Dadabhai Naoroji - Revision history

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	\| death_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]		\| death_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]
	\| citizenship =		\| citizenship =
	\| nationality = [[~~India~~]]n		\| nationality = [[British subject\|British Indian Subject]]
	\| spouse = Gulbaai		\| spouse = Gulbaai
	\| relations =		\| relations =
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	[[File:Dadabhai Naoroji statue, near Flora Fountain, Mumbai.jpg\|thumb\|Dadabhai Naoroji statue, near [[Flora Fountain]], Mumbai]]		[[File:Dadabhai Naoroji statue, near Flora Fountain, Mumbai.jpg\|thumb\|Dadabhai Naoroji statue, near [[Flora Fountain]], Mumbai]]
	In 1865, Naoroji directed and launch the [[London Indian Society]], the purpose of which was to discuss Indian political, social and literary subjects.<ref>Fourteenth Annual General Meeting of the British Indian Association, 14 February 1866, p.22 British Indian Association</ref> In 1861 Naoroji founded [[The Zoroastrian Trust Funds of Europe]] alongside Muncherjee Hormusji Cama.<ref name="Hinnells2005">{{cite book\|author=John R. Hinnells\|title=The Zoroastrian Diaspora: Religion and Migration\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfO4-5yh7VYC\|access-date=19 May 2017\|date=28 April 2005\|publisher=OUP Oxford\|isbn=978-0-19-826759-1\|page=388}}</ref> In 1867 he also helped to establish the East India Association, one of the predecessor organisations of the [[Indian National Congress]] with the aim of putting across the Indian point of view before the British public. The Association was instrumental in counter-acting the [[propaganda]] by the [[Ethnological Society of London]] which, in its session in 1866, had tried to prove the inferiority of the Asians to the Europeans. This Association soon won the support of eminent Englishmen and was able to exercise considerable influence in the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom\|British parliament]].{{citation needed\|date=August 2019}} The organization soon had branches in Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Sequeira\|first=Dolly Ellen\|title=Total History & Civics 10\|publisher=[[Morning Star]]\|year=2021\|editor-last=Raj\|editor-first=S. Irudaya\|location=Delhi}}</ref> In 1874, he became Prime Minister of [[Vadodara\|Baroda]] and was a member of the [[Legislative Council of Bombay]] (1885–88). He was also a member of the [[Indian National Association]] founded by Sir [[Surendranath Banerjea]] from [[Calcutta]] a few years before the founding of the [[Indian National Congress]] in Bombay, with the same objectives and practices.<ref name=" INC_BritishRaj"/> The two groups later merged into the INC, and Naoroji was elected President of the Congress in 1886. Naoroji published ''Poverty and un-British Rule in India'' in 1901.<ref name="INC_BritishRaj"/>		In 1865, Naoroji directed and launch the [[London Indian Society]], the purpose of which was to discuss Indian political, social and literary subjects.<ref>Fourteenth Annual General Meeting of the British Indian Association, 14 February 1866, p.22 British Indian Association</ref> In 1861 Naoroji founded [[The Zoroastrian Trust Funds of Europe]] alongside Muncherjee Hormusji Cama.<ref name="Hinnells2005">{{cite book\|author=John R. Hinnells\|title=The Zoroastrian Diaspora: Religion and Migration\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfO4-5yh7VYC\|access-date=19 May 2017\|date=28 April 2005\|publisher=OUP Oxford\|isbn=978-0-19-826759-1\|page=388}}</ref> In 1867 he also helped to establish the East India Association, one of the predecessor organisations of the [[Indian National Congress]] with the aim of putting across the Indian point of view before the British public. The Association was instrumental in counter-acting the [[propaganda]] by the [[Ethnological Society of London]] which, in its session in 1866, had tried to prove the inferiority of the Asians to the Europeans. This Association soon won the support of eminent Englishmen and was able to exercise considerable influence in the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom\|British parliament]].{{citation needed\|date=August 2019}} The organization soon had branches in Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Sequeira\|first=Dolly Ellen\|title=Total History & Civics 10\|publisher=[[Morning Star (publisher)\|Morning Star]]\|year=2021\|editor-last=Raj\|editor-first=S. Irudaya\|location=Delhi}}</ref> In 1874, he became Prime Minister of [[Vadodara\|Baroda]] and was a member of the [[Legislative Council of Bombay]] (1885–88). He was also a member of the [[Indian National Association]] founded by Sir [[Surendranath Banerjea]] from [[Calcutta]] a few years before the founding of the [[Indian National Congress]] in Bombay, with the same objectives and practices.<ref name=" INC_BritishRaj"/> The two groups later merged into the INC, and Naoroji was elected President of the Congress in 1886. Naoroji published ''Poverty and un-British Rule in India'' in 1901.<ref name="INC_BritishRaj"/>

	[[File: Dadabhai Naoroji, 1892.jpg\|thumb\|Naoroji in 1892.]]		[[File: Dadabhai Naoroji, 1892.jpg\|thumb\|Naoroji in 1892.]]
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	He was married to Gulbai [[Child marriage\|at the age of eleven]]. He died in [[Mumbai\|Bombay]] on 30 June 1917, at the age of 91. Today the [[Dadabhai Naoroji Road]], a heritage road of Mumbai, is named after him. Also, the Dadabhai Naoroji Road in [[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]] is also named after him as well, as Naoroji Street in the [[Finsbury]] area of [[London]]. A prominent residential colony for central government servants in the south of [[Delhi]] is also named Naoroji Nagar. His granddaughters [[Perin Captain\|Perin]] and [[Khurshedben Naoroji\|Khurshedben]] were also involved in the [[Indian independence movement\|independence movement]]. In 1930, Khurshedben was arrested along with other revolutionaries for attempting to hoist the [[Flag of India\|Indian flag]] in a [[Government College (disambiguation)\|Government College]] in [[Ahmedabad]].<ref>{{cite news \|title= Millionaire's daughter arrested \|work=[[Portsmouth Evening News]] \|date=21 August 1930\|access-date=2 December 2014 \|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000290/19300821/079/0004\| via = [[British Newspaper Archive]]}}{{subscription\|date=April 2019}}</ref>		He was married to Gulbai [[Child marriage\|at the age of eleven]]. He died in [[Mumbai\|Bombay]] on 30 June 1917, at the age of 91. Today the [[Dadabhai Naoroji Road]], a heritage road of Mumbai, is named after him. Also, the Dadabhai Naoroji Road in [[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]] is also named after him as well, as Naoroji Street in the [[Finsbury]] area of [[London]]. A prominent residential colony for central government servants in the south of [[Delhi]] is also named Naoroji Nagar. His granddaughters [[Perin Captain\|Perin]] and [[Khurshedben Naoroji\|Khurshedben]] were also involved in the [[Indian independence movement\|independence movement]]. In 1930, Khurshedben was arrested along with other revolutionaries for attempting to hoist the [[Flag of India\|Indian flag]] in a [[Government College (disambiguation)\|Government College]] in [[Ahmedabad]].<ref>{{cite news \|title= Millionaire's daughter arrested \|work=[[Portsmouth Evening News]] \|date=21 August 1930\|access-date=2 December 2014 \|url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000290/19300821/079/0004\| via = [[British Newspaper Archive]]}}{{subscription\|date=April 2019}}</ref>

	==Naoroji's drain theory and poverty==		==Naoroji's famous drain theory and poverty==
	Dadabhai Naoroji's work focused on the drain of wealth from India to Britain during the period rule of [[British rule\|British rule in India]].<ref name=g1>{{cite journal\|doi=10.2307/2051282\|jstor=2051282\|last1=Kozicki\|first1=Richard P.\|last2=Ganguli\|first2=B. N.\|title=Reviewed work: Dadabhai Naoroji and the Drain Theory., B. N. Ganguli\|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies\|volume=26\|issue=4\|pages=728–729\|year=1967}}</ref> One of the reasons that the Drain theory is attributed to Naoroji is his decision to estimate the net national profit of India, and by extension, the effect that colonial rule had on the country. Through his work with economics, Naoroji sought to prove that Britain was draining money out of India.<ref>{{cite journal\|jstor=4357298\|author=Raychaudhuri G.S. \|title=On Some Estimates of National Income Indian Economy 1858–1947\|journal= Economic and Political Weekly \|volume=1\|issue=16 \|year=1966\|pages= 673–679}}</ref> Naoroji described six factors which resulted in the external drain. Firstly, India was [[British Raj\|governed by a foreign government]]. Secondly, India did not attract [[Economic migrant\|immigrants]] which brought labour and capital for economic growth. Thirdly, India paid for Britain's [[Indian Civil Service\|civil administrations]] in India and her [[British Indian Army\|Indian army]]. Fourthly, India bore the burden of [[Empire-building\|empire building]] in and out of its borders. Fifthly, opening the country to [[free trade]] allowed for foreigners to take highly paid jobs over those of equally qualified Indians. Lastly, the principal income-earners would spend their money outside of India or leave with the money as they were mostly foreign personnel.<ref name=g2>{{cite journal\|doi=10.1177/001946466400200201\|author=Ganguli B.N. \|title=Dadabhai Naoroji and the Mechanism of 'External Drain' \|journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review \|volume=2 \|issue=2 \|pages=85–102 \|year=1965 \|s2cid=145180903 }}</ref> In Naoroji's book 'Poverty' he estimated a 200–300 million pounds drain of India's revenue to Britain that was not recirculated into India.<ref name=Banerjee>Banerjee, Sukanya (2010) ''Becoming Imperial Citizens : Indians in the Late Victorian Empire Durham''. Duke University Press. {{ISBN\|978-0-8223-4608-1}}</ref>		Dadabhai Naoroji's work focused on the drain of wealth from India to Britain during the period rule of [[British rule\|British rule in India]].<ref name=g1>{{cite journal\|doi=10.2307/2051282\|jstor=2051282\|last1=Kozicki\|first1=Richard P.\|last2=Ganguli\|first2=B. N.\|title=Reviewed work: Dadabhai Naoroji and the Drain Theory., B. N. Ganguli\|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies\|volume=26\|issue=4\|pages=728–729\|year=1967}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Visana\|first=Vikram\|date=September 2016\|title=VERNACULAR LIBERALISM, CAPITALISM, AND ANTI-IMPERIALISM IN THE POLITICAL THOUGHT OF DADABHAI NAOROJI*\|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/historical-journal/article/abs/vernacular-liberalism-capitalism-and-antiimperialism-in-the-political-thought-of-dadabhai-naoroji/C5A6732A37A4C7330ECBDA39C9C2B6F9\|journal=The Historical Journal\|language=en\|volume=59\|issue=3\|pages=775–797\|doi=10.1017/S0018246X15000230\|issn=0018-246X}}</ref> One of the reasons that the Drain theory is attributed to Naoroji is his decision to estimate the net national profit of India, and by extension, the effect that colonial rule had on the country. Through his work with economics, Naoroji sought to prove that Britain was draining money out of India.<ref>{{cite journal\|jstor=4357298\|author=Raychaudhuri G.S. \|title=On Some Estimates of National Income Indian Economy 1858–1947\|journal= Economic and Political Weekly \|volume=1\|issue=16 \|year=1966\|pages= 673–679}}</ref> Naoroji described six factors which resulted in the external drain. Firstly, India was [[British Raj\|governed by a foreign government]]. Secondly, India did not attract [[Economic migrant\|immigrants]] which brought labour and capital for economic growth. Thirdly, India paid for Britain's [[Indian Civil Service\|civil administrations]] in India and her [[British Indian Army\|Indian army]]. Fourthly, India bore the burden of [[Empire-building\|empire building]] in and out of its borders. Fifthly, opening the country to [[free trade]] allowed for foreigners to take highly paid jobs over those of equally qualified Indians. Lastly, the principal income-earners would spend their money outside of India or leave with the money as they were mostly foreign personnel.<ref name=g2>{{cite journal\|doi=10.1177/001946466400200201\|author=Ganguli B.N. \|title=Dadabhai Naoroji and the Mechanism of 'External Drain' \|journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review \|volume=2 \|issue=2 \|pages=85–102 \|year=1965 \|s2cid=145180903 }}</ref> In Naoroji's book 'Poverty and Un-British Rule in India' he estimated a 200–300 million pounds drain of India's revenue to Britain that was not recirculated into India.<ref name=Banerjee>Banerjee, Sukanya (2010) ''Becoming Imperial Citizens : Indians in the Late Victorian Empire Durham''. Duke University Press. {{ISBN\|978-0-8223-4608-1}}</ref>

	When referring to the drain, Naoroji stated that he believed some tribute was necessary as payment for the services that Britain brought to India such as the [[Indian Railways\|newly-constructed railways]]. However the money from these services were being drained out of India; for instance the money being earned by the railways did not belong to India, which supported his assessment that India was sending too much to Britain. According to Naoroji, India was paying tribute for something that was not bringing profit to the country directly. Instead of paying off foreign investment which other countries did, India was paying for services rendered despite the operation of the railway being already profitable for Britain. This type of drain was experienced in different ways as well, for instance, British workers earning wages that were not equal with the work that they have done in India, or trade that undervalued India's goods and overvalued outside goods.<ref name=g1/><ref name=g2/> British workers in India were encouraged to take on high paying jobs in India, and the British government allowed them to take a portion of their income back to Britain. Furthermore, the [[East India Company\|Honourable East India Company]] was purchasing Indian goods with money drained from India to export to Britain, which was a way that the opening up of free trade allowed India to be exploited.<ref name=adi>Doctor, Adi H. (1997) ''Political Thinkers of Modern India''. New Delhi Mittal Publications. {{ISBN\|978-8170996613}}</ref>		When referring to the drain, Naoroji stated that he believed some tribute was necessary as payment for the services that Britain brought to India such as the [[Indian Railways\|newly-constructed railways]]. However the money from these services were being drained out of India; for instance the money being earned by the railways did not belong to India, which supported his assessment that India was sending too much to Britain. According to Naoroji, India was paying tribute for something that was not bringing profit to the country directly. Instead of paying off foreign investment which other countries did, India was paying for services rendered despite the operation of the railway being already profitable for Britain. This type of drain was experienced in different ways as well, for instance, British workers earning wages that were not equal with the work that they have done in India, or trade that undervalued India's goods and overvalued outside goods.<ref name=g1/><ref name=g2/> British workers in India were encouraged to take on high paying jobs in India, and the British government allowed them to take a portion of their income back to Britain. Furthermore, the [[East India Company\|Honourable East India Company]] was purchasing Indian goods with money drained from India to export to Britain, which was a way that the opening up of free trade allowed India to be exploited.<ref name=adi>Doctor, Adi H. (1997) ''Political Thinkers of Modern India''. New Delhi Mittal Publications. {{ISBN\|978-8170996613}}</ref>
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	* Codell, J. "Decentering & Doubling Imperial Discourse in the British Press: D. Naoroji & M. M. Bhownaggree," Media History 15 (Fall 2009), 371–84.		* Codell, J. "Decentering & Doubling Imperial Discourse in the British Press: D. Naoroji & M. M. Bhownaggree," Media History 15 (Fall 2009), 371–84.
	* Metcalf and Metcalf, Concise History of India		* Metcalf and Metcalf, Concise History of India
			* Vikram Visana, "Vernacular Liberalism, Capitalism, and Anti-Imperialism in the Political Thought of Dadabhai Naoroji," The Historical Journal 59, 3 (2016), 775-797.
	{{Refend}}		{{Refend}}

>Chewings72: Changing short description from "Indian politician" to "Indian politician leader, scholar and writer (1825–1917)" (Shortdesc helper)

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Changing short description from "Indian politician" to "Indian politician leader, scholar and writer (1825–1917)" (Shortdesc helper)

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	'''Dadabhai Naoroji''' (4 September 1825 – 30 June 1917), was a [[Parsi people\|Parsi]] intellectual, educator, cotton trader, and an Indian political and social leader. He was known as the '''Grand Old Man of India'''. Naoroji was the first Indian to be a [[Parliament of the United Kingdom\|British MP]],<ref>{{cite journal \|url=http://sites.google.com/site/jouhsinfo/mukherjee02.pdf \|author=Mukherjee, Sumita \|title='Narrow-majority' and 'Bow-and-agree': Public Attitudes Towards the Elections of the First Asian MPs in Britain, Dadabhai Naoroji and Mancherjee Merwanjee Bhownaggree, 1885–1906 \|journal=[[Journal of the Oxford University History Society]] \|issue=2 (Michaelmas 2004)}}</ref><ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 \|wstitle=Naoroji, Dadabhai \|volume=17 \|page=167}}</ref> He was a Liberal Party member of Parliament (MP) in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom\|House of Commons]] between 1892 and 1895. He began the [[Indian National Congress]], along with [[A.O. Hume]] and [[Dinshaw Edulji Wacha]]. He wrote a book, ''Poverty and Un-British Rule in India''<ref name=EB1911/>, about how India's wealth was being sent to Britain. He was also a member of the [[Second International]] along with [[Kautsky]] and [[Georgi Plekhanov\|Plekhanov]] .		'''Dadabhai Naoroji''' (4 September 1825 – 30 June 1917), was a [[Parsi people\|Parsi]] intellectual, educator, cotton trader, and an Indian political and social leader. He was known as the '''Grand Old Man of India'''. Naoroji was the first Indian to be a [[Parliament of the United Kingdom\|British MP]],<ref>{{cite journal \|url=http://sites.google.com/site/jouhsinfo/mukherjee02.pdf \|author=Mukherjee, Sumita \|title='Narrow-majority' and 'Bow-and-agree': Public Attitudes Towards the Elections of the First Asian MPs in Britain, Dadabhai Naoroji and Mancherjee Merwanjee Bhownaggree, 1885–1906 \|journal=[[Journal of the Oxford University History Society]] \|issue=2 (Michaelmas 2004)}}</ref><ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 \|wstitle=Naoroji, Dadabhai \|volume=17 \|page=167}}</ref> He was a Liberal Party member of Parliament (MP) in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom\|House of Commons]] between 1892 and 1895. He began the [[Indian National Congress]], along with [[A.O. Hume]] and [[Dinshaw Edulji Wacha]]. He wrote a book, ''Poverty and Un-British Rule in India'',<ref name=EB1911/> about how India's wealth was being sent to Britain. He was also a member of the [[Second International]] along with [[Kautsky]] and [[Georgi Plekhanov\|Plekhanov]] .

	In 2014, Deputy Prime Minister [[Nick Clegg]] began the Dadabhai Naoroji Awards for services to UK-India relations.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/dadabhai-naoroji-awards-presented-for-the-first-time\|title=Dadabhai Naoroji Awards presented for the first time – GOV.UK\|website=www.gov.uk\|access-date=1 June 2017}}</ref>		In 2014, Deputy Prime Minister [[Nick Clegg]] began the Dadabhai Naoroji Awards for services to UK-India relations.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/dadabhai-naoroji-awards-presented-for-the-first-time\|title=Dadabhai Naoroji Awards presented for the first time – GOV.UK\|website=www.gov.uk\|access-date=1 June 2017}}</ref>

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	\| name = Dadabhai Naoroji<br/> दादाभाई नौरोजी		\| name = Dadabhai Naoroji<br/> दादाभाई नौरोजी

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References

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{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dadabhai Naoroji<br/> दादाभाई नौरोजी
| office = [[Member of Parliament (UK)|Member of Parliament]] <br/> for [[Finsbury Central (UK Parliament constituency)|Finsbury Central]]
| honorific-prefix =
| honorific-suffix =
| image = Dadabhai_Naoroji 1889.jpg
| caption = Dadabhai Naoroji c. 1889
| parliament =
| predecessor = [[Frederick Thomas Penton]]
| successor = [[William Frederick Barton Massey-Mainwaring]]
| footnotes =
| signature = Dadabhai Naoraji signature.svg
| signature_alt =
| majority = 3
| party = [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]]
| otherparty = [[Indian National Congress]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1825|9|4}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date|df=yes|1917|6|30}} (aged 93)
| death_place = [[Bombay]], [[British India]]
| citizenship =
| nationality =
| spouse = Gulbaai
| relations =
| children =
| residence = London, United Kingdom
| alma_mater = [[University of Mumbai]]
| occupation =
| profession = Academician, politician
| cabinet =
| committees = Legislative Council of Mumbai
| portfolio =
| website =
| term_start = 1892
| term_end = 1895
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| birthname =
}}
'''Dadabhai Naoroji''' (4 September 1825 – 30 June 1917), was a [[Parsi people|Parsi]] intellectual, educator, cotton trader, and an Indian political and social leader. He was known as the '''Grand Old Man of India'''. Naoroji was the first Indian to be a [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British MP]],<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://sites.google.com/site/jouhsinfo/mukherjee02.pdf |author=Mukherjee, Sumita |title='Narrow-majority' and 'Bow-and-agree': Public Attitudes Towards the Elections of the First Asian MPs in Britain, Dadabhai Naoroji and Mancherjee Merwanjee Bhownaggree, 1885–1906 |journal=[[Journal of the Oxford University History Society]] |issue=2 (Michaelmas 2004)}}</ref><ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Naoroji, Dadabhai |volume=17 |page=167}}</ref> He was a Liberal Party member of Parliament (MP) in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] between 1892 and 1895. He began the [[Indian National Congress]], along with [[A.O. Hume]] and [[Dinshaw Edulji Wacha]]. He wrote a book, ''Poverty and Un-British Rule in India''<ref name=EB1911/>, about how India's wealth was being sent to Britain. He was also a member of the [[Second International]] along with [[Kautsky]] and [[Georgi Plekhanov|Plekhanov]] .

In 2014, Deputy Prime Minister [[Nick Clegg]] began the Dadabhai Naoroji Awards for services to UK-India relations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/dadabhai-naoroji-awards-presented-for-the-first-time|title=Dadabhai Naoroji Awards presented for the first time – GOV.UK|website=www.gov.uk|access-date=1 June 2017}}</ref>

[[India Post]] dedicated stamps to Naoroji in 1963, 1997 and 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://parsi-times.com/2018/01/india-post-honors-dadabhai-naoroji-stamp/|title=India Post Honors Dadabhai Naoroji With Stamp – Parsi Times|date=6 January 2018|work=Parsi Times|access-date=19 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://philamirror.info/2017/12/29/india-post-issued-stamp-on-dadabhai-naoroji/|title=India Post Issued Stamp on Dadabhai Naoroji|date=29 December 2017|work=Phila-Mirror|access-date=19 May 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naoroji, Dadabhai}}
[[Category:1825 births]]
[[Category:1917 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the British House of Commons]]