Bharatwiki Socrates: Created page with "{{Short description|American linguist (born 1951)}} {{for multi|the architect|D. Everett Waid|the pilot|Daniel Everett (RAF officer)}} {{Infobox scholar | image = Everett at UNICAMP.jpg | alt = | caption = Everett at the University of Campinas | name = | birth_name = Daniel Leonard Everett | other_names = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1951|07|26}} | birth_place = Holtville, Californi..."

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Created page with "{{Short description|American linguist (born 1951)}} {{for multi|the architect|D. Everett Waid|the pilot|Daniel Everett (RAF officer)}} {{Infobox scholar | image = Everett at UNICAMP.jpg | alt = | caption = Everett at the University of Campinas | name = | birth_name = Daniel Leonard Everett | other_names = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1951|07|26}} | birth_place = Holtville, Californi..."

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{{Short description|American linguist (born 1951)}}
{{for multi|the architect|D. Everett Waid|the pilot|Daniel Everett (RAF officer)}}
{{Infobox scholar
| image = Everett at UNICAMP.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Everett at the [[University of Campinas]]
| name =
| birth_name = Daniel Leonard Everett
| other_names =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1951|07|26}}
| birth_place = [[Holtville, California]], U.S.
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| era =
| region =
| alma_mater = [[University of Campinas]]
| school_tradition =
| main_interests = Linguistics, anthropology, tacit cognition
| notable_ideas = Grammars can be shaped by cultures; there are finite grammars in nonfinite languages {{clarify|date=November 2016}}
| major_works = ''Don't Sleep, There are Snakes''; ''Language: The Cultural Tool''; ''Grammar of the Wari' Language''; ''Linguistic Fieldwork: A Student Guide'' (with Jeanette Sakel)
| influences = [[Noam Chomsky]], [[Edward Sapir]], [[Kenneth Lee Pike|Kenneth L. Pike]], [[Franz Boas]], [[William James]], [[John Searle]], [[Clifford Geertz]], [[Marvin Harris]]
| awards = Many [[National Science Foundation]] grants; FIPA; Jackson Hole Wildlife Film Festival
}}
'''Daniel Leonard Everett''' (born 26 July 1951) is an American [[linguist]] and author best known for his study of the [[Amazon basin]]'s [[Pirahã people]] and [[Pirahã language|their language]].

Everett is currently Trustee Professor of Cognitive Sciences at [[Bentley University]] in [[Waltham, Massachusetts]]. From July 1, 2010 to June 30, 2018, Everett served as [[Dean (education)|Dean]] of Arts and Sciences at Bentley. Prior to Bentley University, Everett was chair of the Department of Languages, Literatures and Cultures at [[Illinois State University]] in [[Normal, Illinois]]. He has taught at the [[University of Manchester]] and the [[University of Campinas]] and is former chair of the Linguistics Department of the [[University of Pittsburgh]].

== Early life ==
Everett was raised near the Mexican border in [[Holtville, California]]. His father was an occasional cowboy, mechanic, and construction worker. His mother was a waitress at a local restaurant. Everett played in rock bands from the time he was 11 years old until converting to Christianity at age 17, after meeting missionaries Al and Sue Graham in [[San Diego]], California.

At age 18, Everett married the daughter of these missionaries, [[Keren Everett|Keren Graham]]. He completed a diploma in Foreign Missions from the [[Moody Bible Institute]] of Chicago in 1975. Daniel and Keren Everett subsequently enrolled in the Summer Institute of Linguistics (now [[SIL International]]), which trains missionaries in field linguistics so that they can translate the [[Bible]] into various world languages.

Because Everett, by his own account, quickly demonstrated a gift for language, he was invited to study [[Pirahã language|Pirahã]], which previous SIL missionaries had, according to Everett, failed to learn in 20 years of study. In 1977, after four months of jungle training and three semesters of courses in linguistic analysis, translation principles, and literacy development, the couple and their three children moved to [[Brazil]], where they studied [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] for a year before moving to a [[Pirahã people|Pirahã]] village at the mouth of the [[Maici River]] in the Lowland [[Amazon Rainforest|Amazonia]] region.<ref name="New Yorker">{{cite magazine |author=Colapinto, John |author-link= John Colapinto |url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/04/16/070416fa_fact_colapinto |title=The Interpreter: Has a remote Amazonian tribe upended our understanding of language? |magazine=The New Yorker |date=April 16, 2007 |access-date=December 30, 2014}}</ref> Since 1999, Everett's stays in the jungle have notoriously included a generator-powered freezer, and a large video and DVD collection. Says Everett, "After twenty years of living like a Pirahã, I’d had it with roughing it."<ref name="New Yorker"/>

== Education in linguistics ==
Everett had some initial success learning the language, but when SIL lost their contract with the Brazilian government, he enrolled in the fall of 1978 at the [[University of Campinas]] in Brazil, under the auspices of which he could continue to study Pirahã. Everett focused on the theories of [[Noam Chomsky]]. His [[master's thesis]], ''Aspectos da Fonologia do Pirahã'', was written under the direction of Aryon Rodrigues, one of the leading experts on Amazonian languages. It was completed in 1980. His [[PhD dissertation]], ''A Lingua Pirahã e Teoria da Sintaxe'', completed in 1983, was written under the direction of [[:pt:Charlotte_Marie_Chambelland_Galves|Charlotte Chambelland Galves]]. This dissertation provided a detailed Chomskyan analysis of Pirahã.<ref name="New Yorker"/>

On one of his research missions in 1993, Everett was the first to document the [[Oro Win language]], one of the few languages in the world to use the rare [[voiceless dental bilabially trilled affricate]] (phonetically, {{IPA|[t̪͡ʙ̥]}}).

== Work ==
=== Amazonian and other American languages ===
Everett has conducted field research on many [[Amazonian languages]], focusing on their [[phonetics]] (sound production), [[phonology]] (sound structures), [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphology]] (word structures), [[syntax]] (sentence structures), discourse structures and content (how people communicate culturally relevant information by stories), pragmatics (how language is constrained by some social settings), [[ethnolinguistics]] (how culture affects linguistic forms), [[historical linguistics]] (the reconstruction of the origin and dispersion of languages by comparing data from other languages), among other areas. He has published a grammar of the [[Wari' language]] (with Barbara Kern), a grammar of Pirahã, and grammar sketches of other languages.

=== ''Aspectos da Fonologia do Pirahã'' ===
Everett's 1979 Universidade Estadual de Campinas master's thesis on the sound system of Piraha, from articulatory phonetics to prosody (e.g. intonation, tone, and stress placement).

=== ''A Língua Pirahã e a Teoria da Sintaxe'' ===
This was Everett's 1983 Sc.D. dissertation at the Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) and is still the most comprehensive statement of Pirahã grammar available. Everett has revised many of his analyses of the language in the intervening years and is planning a much more comprehensive grammar with detailed discourse studies in the coming years.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://daneverettbooks.com/about-dan/about-the-pirahas/ |title = About the Pirahas – Dan Everett Books}}</ref>

=== ''Wari': The Pacaas-Novos Language of Western Brazil'' ===
This 540-page grammar of the [[Wari' language]] was a ten-year project that was undertaken by Everett and New Tribes Missionary, Barbara Kern, who has worked among the Wari' since 1962 and is perhaps the most fluent non-Wari' speaker of the language.

=== Universal grammar ===
Everett eventually concluded that [[Noam Chomsky|Chomsky]]'s ideas about [[universal grammar]], and the universality of [[Recursion#In language|recursion]] in particular (at least understood in terms of self-embedded structures), are falsified by Pirahã. His 2005 article in ''[[Current Anthropology]]'', entitled "Cultural Constraints on Grammar and Cognition in Pirahã",<ref>Daniel Everett, "Cultural Constraints on Grammar and Cognition in Pirahã", ''[[Current Anthropology]]'', volume 46, number 4, August–October 2005, pp. 621–46.</ref> has caused a controversy in the field of linguistics.<ref name="New Yorker" /><ref>Robin H. Ray, [http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2007/pesetsky-ling.html "Linguists doubt exception to universal grammar"], ''[[MIT News]]'', April 23, 2007.</ref> Chomsky called Everett a "charlatan", and said that even if Pirahã had all the properties described by Everett, there would be no implications for universal grammar. "Everett hopes that readers will not understand the difference between UG in the technical sense (the theory of the genetic component of human language) and in the informal sense, which concerns properties common to all languages".<ref>{{cite web |title="Ele virou um charlatão", diz Chomsky - 01/02/2009 |url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/ciencia/fe0102200904.htm |website=www1.folha.uol.com.br |publisher=[[Folha de S.Paulo]] |access-date=3 March 2022 |date=1 February 2009}}</ref>. The June 2009 issue of the Journal of the Linguistic Society of America, ''Language'', contains a nearly 100-page debate between Everett and some of his principal critics.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Andrew |last1=Nevins |first2=David |last2=Pesetsky |first3=Cilene |last3=Rodrigues |title=Pirahã Exceptionality: A Reassessment |publisher=[[Linguistic Society of America]] |journal=Language |volume=85 |number=2 |pages=355–404 |date=June 2009 |doi=10.1353/lan.0.0107 |hdl=1721.1/94631 |s2cid=15798043 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/i40021611|hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=Daniel |last1=Everett |title=Pirahã Culture and Grammar: A Response to Some Criticisms |publisher=[[Linguistic Society of America]] |journal=Language |volume=85 |number=2 |pages=405–42 |date=June 2009 |doi=10.1353/lan.0.0104 |s2cid=59069607 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/i40021611}}</ref>

=== ''Don't Sleep, There Are Snakes: Life and Language in the Amazonian Jungle'' ===
In November 2008, Everett's book on the culture and language of the [[Pirahã people|Pirahã]] people, and what it was like to live among them, was published in the United Kingdom by Profile Books and in the United States by Pantheon Books. Blackwell's booksellers in the UK selected this as one of the best books of 2009 in the UK. National Public Radio selected it as one of the best books of 2009 in the US. Translations have appeared in German, French, and Korean, and others are due to appear in 2010 in Thai, and Mandarin. Although the book has been discussed widely on the internet for the chapter that discusses his abandonment of religious faith,{{cn|date=July 2019}} it is mainly about doing scientific field research and the discoveries that this has led to about the grammar and culture of the Pirahã people.{{cn|date=July 2019}} ''Don't Sleep, There Are Snakes'' was runner-up for the 2008 award for adult non-fiction from the Society of Midland Authors.<ref>{{cite web|author=Mary Claire Hersh |url=http://www.midlandauthors.com/winners_past.html#2008 |title=Society of Midland Authors Prior Award Winners |publisher=www.midlandauthors.com |access-date=2015-09-19}}</ref>

=== ''Language: The Cultural Tool'' ===
This book develops an alternative to the view that language is innate. It argues that language is, like the bow and arrow, a tool to solve a common human problem, the need to communicate efficiently and effectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://daneverettbooks.com/ |title=Dan Everett – Linguist, author, philosopher, and musician |publisher=Dan Everett Books |date=2015-02-26 |access-date=2015-09-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Tom |last=Bartlett |title=Angry Words |newspaper=Chronicle of Higher Education |date=March 20, 2012 |url=http://chronicle.com/article/Researchers-Findings-in-the/131260/}}</ref>

=== ''Dark Matter of the Mind: The Culturally Articulated Unconscious'' ===
In this book, published by the University of Chicago Press, Everett reviews a great deal of philosophy, anthropology, linguistics, and cognitive science to argue that humans are molded by culture and that the idea of human nature is not a very good fit with the facts. He reiterates and supports Aristotle's claim that the mind is a blank slate and makes the case that the notion of the human self most compatible with the facts is the Buddhist concept of [[Anatta|anātman]].

=== ''How Language Began: The Story of Humanity's Greatest Invention'' ===
In this work, Everett makes the case that ''Homo erectus'' invented language nearly two million years ago and that the subsequent species ''Homo neanderthalensis'' and ''Homo sapiens'' were born into a linguistic world.

== Religious beliefs ==
Influenced by the Pirahã's concept of truth, Everett's belief in [[Christianity]] slowly diminished and he became an atheist. He says that he was having serious doubts by 1982 and had abandoned all faith by 1985. He would not tell anyone about his [[atheism]] until the late 1990s;<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/10/daniel-everett-amazon |location=London |work=The Guardian |first=Patrick |last=Barkham |title=The power of speech |date=10 November 2008}}</ref> when he finally did, his marriage ended in [[divorce]] and two of his three children broke off all contact. However, by 2008 full contact and relations have been restored with his children, who now seem to accept his viewpoint on theism.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19726391-900-interview-out-on-a-limb-over-language/ |first1 = Liz |last1 = Else |first2 = Lucy |last2 = Middleton |title = Interview: Out on a limb over language |work = [[New Scientist]] |access-date = 15 March 2019 |date = 16 January 2008 }}</ref>

== Selected publications ==
=== Books ===
* ''How Language Began: The Story of Humanity's Greatest Invention'' (2017) Liveright (W.W. Norton).
* ''Dark Matter of the Mind: The Culturally Articulated Unconscious'' (2016) University of Chicago Press.
* ''Linguistic Fieldwork'' (2012). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Daniel Everett & Jeanette Sakel.
* ''Language: The Cultural Tool'' (2012). Pantheon Books, New York.
* ''Don't Sleep, There are Snakes: Life and Language in the Amazonian Jungle'' (2008). Pantheon Books, New York.
* ''Wari: The Pacaas Novos Language of Western Brazil'' (1997). Routledge, London, New York.
* ''Why There are No Clitics: An Alternative Perspective on Pronominal Allomorphy'' (1996). SIL, Dallas, Texas.

== Discussed ==
In 2016 [[Tom Wolfe]] published a book, ''[[The Kingdom of Speech]]'', in which he discusses work of four major figures in the history of the sciences of evolution and language, the last of them being Daniel Everett.<ref>An article, ''The Origins of Speech'', was published in [[Harper's Magazine]], presenting in advance the content of this book.</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|http://daneverettbooks.com/}}
* [http://www.essential-media.com/node/119 "The Grammar of Happiness"], a documentary about Everett's life and work.
* [https://www.edge.org/conversation/daniel_l_everett-recursion-and-human-thought "Recursion and human thought: why the Pirahã don't have numbers: A Talk With Daniel L. Everett"], ''Edge''.
* [http://www.utimes.pitt.edu/?p=5265 "Daniel Everett"], ''University of Pittsburgh University Times''.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161103215228/http://machineslikeus.com/interviews/machines-us-interviews-daniel-l-everett/ Daniel Everett's ''Machines Like Us'' interview].
* [http://www2.lse.ac.uk/newsAndMedia/videoAndAudio/channels/publicLecturesAndEvents/player.aspx?id=1430 'Language, Culture, and Being Human'], lecture recorded at the [[London School of Economics]], 22 March 2012.
* [http://keeperofthesnails.blogspot.co.uk/2008/11/interview-with-daniel-everett-author-of.html Interview with Daniel Everett on Keeper of the Snails].
* [https://thehumanist.com/multimedia/podcast/humanist-hour-183-dr-dan-everett-dont-sleep-snakes Interview with Daniel Everett on The Humanist Hour].
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lZKCJK-nmX0 Interview with Daniel Everett on What I've Learned].
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sYpWp7g7XWU "Monolingual Fieldwork" Demonstration by Daniel Everett]

{{subject bar|portal1=Biography|portal2=Languages|portal3=Linguistics|portal4=Indigenous peoples of the Americas}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Everett, Daniel}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Imperial County, California]]
[[Category:Linguists from the United States]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Manchester]]
[[Category:State University of Campinas alumni]]
[[Category:American emigrants to Brazil]]
[[Category:American atheists]]
[[Category:American former Protestants]]
[[Category:American Protestant missionaries]]
[[Category:Protestant missionaries in Brazil]]
[[Category:Missionary linguists]]
[[Category:Linguists of Chapacuran languages]]
[[Category:Linguists of Pirahã]]

Daniel Everett - Revision history