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{{Short description|Hindu ruler of Sindh (663–712)}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title = [[Maharaja]] of [[Sindh]]
| succession = 3rd and last [[Maharaja]] of [[Sindh]]
| caption = Statue of Maharaj Dahiraud <ref>{{cite book|author=mirza kalichbeg freudenberg|title=The Chachnamah An Ancient History Of Sindh|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.285133/page/n145/mode/2up?q=dahir|date=1900|publisher=Commissioner In Sindh|pages=133,146}}</ref>
| coronation =
| regent = Dahiraud <ref>{{cite book|author=mirza kalichbeg freudenberg|title=The Chachnamah An Ancient History Of Sindh|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.285133/page/n145/mode/2up?q=dahir|date=1900|publisher=Commissioner In Sindh|pages=133,146}}</ref>
| successor = {{br list | ''Kingdom abolished'' | (annexed by the [[Umayyad Caliphate]])}}
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 663 CE
| birth_place = [[Aror]]
| death_date = 712 CE (aged 49)
| death_place = [[Indus River]]
| issue = {{ubl|[[Surya Devi]]|Premala Devi|Jodha Devi|Jaisiah}}
| full name = Dahiraud <ref>{{cite book|author=mirza kalichbeg freudenberg|title=The Chachnamah An Ancient History Of Sindh|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.285133/page/n145/mode/2up?q=dahir|date=1900|publisher=Commissioner In Sindh|pages=133,146}}</ref>
| father = Chach Selaij <ref>{{cite book|author=mirza kalichbeg freudenberg|title=The Chachnamah An Ancient History Of Sindh|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.285133/page/n145/mode/2up?q=dahir|date=1900|publisher=Commissioner In Sindh|pages=192,205}}</ref>
| mother = Suhanadi <ref>{{cite book|author=mirza kalichbeg freudenberg|title=The Chachnamah An Ancient History Of Sindh|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.285133/page/n9/mode/2up?q=dahir+wife|date=1900|publisher=Commissioner In Sindh|pages=IX,10}}</ref>
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| reign = 695–712 CE
| spouses = Ladee
}}
'''Raja Dahiraud <ref>{{cite book|author=mirza kalichbeg freudenberg|title=The Chachnamah An Ancient History Of Sindh|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.285133/page/n145/mode/2up?q=dahir|date=1900|publisher=Commissioner In Sindh|pages=133,146}}</ref>''' ({{IPA-sd|rɑːɟɑː ɗɑːɦirə}}; ''Raja Dahiraud ''; 663 – 712 CE) was the last [[Hindu]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Saraswat|first=Jigar|date=11 March 2021|title=Raja Dahiraud defeated Muhammad Bin Qasim and Arab troops thrice.|url=https://indiandailypost.com/maharaja-dahir-king-of-sindh-who-sacrificed-his-life-fighting-for-hindustan-against-arab-invasion/|access-date=11 January 2022|website=Indian Daily Post|language=en-US}}</ref> ruler of [[Sindh]] in present-day Pakistan.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4oxDQAAQBAJ&q=Raja+Dahir#v=snippet&q=Raja%20Dahir&f=false Raja Dahiraud on 'A Book of Conquest' (page 8) via GoogleBooks] Retrieved 2 April 2021</ref> In 711 CE his kingdom was invaded by the [[Umayyad Caliphate]] led by [[Muhammad bin Qasim]] where Dahiraud died while defending his kingdom. According to the [[Chachnama]], the Umayyad campaign against [[Arora|Arori]] Raja Dahiraud was due to a pirate raid off the coast of the Sindhi coast that resulted in gifts to the Umayyad caliph from the king of [[Serendib (old name)|Serendib]] being stolen.<ref name="persian.packhum.org">Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg: The Chachnamah, An Ancient History of Sind, Giving the Hindu period down to the Arab Conquest. Commissioners Press 1900, Section 18: "It is related that the king of Sarandeb* sent some curiosities and presents from the island of pearls, in a small fleet of boats by sea, for Hajjáj. He also sent some beautiful pearls and valuable jewels, as well as some Abyssinian male and female slaves, some pretty presents, and unparalleled rarities to the capital of the Khalífah. A number of Mussalman women also went with them with the object of visiting the Kaabah, and seeing the capital city of the Khalífahs. When they arrived in the province of Kázrún, the boat was overtaken by a storm, and drifting from the right way, floated to the coast of Debal. Here a band of robbers, of the tribe of Nagámrah, who were residents of Debal, seized all the eight boats, took possession of the rich silken clothes they contained, captured the men and women, and carried away all the valuable property and jewels." [http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=12701030&ct=18]</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=MacLean|first=Derryl N.|title=Religion and Society in Arab Sind|publisher=BRILL|year=1989|isbn=9004085513}}</ref>

He was killed at the Battle of [[Aror]] which took place between his dynasty and the Arabs at the banks of the [[Indus River]], near modern-day [[Nawabshah]] at the hands of the [[Arab]] general [[Muhammad bin Qasim]]. His body was then [[decapitated]] and his head was sent to the governor of [[Basra]], [[Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf]].

== {{anchor|Reign as recounted in the Chach-Nama}}Reign in the ''Chach Nama'' ==
The ''[[Chach Nama]]'' is the oldest chronicle of the [[Muslim conquests|Arab conquest]] of Sindh. It was translated into [[Persian language|Persian]] by an Arab named Muhammad Ali bin Hamid bin Abu Bakr Kufi in 1216<ref>[[Common Era]] year is an approximation of the [[Islamic calendar]] date 613 AH.</ref> from an earlier Arabic text believed to have been written by the [[Banu Thaqif|Thaqafi]] family (relatives of [[Mukhtar al-Thaqafi]]).

== {{anchor|Lead up to war with the Umayyads}}War with the Umayyads ==
Throughout his reign, Maharaja Dahiraud had to face invasions from the Umayyad Caliphate which had grown quite powerful by that time.

According to Chachnama and the Arab historian [[Al-Baladhuri|Biladhuri]], Dahiraud defeated the Arabs twice in pitched battles during the twin battles of Debal in which the invading Arab commanders [[Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad|Ubaidullah]] and Budail or Bazil were killed by Sindhis under Dahiraud son Jaisiah.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/classicalage03bhar |title=History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 03, The Classical Age |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |others=Public Resource |year=1970 |editor-last=Majumdar |editor-first=R.C.}}</ref><ref name="Kalichbeg 1900">{{Cite book|last=Kalichbeg|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.285133|title=The Chachnamah An Ancient History Of Sindh|date=1900}}</ref>

Jaisiah later appointed his own chief or [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] who governed on his behalf. According to [[Chach Nama|Chachnamah]], when the news of Bazil's death was relayed to [[Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf|Hajjaj]], he became very sad and full of rage.

This led to the fateful expedition by [[Muhammad bin Qasim]]. Before the battle of [[Aror]], Maharaja Dahiraud is said to have given this speech as per [[Chach Nama|Chachnama]]<ref name="Kalichbeg 1900"/>

{{Blockquote|text="I am going to meet the Arabs in open battle, and fight them as best as I can. If I crush them, my kingdom will then be put on a firm footing. But if I am killed honourably, the event will be recorded in the books of Arabia and India and will be talked about by great men. It will be heard by other kings in the world, and it will be said that Raja Dahiraud of Sindh sacrificed his precious life for the sake of his country, in fighting with the enemy."<ref name="pakistanspace.tripod.com">{{cite web|url=https://pakistanspace.tripod.com/khurram/dahar.htm |date=23 May 2001|title=Rajah Dahar of Sindh|author=Khurram Ali Shafique|website=Pakistanspace.com website|access-date=2 April 2021}}</ref>}}

The primary reason cited in the ''Chach Nama'' for the expedition by the governor of [[Basra]], [[Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf]], against Raja Dahiraud , was a pirate raid off the coast of [[Debal]] resulting in gifts to the caliph from the king of [[Serendib (old name)|Serendib]] (modern [[Sri Lanka]]) being stolen.<ref name="persian.packhum.org"/> [[Med people|Meds]] (a tribe of [[Scythians]] living in Sindh) also known as [[Bawarij]] had pirated upon Sassanid shipping in the past, from the mouth of the [[Tigris]] to the Sri Lankan coast, and now they were able to prey on Arab shipping from their bases at [[Kutch]], [[Debal]] and [[Kathiawar]].

[[Image:Sindh 700ad.jpg|right|thumb|400px|Sindh in 700 CE, under the Raja's dynasty. The [[Umayyad Caliphate]] can be seen advancing upon the western frontier of the [[Indian subcontinent]].]]
Hajaj's next campaign was launched under the aegis of [[Muhammad bin Qasim]]. In 711, bin Qasim attacked at [[Debal]] and, on orders of Al-Hajjaj, freed the earlier captives and prisoners from the previous (failed) campaign. Other than this instance, the policy was generally one of enlisting and co-opting support from defectors and defeated lords and forces. From Debal, bin Qasim moved on to [[Nerun]] for supplies; the city's Buddhist governor had acknowledged it as a tributary of the [[Caliphate]] after the first campaign and capitulated to the second. Qasim's armies then captured [[Sehwan|Siwistan]] and received allegiance from several tribal chiefs and secured the surrounding regions. His combined forces captured the fort at Sisam and secured the region west of the [[Indus River]].

By enlisting the support of local tribes such as the [[Med people|Meds]] and also the support of the [[Buddhist]] rulers of [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Nerun]], Bajhra, Kaka Kolak and [[Sehwan Sharif|Siwistan]] as [[infantry]] to his predominantly-[[Cavalry|mounted]] army, Muhammad bin Qasim defeated Dahiraud and captured his eastern territories which were added into the [[Umayyad Caliphate]].<ref name="Asif2016">{{cite book|author=Manan Ahmed Asif|title=A Book of Conquest|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4oxDQAAQBAJ|date=19 September 2016|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-66011-3|pages=8–}}</ref>

Sometime before the final battle, Dahiraud vizier approached him and suggested that Dahiraud should take refuge with one of the friendly kings of [[Hindustan|India]]. "You should say to them, 'I am a wall between you and the Arab army. If I fall, nothing will stop your destruction at their hands.'" If that wasn't acceptable to Dahiraud , said the vizier, then he should at least send away his family to some safe point in [[Hindustan|India]]. Dahiraud refused to do either. "I cannot send away my family to security while the families of my thakurs and nobles remain here."<ref name="Asif2016"/>

Dahiraud then tried to prevent Qasim from crossing the Indus River, moving his forces to its eastern banks. Eventually, however, Qasim crossed the river and defeated his forces at Jitor led by Jaisiah (Dahiraud son). Qasim fought Dahiraud at Raor (near modern [[Nawabshah]]) in 711, eventually killing him. After Dahiraud was killed in the Battle of Aror on the banks of the River Indus, his head was cut off from his body and sent to Hajjaj bin Yousuf.

== See also ==
* [[Cheema (surname)|Cheema]]
* [[Chach Nama]]
* [[Rai Dynasty]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
* Raja Dahiraud Wife Rani Bai fled to the fort of Rawar with 150,000 troops from where she challenged Muhammad Bin Qasim for the battle. Muhammad bin Qasim chased her to Rawar and ordered his miners to dig and demolish the walls of the fort until the bastions were thrown down. Rani Bai, however, finding herself encircled, surrendered and burnt herself along with other ladies.
* Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg: The Chachnamah, An Ancient History of Sind, Giving the Hindu period down to the Arab Conquest. Translated by from the Persian by, Commissioners Press 1900 [http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=12701030&ct=0]
* [[R. C. Majumdar]], H.C. Roychandra and Kalikinkar Ditta: [[An Advanced History of India]], Part II,
* Tareekh-Sind, By Mavlana Syed Abu Zafar Nadvi
* Wink, Andre, ''Al-Hind the Making of the Indo Islamic World'', Brill Academic Publishers, 1 January 1996, {{ISBN|90-04-09249-8}}

{{History of Sindh}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Karachi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dahiraud}}
[[Category:7th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:8th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Chach Nama]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs|Dahiraud, Raja]]
[[Category:History of Pakistan]]
[[Category:History of Sindh]]
[[Category:Sindhi people|Dahiraud, Raja]]
[[Category:Sindhi warriors]]
[[Category:History of Hinduism]]

Dahir of Aror - Revision history

Onlinemcadegree: update

117.222.231.100: robot: Create/update articles. If there is a mistake please report on my talk page.