>Gowhk8: Erroneous information added.

2021-07-07T07:09:07Z

Erroneous information added.

New page

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Deccani
| nativename = {{nq|دکنی}}
| image = File:Khalilullah Butshikan - From Dohras (Songs) 40 and 42 from the Kitab-i Nauras (Book of Nine Essence - 2013.284 - Cleveland Museum of Art.jpg
| imagecaption = A folio from the Kitab-i-Navras, a collection of Deccani poetry attributed to the [[Adil Shahi]] king [[Ibrahim Adil Shah II]] (16th-17th centuries)
| ethnicity = [[Deccani People]]
| states = [[India]]
| region = [[Deccan]] ([[Marathwada]], [[Khandesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Hyderabad-Karnataka]], [[Telangana]], Southern and Central [[Andhra Pradesh]], Northern [[Tamil Nadu]]; minority speakers found in the states of [[Goa]] and [[Kerala]])
| speakers =
| date =
| ref =
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Central Indo-Aryan languages|Central Zone]]
| fam5 = [[Western Hindi]]
| fam6 = [[Hindustani language]]
| fam7 = [[Hindustani language|Dehlavi]]
| script = [[Arabic script|Perso-Arabic]] ([[Urdu alphabet]])
| dia1 = [[Hyderabadi Urdu|Hyderabadi]]
| dia2 = Mysore
| agency =
| glotto = dakh1244
| glottorefname = Dakhini (Urdu)
| stand1 = [[Standard Urdu]]
| isoexception = dialect
}}

'''Deccani''' (also known as '''Deccani Urdu'''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Khan|first=Abdul Jamil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nH1HBxdA1UIC&q=deccani+urdu&pg=PA156|title=Urdu/Hindi: An Artificial Divide: African Heritage, Mesopotamian Roots, Indian Culture & Britiah Colonialism|date=2006|publisher=Algora Publishing|isbn=978-0-87586-438-9|language=en}}</ref> and '''Deccani Hindi''')<ref name="Azam2017">{{cite book |last1=Azam |first1=Kousar J. |title=Languages and Literary Cultures in Hyderabad |date=9 August 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-39399-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Verma1990">{{cite book |last1=Verma |first1=Dinesh Chandra |title=Social, Economic, and Cultural History of Bijapur |date=1990 |publisher=Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli |page=141 |language=en |quote=Deccani Hindi is indebted for its development to the Muslim poets and writers chiefly belonging to the kingdom of Bijapur.}}</ref><ref name="Arun1961">{{cite book |last1=Arun |first1=Vidya Bhaskar |title=A Comparative Phonology of Hindi and Panjabi |date=1961 |publisher=Panjabi Sahitya Akademi |page=xii |language=en |quote=The Deccani Hindi Poetry in its earlier phase was not so much Persianised as it became later.}}</ref> or '''Dakni''', '''Dakhni''', '''Dakhini''', '''Dakkhani''' and '''Dakkani''' ({{nq|دکنی}}, ''dekanī'' or ''dakhanī''), is a variety of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] spoken in the [[Deccan]] region of [[India]] and the native language of the [[Deccani Muslims|Deccani people]]. Commonly associated with [[Urdu]], the historical dialect sparked the development of [[Urdu literature]] during the [[Mughal Empire|late-Mughal period]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Imam|first=Syeda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ww3GYpMrwysC&q=mughals+made+urdu+official&pg=PT120|title=The Untold Charminar|date=2008-05-14|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-81-8475-971-6|language=en}}</ref> and was a predecessor to and later influenced modern day [[Hindi]]. The modern variety spoken today, however, is heavily influenced by [[Urdu|Standard Urdu]]. The northern dialects (e.g. [[Hyderabadi Urdu]]) are virtually indistinguishable from Standard Urdu, apart from accent and certain vocabulary, while the southern dialects more closely resemble the historical language.{{Sfn|Mustafa|2008|p=185}} It arose as a lingua franca under the [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmani]] and later [[Deccan sultanates|Deccan Sultanates]], ca. 1300 AD, as trade and migration from the north introduced [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] to [[South India|Southern India]]. It differs from [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] because of the strong influence of [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Kannada]] spoken in the states of [[Maharashtra]], [[Telangana]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Karnataka]].

The term "Deccani" and its variants are often used in two different contexts: a historical, obsolete one, referring to the medieval-era literary predecessor of Hindi-Urdu;{{Sfn|Rahman|2011|p=22}} and an oral one, referring to the lect spoken in many areas of the Deccan today.{{Sfn|Rahman|2011|p=4}} Both contexts have intricate historical ties.

==History==

=== Origin and Growth ===
As a predecessor of modern [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]],{{Sfn|Rahman|2011|p=27}} Deccani has its origins in the [[Language contact|contact dialect]] spoken around Delhi, known by names such as ''Hindavi'' and ''[[Dehlavi]].'' In the early 14th century, this dialect was introduced in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] region through the military exploits of [[Alauddin Khalji]].{{Sfn|Mustafa|2008|p=185}} In 1327 AD, [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] shifted his [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultanate]]'s capital from [[Delhi]] to [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Daulatabad]] (near present-day [[Aurangabad]], Maharashtra), causing a mass migration; governors, soldiers and common people moved south, bringing the dialect with them.{{sfn|Dua|2012|p=383}} At this time (and for the next few centuries) the cultural centres of the northern Indian subcontinent were under [[Persian language|Persian]] linguistic hegemony.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Matthews|first=David|title=Urdu|url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/urdu|url-status=live|website=Encyclopaedia Iranica}}</ref>

The [[Bahmani Sultanate]] was formed in 1347 AD with [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Daulatabad]] as its capital. This was later moved to [[Gulbarga]] and once again, in 1430, to [[Bidar]]. By this time, the dialect had acquired the name ''Dakhni,'' from the name of the region itself, and had become a lingua franca for the linguistically diverse people of the region. The Bahmanids greatly promoted Persian, and did not show any notable patronage for Deccani.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schmidt|first=Ruth L.|title=Dakhini Urdu : History and Structure|year=1981|location=New Delhi|pages=3 & 6}}</ref> However, their 150-year rule saw the burgeoning of a local Deccani literary culture outside the court, as religious texts were made in the language. The [[Sufism|Sufis]] in the region (such as Shah Miranji) were an important vehicle of Deccani; they used it in their preachings since regional languages were more accessible (than Persian) to the general population. This era also saw production of the [[Masnavi (poetic form)|''masnavi'']] ''[[Kadam Rao Padam Rao]]'' by Fakhruddin Nizami in the region around Bidar. It is the earliest available manuscript of the Hindavi/Dehlavi/Deccani language, and contains loanwords from local languages such as Telugu and Marathi. Digby suggests that it was not produced in courtly settings.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Digby|first=Simon|title=Before Timur Came: Provincialization of the Delhi Sultanate through the Fourteenth Century|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25165052?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents|journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient|volume=47|pages=333–335|via=JSTOR}}</ref>

=== Height ===
[[File:Phulban - a Persian love story (in Dakkhini Urdu).jpg|thumb|Illustrated page from ibn-e-Nishati's "Phulban" (Flower Garden), a Deccani Urdu rendition of an unknown Persian work. Written under the patronage of [[Abdullah Qutb Shah]], depicted here seated on a throne.]]
In the early 16th century, the Bahmani Sultanate splintered into the [[Deccan sultanates|Deccan Sultanates]]. These were also Persianate in culture, but were characterised by an affinity towards regional languages. They are largely responsible for the development of the Deccani literary tradition, which became concentrated at [[Golconda Sultanate|Golconda]] and [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]].{{Sfn|Shaheen|Shahid|2018|p=100}} Numerous Deccani poets were patronised in this time. According to Shaheen and Shahid, Golconda was the literary home of Asadullah Wajhi (author of ''Sab Ras''), ibn-e-Nishati (''Phulban''), and Ghwasi (''Tutinama'')''.'' Bijapur played host to Hashmi Bijapuri, San‘ati, and Mohammed Nusrati over the years.{{Sfn|Shaheen|Shahid|2018|p=124}}

The rulers themselves participated in these cultural developments. [[Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah]] of the [[Golconda Sultanate]] wrote poetry in Deccani, which was compiled into a ''[[Kulliyat]].'' It is widely considered to be the earliest Urdu poetry of a secular nature.{{Sfn|Rahman|2011|p=27}} [[Ibrahim Adil Shah II]] of the [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur Sultanate]] produced ''Kitab-e-Navras'' (Book of the Nine [[Rasa (aesthetics)|Rasas]]), a work of musical poetry written entirely in Deccani.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Matthews|first=David J.|title=Eighty Years of Dakani Scholarship|url=https://minds.wisconsin.edu/handle/1793/11813|journal=The Annual of Urdu Studies|volume=9|pages=92–93}}</ref>

Although the poets of this era were well-versed in Persian, they were characterised by a preference for indigenous cultures, and a drive to stay independent of esoteric language. As a result, the language they cultivated emphasised the [[Sanskrit]]ic roots of Deccani without overshadowing it, and borrowed from neighbouring languages (especially Marathi; Matthews states that Dravidian influence was much less{{Sfn|Matthews|1976|p=170}}). In this regard, Shaheen and Shahid note that literary Deccani has historically been very close to spoken Deccani, unlike the northern tradition that has always exhibited [[diglossia]].{{Sfn|Shaheen|Shahid|2018|p=116}} Poet San'ati is a particular example of such conscious efforts to retain simplicity:{{Sfn|Shaheen|Shahid|2018|p=101-103}}
{{Verse translation|Rakhīyā kām Sahnskrīt ké is mén bōl,
‘Adīk bōlné té rakhīyā hūn amōl;

Jisé Farsī kā na kuch gyān hai,
Sō Dakhnī zabān us kō āsān hai|I have restricted the use of Sanskrit words,
And made it free of unneccesary talk.

Those who have no knowledge of Persian;
For them Dakhnī is a readily understood language.}}

As the language of court and culture, Persian nevertheless served as the model for poetic forms, and a good amount of Persian and Arabic vocabulary was present in the works of these writers. Hence Deccani attempted to strike a balance between Indian and Persian influences,{{Sfn|Shaheen|Shahid|2018|p=103-104}}{{Sfn|Matthews|1976|p=283}} though it did always retain mutual intelligibility with the northern Dehlavi. This contributed to the cultivation of a distinct Deccani identity, separate from the rulers from the north; many poets proudly extolled the Deccan region and its culture.{{Sfn|Shaheen|Shahid|2008|p=106-108}}

Hence, Deccani experienced cultivation into a literary language under the Sultanates, alongside its usage as a common vernacular. It also continued to be used by saints and Sufis for preaching. However, the Sultanates did not use Deccani for official purposes, preferring the prestige language Persian as well as regional languages like Marathi, Kannada, and Telugu.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Eaton|first=Richard|title=A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2005|isbn=9780521254847|series=The New Cambridge History of India|pages=142-144}}</ref>

=== Decline ===
The Mughal conquest of the Deccan by [[Aurangzeb]] in the 17th century connected the southern regions of the subcontinent to the north, and introduced a hegemony of northern tastes. This began the decline of Deccani poetry, as literary patronage in the region decreased. The sociopolitical context of the period is reflected in Hashmi Bijapuri's poem, composed two years after the fall of Bijapur, in a time when many southern poets were pressured to change their language and style for patronage:{{Sfn|Shaheen|Shahid|2018|p=116 & 143}}
{{Verse translation|Tujé chākrī kya tu apnīch bōl,
Térā shér Dakhnī hai, Dakhnīch bōl|Why bother about patrons, in your own words do state;
Your poetry is Dakhni, and only in it should you narrate.}}
The literary centres of the Deccan had been replaced by the capital of the Mughals, so poets migrated to Delhi for better opportunities. A notable example is that of [[Wali Deccani]] (1667–1707), who adapted his Deccani sensibilities to the northern style and produced a [[Diwan (poetry)|''divan'']] in this variety. His work inspired the Persianate poets of the north to compose in the local dialect, which in their hands became an intermediate predecessor of Hindustani known as [[Rekhta]]. This accelerated the downfall of Deccani literature, as Rekhta came to dominate the competing dialects of Mughal Hindustan.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Faruqi|first=Shamsur Rahman|title=Urdu Literary Culture, Part 1|work=Literary Cultures in History. Reconstructions from South Asia.|publisher=University of California Press|year=2003|isbn=0520228219|editor-last=Pollock|editor-first=Sheldon|pages=837 & 839}}</ref> The advent of the [[Asaf Jahis]] slowed this down, but despite their patronage of regional culture, Deccani Urdu's literary tradition died. However, the spoken variety has lived on in the Deccani Muslims, retaining some of its historical features and continuing to be influenced by the neighbouring Dravidian languages.{{Sfn|Shaheen|Shahid|2018|p=118-119}}{{Sfn|Mustafa|2008|p=185}}

==Modern era==
[[File:Deccani Urdu speaking areas by concentration.png|thumb|Areas where Deccani is spoken.]]The term Deccani today is given to a Hindustani lect spoken natively by the Muslims of [[South India]] (who are known as the [[Deccanis]]). It is considered to be the modern, spoken variety of the ''historical'' Deccani dialect, and inherits many features from it. The term Deccani distinguishes the lect from standard Urdu - however, it is commonly considered a "variety" of Urdu,{{Sfn|Rahman|2011|p=4}} and often gets subsumed under this name, both by its own speakers and the official administration. The demise of the literary tradition has meant that Deccani uses standard Urdu as its formal [[Register (sociolinguistics)|register]] (i.e. for writing, news, education etc).{{Sfn|Matthews|1976|p=221-222}}
=== Geographical distribution ===
Deccani speakers centre around Hyderabad, the capital of Telangana. Deccani is also spoken in many other urban areas of the Deccan region and [[Mumbai]], especially those with large Muslim populations such as Bijapur and Gulbarga.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Masica|first=Colin P.|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1993|pages=22 & 426}}</ref>

=== Features ===
Deccani is characterised by the retention of medieval-era features from Hindustani's predecessor dialects, that have disappeared in today's Hindi-Urdu. It is also distinguished by grammar and vocabulary influences from Marathi, Kannada, and Telugu, due to its prolonged use as a lingua franca in the Deccan.{{Sfn|Matthews|1976|p=221-222}} A non-exhaustive list of its unique features, compared with standard Urdu where possible:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Deccani
!Standard Urdu equivalent
!Notes
|-
|minje, tume
|mujhe, tum
|Pronouns: Singular first and second person.
|-
|humna, tumna
|humen, tumen
|
|-
|un, in, une, ine,
|uss, iss
|Pronouns: Singular third person.
|-
|uno, unon
|uss log/woh log
|Pronouns: Plural third person.
|-
|mereku, tereku
|mujko, tujko
|Possessives often used with [[postpositions]] (mera + ku, tera + ku; see Pronunciation section below for explanation of ku).
|-
|suffix -ān (logān, mardān)
| -ān for some words (ladkiyān) and -ein, -on for others (auratein, mardon)
|Used almost exclusively for nouns ending with a consonant. Standard Urdu does not have this restriction.
|-
|apan
|hum log
|Is third person but often used in first person too.
|-
|suffix -ich (main idharich hoon)
|hī (main idhar hī hoon)
|Adds emphasis. Matthews comments that this is "probably from Marathi".{{Sfn|Matthews|1976|p=74}}
|-
|kaiku, ki (kaiku kiya)
|kyon (kyon kiya)
|
|-
|po (main ghar po hoon)
|par (main ghar par hoon)
|Not an exclusive swap; both are used.
|-
|suffix -ingā (kal jaingā, ab karingā)
| -enge (kal jayenge, ab karenge)
|Plural of future tense for second and third person.
|-
|sangāt (Yusuf sangāt jao)
|ke sāth (Yusuf ke sāth jao)
|Not an exclusive swap; both are used.
|-
|nakko (nakko karo)
|(approximately) Mat, nahin (mat karo)
|From Marathi.{{Sfn|Matthews|1976|p=215}}
|-
|kathey (āj chutti hai kathey)
|
|Means "it seems" or "apparently".
|-
|sō (āp kharide sō ghar mere ku pasand hai)
|This does not have a direct equivalent.

In standard Urdu, "jo" and "ko" are used for the same effect.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Masica|first=Colin P.|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1993|isbn=9780521299442|pages=413}}</ref>

(vahan jo log baithe hain, unko main nahi jāntā)
|Roughly means "which/that". "āp kharide sō ghar", the house that you bought. "bade kamre me tha sō kitābān", the books that were in the big room.
|-
|jāko, dhoko, āko
|jāke/jākar, dhoke/dhokar/, āke/ākar
|Not an exclusive swap; ko, ke, and kar are all used.
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|ku (Salim ku dedhey)
|ko (Salim ko dedhey)
|
|-
|jātein, khāraun, ārein, kān
|jāte hain, khā raha hoon, ā rahe hain,
kahān
|Deccani drops the [[Intervocalic consonant|intervocallic]] 'h'. Given examples
are illustrative and non-exhaustive.
|-
|''kh'' ({{Lang|ur|{{Nastaliq| [[خ]] }}}})
|''q'' ({{Lang|ur|{{Nastaliq| [[ق]] }}}})
|Deccani speakers tend to pronounce ''q as kh''. e.g. Khuli Khutub Shah instead of Quli Qutub Shah.
|-
! colspan="3" |Sources:{{Sfn|Matthews|1976|p=222-224}}<ref name=":1" />
|}
These features are used to different degrees among speakers, as there tends to be regional variation. Mustafa names some varieties of Deccani as "(Telugu) Dakkhini, Kannada Dakkhini, and Tamil Dakkhini", based on their influence from the dominant [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian language]] in the spoken region. He further divides Telugu Deccani into two linguistic categories, corresponding to: Andhra Pradesh, which he says has more Telugu influence; and Telangana, with more influence from standard Urdu. The latter is seen especially in [[Hyderabadi Urdu]].{{Sfn|Mustafa|2008|p=186}}

Deccani's use of Urdu as a standard register, and contact with Hindustani (widespread in India), has led to some of its distinctive features disappearing. Hence many of the features in the above table are used side-by-side with those of Standard Urdu.{{Sfn|Matthews|1976|p=179}}

=== Culture ===
Deccani finds a cultural core in and around Hyderabad, where the highest concentration of speakers are; Telangana is one of the only two states of India to provide "Urdu" official status. Deccani Urdu in Hyderabad has found a vehicle of expression through humour and wit, which manifests in events called "[[Mazahiya Mushaira]]", poetic symposiums with comedic themes.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=R.S.|title=A Tentative Paradigm for the Study of Languages and Literary Cultures in Hyderabad City|work=Languages and Literary Cultures in Hyderabad|publisher=Routledge|year=2018|isbn=9781351393997|editor-last=Azam|editor-first=Kousar J|pages=32–33}}</ref> An example of Deccani, spoken in such a context at Hyderabad:

{{Verse translation|Buzdil hai woh jo jeetey ji marne se darr gaya
Ek maich tha jo kaam hi kuch aur kar gaya
Jab maut aako mere ku karne lagi salaam
Main walaikum salaam bola aur marr gaya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghouse Khamakhan (Part 1): Dakhani Mazahiya Mushaira|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nt8JEyT-BBs&t=761s|website=YouTube|publisher=Siasat Daily}}</ref>|It's a coward who fears death while still alive,
It was but me who did something different altogether
When Death came to me and did "Salaam",
I said "walaikum salaam" back and promptly died.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Tongue Tied: The Story of Dakhani|url=http://dakhani.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>|attr1=[[Ghouse Khamakha]]}}
Additionally, the [[Deccani film industry|Deccani Film Industry]] is based in Hyderabad, and its movies are produced in Hyderabadi Urdu.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mumtaz|first=Roase|title=Deccanwood: An Indian film industry taking on Bollywood|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/06/deccanwood-indian-film-industry-bollywood-160623102912455.html|access-date=2018-02-23|website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
===Hindustani===
Deccani is often considered a predecessor of Hindustani. The Deccani literary tradition is largely responsible for the development of modern Hindustani, since contact with southern poets led to a shift in northern tastes and the development of Urdu as a literary language.<ref name=":0" /> Deccani also imparted the practice of writing the local vernacular in the Perso-Arabic script, which eventually became the standard practice for Urdu all over the Indian subcontinent.{{sfn|Dua|2012|pp=383–384}}
==See also==
* [[Hyderabadi Urdu]]
* [[Urdu in Aurangabad]]
* [[Nawayath]]i ([[Kumta]], [[Honnavar]], [[Bhatkal]])
* [[Dakhini Muslims|Deccani Muslims]]
* [[Deccani Film Industry]]
* [[Deccani Marathi]], which goes by the same names

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |first=Hans R. |last=Dua |chapter=Hindi-Urdu as a pluricentric language |editor=Michael Clyne |title=Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ieMgAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA383 |year=2012 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-088814-0}}
* {{citation |title=From Hindi to Urdu: A Social and Political History |last=Rahman |first=Tariq |author-link=Tariq Rahman |year=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-906313-0 |url=http://www.tariqrahman.net/content/hindiurdu1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010094507/http://www.tariqrahman.net/content/hindiurdu1.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2014}}
*{{Citation|last=Mustafa|first=K.S|title=Dakkhni|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Encyclopaedia_of_the_Linguistic_Sciences/9WroLC__7EUC?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover|work=Encyclopaedia of the Linguistic Sciences: Issues and Theories|pages=185-186|year=2008|editor-last=Prakāśaṃ|editor-first=Vennelakaṇṭi|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=1139465503}}
*{{Citation|last=Shaheen|first=Shagufta|title=The Unique Literary Traditions of Dakhnī|work=Languages and Literary Cultures in Hyderabad|year=2018|editor-last=Azam|editor-first=Kousar J|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781351393997|last2=Shahid|first2=Sajjad}}
*{{Cite thesis|last=Matthews|first=David J.|title=Dakani Language and Literature|date=1976|publisher=SOAS University of London|url=https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.465269|url-access=registration}}

==Further reading==
* {{EI3|last=Gricourt|first=Marguerite|year=2015|title=Dakhinī Urdū|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/dakhini-urdu-COM_27709?s.num=64&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.start=60&s.q=dynasty+india}}

{{Urdu topics}}

{{Central Indo-Aryan languages}}

[[Category:Culture of Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Dialects of Urdu]]
[[Category:Urdu in India]]
[[Category:Languages of Telangana]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Deccan sultanates]]

Deccani language - Revision history

Animesh at 06:08, 24 March 2026

2402:8100:2622:20C:A8E2:7E4C:B6D2:A218 at 05:13, 29 June 2022

>Gowhk8: Erroneous information added.