in 1947. They were found living in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Hyderabad, and Maharashtra:		*{{citation\|last=Guha\|first=Ramchandra\|title=India after Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy\|publisher= Pan Macmillan\|year=2011 \|isbn=9780330540209\| quote=Meanwhile, thousands of refugees had made their homes in Delhi itself. Till 1911 that city had been Muslim in character and culture. In that year, the British shifted their capital there from Calcutta. After 1947 New Delhi became the seat of the government of free India. Urdu-speaking Muslims went away to Pakistan, many unwillingly, while Punjabi-speaking Hindus and Sikhas arrived in their place. They set up house, and shop, wherever they could. … Indeed, a city that was once a Mughal city, then a British city, had by the 1950s emphatically become a Punjabi city.}}</ref><ref> A large number of refugees migrated out of Sindh, Pakistan in 1947. They were found living in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Hyderabad, and Maharashtra:
	*{{cite journal \|last1 = Gautam \| first1 = Khushboo \| last2 = Devnani \| first2 = Chanchal \| last3 = Dasgupta \| first3 = Shruti \| last4 = Reddy \| first4 = Madhusudan \| title = Genetic architecture of the Sindhi Indian population: a 19X-STR forensic analysis\| journal = BMC Genomics \| year = 2025 \| volume = 26 \| issue = 889 \| article-number = 889 \| doi=10.1186/s12864-025-12032-8 \| pmid = 41057809 \| pmc = 12505593 \| doi-access = free \| quote = A large number of Sindhi migrated from Pakistan after the partition of India in 1947 and were found inhabiting Gujarat, Rajasthan, Hyderabad, and Maharashtra.}}		*{{cite journal \|last1 = Gautam \| first1 = Khushboo \| last2 = Devnani \| first2 = Chanchal \| last3 = Dasgupta \| first3 = Shruti \| last4 = Reddy \| first4 = Madhusudan \| title = Genetic architecture of the Sindhi Indian population: a 19X-STR forensic analysis\| journal = BMC Genomics \| year = 2025 \| volume = 26 \| issue = 889 \| article-number = 889 \| doi=10.1186/s12864-025-12032-8 \| pmid = 41057809 \| pmc = 12505593 \| doi-access = free \| quote = A large number of Sindhi migrated from Pakistan after the partition of India in 1947 and were found inhabiting Gujarat, Rajasthan, Hyderabad, and Maharashtra.}}
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	*{{cite book\|last1=Ansari\|first1=Sarah \| last2= Gould \|first2 = William \| title = Boundaries of Belonging: Localities, Citizenship and Rights in India and Pakistan \| page = 71\| publisher = Cambridge University Press\| year = 2019\|doi=10.1017/9781108164511.004 \| quote = Though a definitive total is impossible to provide thanks to the massive demographic confusion that Partition produced, an estimated fourteen to sixteen million people sought to cross the hastily delineated borders in what remains arguably the largest migration in history. ... people crossed the Rajasthan border into and out of Sindh or travelled by ship between the port cities of Bombay and Karachi.}}</ref> losing two-thirds of its Muslim residents, in part due to the pressure brought to bear by the arriving Hindu and Sikh refugees from western Punjab.<ref>		*{{cite book\|last1=Ansari\|first1=Sarah \| last2= Gould \|first2 = William \| title = Boundaries of Belonging: Localities, Citizenship and Rights in India and Pakistan \| page = 71\| publisher = Cambridge University Press\| year = 2019\|doi=10.1017/9781108164511.004 \| quote = Though a definitive total is impossible to provide thanks to the massive demographic confusion that Partition produced, an estimated fourteen to sixteen million people sought to cross the hastily delineated borders in what remains arguably the largest migration in history. ... people crossed the Rajasthan border into and out of Sindh or travelled by ship between the port cities of Bombay and Karachi.}}</ref> losing two-thirds of its Muslim residents, in part due to the pressure brought to bear by the arriving Hindu and Sikh refugees from western Punjab.<ref>
	*{{citation\|last=Talbot\|first=Ian\|title=The History of British Diplomacy in Pakistan\|year=2020\|publisher=Routledge\|isbn=9781000326703 \|quote=Delhi had also experienced a refugee influx that transformed it from a Mughal city to a Punjabi city in the aftermath of Partition. Despite the departure of around 300,000 Muslims, the city’s population grew dramatically with attendant pressures on housing. By the beginning of August 1947, there were already 80,000 refugees in the city, and after the Transfer of Power, this number was swollen daily by around 4,000–5,000 migrants from Pakistan Punjab. The 1951 Census revealed that every third person in the city was a partition migrant.}}		*{{citation\|last=Talbot\|first=Ian\|title=The History of British Diplomacy in Pakistan\|year=2020\|publisher=Routledge\|isbn=9781000326703 \|quote=Delhi had also experienced a refugee influx that transformed it from a Mughal city to a Punjabi city in the aftermath of Partition. Despite the departure of around 300,000 Muslims, the city’s population grew dramatically with attendant pressures on housing. By the beginning of August 1947, there were already 80,000 refugees in the city, and after the Transfer of Power, this number was swollen daily by around 4,000–5,000 migrants from Pakistan Punjab. The 1951 Census revealed that every third person in the city was a partition migrant.}}
	*{{citation\|last=Kumar\|first=Sunil\|chapter=Delhi\|title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought \|editor1-last = Bowering\|editor1-first =Gerhard\| editor2-last =Crone\|editor2-first= Patricia\|editor3-last=Mirza\|editor3-first=Mahan\|publisher=Princeton University Press\|isbn= 9780691134840 \|year=2013 \| page = 127\| quote=... it was not until 1648 and the construction of the new city in the northern part of the riverine plain by Shibab al-Did Shah Jahan that the imperial capital returned to Delhi. The new capital was named Shahajahanabad … was the largest, most complex, and expansive city to be constructed in the Delhi region. … The demise of Shahjahanabad as a center of culture, ~~social life~~, and ~~political~~ authority was confirmed when the British started constructing New Delhi as their capital. The new colonial capital was modeled on architectural paradigms first tested in South Africa and Australia and, other than in its decorative aspects, retained little of the urban traditions of the Delhi Sultanate or Shajahanabad. Independent India inherited this city as its capital in 1947, a transition that was disrupted by partition and communal clashes with large numbers of the city’s Muslim population fled and were replaced by displaced Punjabi refugees from West Pakistan. The demographic change in the population brought new residents to the city who were far removed from its history and culture. ‘’Hazrat-i-Dehli’’ meant little to the new residents of the capital of independent India, a past of the city that resides uneasily with its present.}}		*{{citation\|last=Kumar\|first=Sunil\|chapter=Delhi\|title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought \|editor1-last = Bowering\|editor1-first =Gerhard\| editor2-last =Crone\|editor2-first= Patricia\|editor3-last=Mirza\|editor3-first=Mahan\|publisher=Princeton University Press\|isbn= 9780691134840 \|year=2013 \| page = 127\| quote=... it was not until 1648 and the construction of the new city in the northern part of the riverine plain by Shibab al-Did Shah Jahan that the imperial capital returned to Delhi. The new capital was named Shahajahanabad … was the largest, most complex, and expansive city to be constructed in the Delhi region. … The demise of Shahjahanabad as a center of culture, Social Life, and Political authority was confirmed when the British started constructing New Delhi as their capital. The new colonial capital was modeled on architectural paradigms first tested in South Africa and Australia and, other than in its decorative aspects, retained little of the urban traditions of the Delhi Sultanate or Shajahanabad. Independent India inherited this city as its capital in 1947, a transition that was disrupted by partition and communal clashes with large numbers of the city’s Muslim population fled and were replaced by displaced Punjabi refugees from West Pakistan. The demographic change in the population brought new residents to the city who were far removed from its history and culture. ‘’Hazrat-i-Dehli’’ meant little to the new residents of the capital of independent India, a past of the city that resides uneasily with its present.}}
	*{{cite journal \| last = Geva \| first = Rotem \| title = Press charges: renegotiating free speech and citizenship in post-partition Delhi \| journal = Contemporary South Asia \| publisher = Routledge \| year = 2024 \| volume = 32 \| issue = 2 \| pages = 137–150 \| doi = 10.1080/09584935.2024.2341175 \| quote =This article analyzes the conflict between press censorship and press freedom in Delhi during the period immediately after partition, …. Decolonization had a momentous impact on India’s capital city, Delhi, resulting in structural shifts and dislocations. As the seat of political power and an emblem of the nation, Delhi was central to the projects of nation building and state formation, with their attendant ideological and power struggles. At the same time, Delhi became a ‘partition city,’ overwhelmed with roughly half a million Hindu and Sikh refugees from West Pakistan, desperate for food, ~~shelter~~, and ~~livelihood~~. Amid this crisis, major violence erupted, targeting Delhi’s Muslims and forcing over two-thirds of them to flee to Pakistan.}}		*{{cite journal \| last = Geva \| first = Rotem \| title = Press charges: renegotiating free speech and citizenship in post-partition Delhi \| journal = Contemporary South Asia \| publisher = Routledge \| year = 2024 \| volume = 32 \| issue = 2 \| pages = 137–150 \| doi = 10.1080/09584935.2024.2341175 \| quote =This article analyzes the conflict between press censorship and press freedom in Delhi during the period immediately after partition, …. Decolonization had a momentous impact on India’s capital city, Delhi, resulting in structural shifts and dislocations. As the seat of political power and an emblem of the nation, Delhi was central to the projects of nation building and state formation, with their attendant ideological and power struggles. At the same time, Delhi became a ‘partition city,’ overwhelmed with roughly half a million Hindu and Sikh refugees from West Pakistan, desperate for food, Shelter, and Livelihood. Amid this crisis, major violence erupted, targeting Delhi’s Muslims and forcing over two-thirds of them to flee to Pakistan.}}
	</ref>		</ref>
	After independence in 1947, New Delhi continued as the capital of the [[Dominion of India]], and after 1950, of the [[Republic of India]].		After independence in 1947, New Delhi continued as the capital of the [[Dominion of India]], and after 1950, of the [[Republic of India]].