Dalit Panthers - Revision history

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	{{about\|the social movement in [[Maharashtra]]\|the social movement in [[Tamil Nadu]]\|Dalit Panthers Iyyakkam~~}}{{short description\|Social organization~~}}		{{short description\|Social organization}}
			{{about\|the social movement in Indian state of Maharashtra\|the social movement in Indian state of Tamil Nadu\|Dalit Panthers Iyyakkam}}
	{{Use dmy dates\|date=June 2015}}{{use Indian English\|date=July 2017}}		{{Use dmy dates\|date=June 2015}}{{use Indian English\|date=July 2017}}

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	==History==		==History==
	The Dalit Panthers were inspired by the [[Black Panther Party]], a socialist and communist political party that sought to combat racial and economic discrimination against [[African-American]]s, during the [[Civil Rights Movement]] in the United States, which occurred in the mid-20th century. The initiative to form the Dalit Panther movement was taken up by Namdeo Dhasal, J. V. Pawar, Raja Dhale and [[Arun Krushnaji Kamble\|Arun Kamble]] in [[Mumbai\|Bombay]].<ref>{{Cite journal\|date=1974\|title=Dalit Panthers: Another View\|journal=Economic and Political Weekly\|volume=9\|issue=18\|pages=715–716\|issn=0012-9976\|jstor=41497050}}</ref> They conceived of the movement as a radical departure from earlier [[Dalit]] movements, due to its initial emphasis on militancy and revolutionary attitudes, akin to attitudes espoused by their Black American counterparts.{{cn\|date=July 2017}}		The Dalit Panthers were inspired by the [[Black Panther Party]], a socialist and communist political party that sought to combat racial and economic discrimination against [[African-American]]s, during the [[Civil Rights Movement]] in the United States, which occurred in the mid-20th century. The initiative to form the Dalit Panther movement was taken up by Namdeo Dhasal, J. V. Pawar, Raja Dhale and [[Arun Krushnaji Kamble\|Arun Kamble]] in [[Mumbai\|Bombay]].<ref>{{Cite journal\|date=1974\|title=Dalit Panthers: Another View\|journal=Economic and Political Weekly\|volume=9\|issue=18\|pages=715–716\|issn=0012-9976\|jstor=41497050}}</ref> They conceived of the movement as a radical departure from earlier [[Dalit]] movements, due to its initial emphasis on militancy and revolutionary attitudes, akin to attitudes espoused by their Black American counterparts.{{citation needed\|date=July 2017}}

	The Black Panther Party acknowledged and supported the Dalit Panthers through the ''[[The Black Panther (newspaper)\|Black Panther]]'' newspaper, which circulated worldwide on a weekly basis from 1967-1980.{{Citation needed\|reason=Your explanation here\|date=May 2017}}.		The Black Panther Party acknowledged and supported the Dalit Panthers through the ''[[The Black Panther (newspaper)\|Black Panther]]'' newspaper, which circulated worldwide on a weekly basis from 1967 to 1980.{{Citation needed\|reason=Your explanation here\|date=May 2017}}.

	[[File:Raja dhale.jpg\|thumb\|[[Raja Dhale]], One of the original members of the Dalit Panther Party]]		[[File:Raja dhale.jpg\|thumb\|[[Raja Dhale]], One of the original members of the Dalit Panther Party]]

	Most of the organization's members were young men, some of whom were [[Neo-Buddhists]]. Most of the leaders were literary figures whose academic qualifications ranged from not having a basic education to master's degrees. The controversy over [[Raja Dhale\|Raja Dhale's]] article titled "Kala Swatantrya Din" (Black Independence Day), published in ''[[Sadhana (weekly)\|Sadhana]]'', the Dalit Panthers' official publication, on 15 August 1972, created a great sensation and built recognition for the Dalit Panthers through Maharashtra. The Panthers' support of Dhale during this controversy brought him into the movement and made him a prominent leader.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/the-last-panther/21386193\|title=The last Panther\|date=2019-07-21\|website=mid-day\|language=en\|access-date=2019-08-08}}</ref> The leadership split after disagreements over its future and over if other castes should be allowed to join. The name ''Dalit Panther'' was taken up by others in many parts of Maharashtra as well as in other states, such as [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Karnataka]].{{cn\|date=September 2019}}		Most of the organization's members were young men, some of whom were [[Neo-Buddhists]]. Most of the leaders were literary figures whose academic qualifications ranged from not having a basic education to master's degrees. The controversy over [[Raja Dhale\|Raja Dhale's]] article titled "Kala Swatantrya Din" (Black Independence Day), published in ''[[Sadhana (weekly)\|Sadhana]]'', the Dalit Panthers' official publication, on 15 August 1972, created a great sensation and built recognition for the Dalit Panthers through Maharashtra. The Panthers' support of Dhale during this controversy brought him into the movement and made him a prominent leader.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/the-last-panther/21386193\|title=The last Panther\|date=2019-07-21\|website=mid-day\|language=en\|access-date=2019-08-08}}</ref> The leadership split after disagreements over its future and over if other castes should be allowed to join. The name ''Dalit Panther'' was taken up by others in many parts of Maharashtra as well as in other states, such as [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Karnataka]].{{citation needed\|date=September 2019}}

	The Dalit Panthers emerged to fill the vacuum created in Dalit politics resulting from [[B. R. Ambedkar\|B. R. Ambedkar's]] [[Republican Party of India]] splitting into factions. The Dalit Panthers led a renaissance in Marathi literature and art. They advocated for and practised radical politics, fusing the ideologies of [[Ambedkar]], [[Jyotirao Phule]] and [[Karl Marx]]. Crucially, the Dalit Panthers helped invigorate the use of the term ''Dalit'' to refer to lower-caste communities. Their manifesto, issued in 1973, fit the Ambedkarite spirit into a broader Marxist framework and heralded the rise of an autonomous Dalit perspective in post-Independence India.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Satyanarayana and Tharu\|title=The Exercise of Freedom: An Introduction to Dalit Writing \|year=2013\|publisher=Navayana\|location=New Delhi\|isbn=978-8-18905-961-3\|page=55}}</ref>		The Dalit Panthers emerged to fill the vacuum created in Dalit politics resulting from [[B. R. Ambedkar\|B. R. Ambedkar's]] [[Republican Party of India]] splitting into factions. The Dalit Panthers led a renaissance in Marathi literature and art. They advocated for and practised radical politics, fusing the ideologies of [[Ambedkar]], [[Jyotirao Phule]] and [[Karl Marx]]. Crucially, the Dalit Panthers helped invigorate the use of the term ''Dalit'' to refer to lower-caste communities. Their manifesto, issued in 1973, fit the Ambedkarite spirit into a broader Marxist framework and heralded the rise of an autonomous Dalit perspective in post-Independence India.<ref>{{cite book\|last1=Satyanarayana and Tharu\|title=The Exercise of Freedom: An Introduction to Dalit Writing \|year=2013\|publisher=Navayana\|location=New Delhi\|isbn=978-8-18905-961-3\|page=55}}</ref>
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	==See also==		==See also==
	*[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]		*[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
			*[[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi]] (Liberation Panthers Party)
			*Puratchi Bharatham Katchi (Revolution India Party)
	*[[Dalit Shoshit Samaj Sangharsh Samiti]]		*[[Dalit Shoshit Samaj Sangharsh Samiti]]
	*[[Namantar Andolan]]		*[[Namantar Andolan]]
			*[[Anuradha Ghandy]]

	==References==		==References==

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{{about|the social movement in [[Maharashtra]]|the social movement in [[Tamil Nadu]]|Dalit Panthers Iyyakkam}}{{short description|Social organization}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}{{use Indian English|date=July 2017}}

{{Infobox Indian political party
|colorcode = RED
|logo = Dalit Panthers logo.png
|ppchairman =
|foundation = 29 May 1972 <ref name=ra>[[#Ra|Rajawat, p. 325]]</ref>
|founder = [[Namdeo Dhasal]]<br>[[J. V. Pawar]]<br>[[Raja Dhale]]
|headquarters =
|eci =
|ideology = [[Dalit#Political involvement|Dalit socialism]]<br>[[Caste system in India#Criticism|Anti-casteism]]
|flag =
|party_name = Dalit Panthers
|predecessor =
|successor =
|colours =
}}

The '''Dalit Panthers''' are an [[Ambedkarite]] social organisation that seeks to combat [[Caste system in India|caste]] discrimination. The organisation was founded by [[Namdeo Dhasal]], [[Arjun Dangle]], [[Raja Dhale]] and [[J. V. Pawar]] on 29 May 1972 in the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Rajawat |first=Mamta |title=Encyclopaedia of Dalits in India, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oXNQvgAACAAJ&q=Encyclopaedia+of+Dalits+in+In+mamta |year=2004|publisher=Anmol Publications|isbn=978-81-261-2084-0|page=325}}</ref><ref name="Dalits in modern India">{{cite book|last=Michael|first=S. M.|title=Dalits in modern India: vision and values|publisher=SAGE|year=2007|pages=173|isbn=978-0-7619-3571-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xnyo1xPNwxwC&pg=PA172 |access-date=9 January 2010}}</ref> The movement's heyday lasted from the 1970s through the 1980s, and it was later joined by many [[Dalit]]-[[Buddhist]] activists.

==History==
The Dalit Panthers were inspired by the [[Black Panther Party]], a socialist and communist political party that sought to combat racial and economic discrimination against [[African-American]]s, during the [[Civil Rights Movement]] in the United States, which occurred in the mid-20th century. The initiative to form the Dalit Panther movement was taken up by Namdeo Dhasal, J. V. Pawar, Raja Dhale and [[Arun Krushnaji Kamble|Arun Kamble]] in [[Mumbai|Bombay]].<ref>{{Cite journal|date=1974|title=Dalit Panthers: Another View|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=9|issue=18|pages=715–716|issn=0012-9976|jstor=41497050}}</ref> They conceived of the movement as a radical departure from earlier [[Dalit]] movements, due to its initial emphasis on militancy and revolutionary attitudes, akin to attitudes espoused by their Black American counterparts.{{cn|date=July 2017}}

The Black Panther Party acknowledged and supported the Dalit Panthers through the ''[[The Black Panther (newspaper)|Black Panther]]'' newspaper, which circulated worldwide on a weekly basis from 1967-1980.{{Citation needed|reason=Your explanation here|date=May 2017}}.

[[File:Raja dhale.jpg|thumb|[[Raja Dhale]], One of the original members of the Dalit Panther Party]]

Most of the organization's members were young men, some of whom were [[Neo-Buddhists]]. Most of the leaders were literary figures whose academic qualifications ranged from not having a basic education to master's degrees. The controversy over [[Raja Dhale|Raja Dhale's]] article titled "Kala Swatantrya Din" (Black Independence Day), published in ''[[Sadhana (weekly)|Sadhana]]'', the Dalit Panthers' official publication, on 15 August 1972, created a great sensation and built recognition for the Dalit Panthers through Maharashtra. The Panthers' support of Dhale during this controversy brought him into the movement and made him a prominent leader.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/the-last-panther/21386193|title=The last Panther|date=2019-07-21|website=mid-day|language=en|access-date=2019-08-08}}</ref> The leadership split after disagreements over its future and over if other castes should be allowed to join. The name ''Dalit Panther'' was taken up by others in many parts of Maharashtra as well as in other states, such as [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Karnataka]].{{cn|date=September 2019}}

The Dalit Panthers emerged to fill the vacuum created in Dalit politics resulting from [[B. R. Ambedkar|B. R. Ambedkar's]] [[Republican Party of India]] splitting into factions. The Dalit Panthers led a renaissance in Marathi literature and art. They advocated for and practised radical politics, fusing the ideologies of [[Ambedkar]], [[Jyotirao Phule]] and [[Karl Marx]]. Crucially, the Dalit Panthers helped invigorate the use of the term ''Dalit'' to refer to lower-caste communities. Their manifesto, issued in 1973, fit the Ambedkarite spirit into a broader Marxist framework and heralded the rise of an autonomous Dalit perspective in post-Independence India.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Satyanarayana and Tharu|title=The Exercise of Freedom: An Introduction to Dalit Writing |year=2013|publisher=Navayana|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8-18905-961-3|page=55}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
*[[Dalit Shoshit Samaj Sangharsh Samiti]]
*[[Namantar Andolan]]

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Contursi, Janet A. (1993). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2059650 Political Theology: Text and Practice in a Dalit Panther Community], The Journal of Asian Studies 52 (2), 320-339 {{Subscription required |via=[[JSTOR]]}}
* Murugkar, Lata (1991). ''Dalit Panther Movement in Maharashtra: A Sociological Appraisal'', South Asia Books. {{ISBN|0-86132-246-0}}.
* Sebastian, M. (1994). ''Liberating the Caged Dalit Panther'', Emerald Publishers
* Mody, Navroz (Jan. 19, 1974). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4363353 Atrocities on Dalit Panthers], Economic and Political Weekly, 9, (3), 44 {{Subscription required |via=[[JSTOR]]}}
* Pawar, J. V. (2017). ''Dalit Panthers: An Authoritative History'', Forward Press. {{ISBN|978-9387441040}}

{{Black Panther Party}}

[[Category:1972 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Dalit history]]
[[Category:Dalit politics]]
[[Category:Identity politics]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Ambedkarites]]
[[Category:Ambedkarite organisations]]
[[Category:Marxist organizations]]