Culture of Thalassery - Revision history

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	[[File:Muchilottu Bhagavathy Theyyam.jpg\|thumbnail\|"Mukathezhuthu"-The face painting of Theyyam, the religious ritual art form in Thalassery]]		[[File:Muchilottu Bhagavathy Theyyam.jpg\|thumbnail\|"Mukathezhuthu"-The face painting of Theyyam, the religious ritual art form in Thalassery]]

	In the colonial era Thalassery was the centre of learning in north Kerala. The first Malayalam newspapers, novels and short stories in Malayalam were written there. Earlier, the well known romantic poem in Malayalam, "Veenapoovu" (Fallen Flower) of Kumaran Asan was published from Thalassery. It was the birthplace of the Communist movement in Kerala. ''Rajya Samacharam'', the first Malayalam newspaper, was published from Thalassery.<ref>~~[http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2005021101990300.htm&date=2005/02/11/&prd=fr&]~~ {{~~webarchive~~\|~~url~~=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606113901/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2005021101990300.htm&date=2005%2F02%2F11%2F&prd=fr& ~~\|date=6 June 2011~~ }}</ref>		In the colonial era Thalassery was the centre of learning in north Kerala. The first Malayalam newspapers, novels and short stories in Malayalam were written there. Earlier, the well known romantic poem in Malayalam, "Veenapoovu" (Fallen Flower) of Kumaran Asan was published from Thalassery. It was the birthplace of the Communist movement in Kerala. ''Rajya Samacharam'', the first Malayalam newspaper, was published from Thalassery.<ref>{{usurped\|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110606113901/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2005021101990300.htm&date=2005%2F02%2F11%2F&prd=fr&]}}</ref>

	The Government of Kerala has included Thalassery in its heritage city project. The project includes the preservation of historial structures.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160823021130/https://www.keralatourism.org/news/206/thalassery-heritage-circuit]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120514031041/http://www.kannuruniversity.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=155&Itemid=134]</ref>		The Government of Kerala has included Thalassery in its heritage city project. The project includes the preservation of historial structures.<ref>{{cite web \|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/news/206/thalassery-heritage-circuit \|title=Archived copy \|website=www.keralatourism.org \|access-date=14 January 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823021130/https://www.keralatourism.org/news/206/thalassery-heritage-circuit \|archive-date=23 August 2016 \|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web \|url=http://www.kannuruniversity.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=155&Itemid=134 \|title=Archived copy \|website=www.kannuruniversity.ac.in \|access-date=14 January 2022 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514031041/http://www.kannuruniversity.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=155&Itemid=134 \|archive-date=14 May 2012 \|url-status=dead}}</ref>

	== Circus ==		== Circus ==
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	== Cuisine ==		== Cuisine ==
	{{Main\|Thalassery biriyani}}		{{Main\|Thalassery biriyani}}
	[[File:Thalassery Falooda.jpg\|thumbnail\|Thalassery Falooda]]<!-- The picture is moved back to cuisine section -->		[[File:Thalassery Falooda.jpg\|thumbnail\|Thalassery Falooda]]
	Thalassery is known for its [[biryani]] (in local dialect, biri-yaa-ni)<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.mysingaporekitchen.com/2012/11/thalassery-biriyani.html \|title=Archived copy \|accessdate=2013-07-04 \|url-status=dead\|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055629/http://www.mysingaporekitchen.com/2012/11/thalassery-biriyani.html \|archivedate=2013-09-21 ~~\|df=~~ }}</ref> Unlike other biriyani cuisines [[Thalassery biryani]] uses [[Kaima]]/[[Jeerakasala]] rice instead of the usual [[basmati rice]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://myexperimentswithfood.blogspot.in/2011_09_01_archive.html \|title=My Experiments With Food \|website=Myexperimentswithfood.blogspot.in \|accessdate=2016-08-07}}</ref> The influence of Arabian/Mughal culture is evident, especially in the dishes of the Muslim community, although many have become popular among all communities.		[[File:Thalassery biriyani in dining table.jpg\|thumb\|Thalassery biriyani]]<!-- The picture is moved back to cuisine section -->
			Thalassery is known for its [[biryani]] (in local dialect, biri-yaa-ni)<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.mysingaporekitchen.com/2012/11/thalassery-biriyani.html \|title=Archived copy \|accessdate=2013-07-04 \|url-status=dead\|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055629/http://www.mysingaporekitchen.com/2012/11/thalassery-biriyani.html \|archivedate=2013-09-21 }}</ref> Unlike other biriyani cuisines [[Thalassery biryani]] uses [[Kaima]]/[[Jeerakasala]] rice instead of the usual [[basmati rice]].<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://myexperimentswithfood.blogspot.in/2011_09_01_archive.html \|title=My Experiments With Food \|website=Myexperimentswithfood.blogspot.in \|accessdate=2016-08-07}}</ref> The influence of Arabian/Mughal culture is evident, especially in the dishes of the Muslim community, although many have become popular among all communities.

	Thalassery Falooda is a regional variant of the Persian dessert. This is a cocktail of fruit salad, dry fruits such as [[Raisin\|black current]], [[pistachio]], [[cashew]], [[almond]] (badam), rose milk and vanilla ice cream.		Thalassery Falooda is a regional variant of the Persian dessert. This is a cocktail of fruit salad, dry fruits such as [[Raisin\|black current]], [[pistachio]], [[cashew]], [[almond]] (badam), rose milk and vanilla ice cream.
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	== Theyyam ==		== Theyyam ==
	[[Theyyam]] is a ritual performance art form<ref>{{cite web\|title=The Science of "Theyyam" \|url=http://www.theyyamcalendar.com/history/thaiparadevatha \|publisher=theyyamcalendar \|accessdate=28 July 2013 \|year=2010 \|url-status=dead\|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927171018/http://www.theyyamcalendar.com/history/thaiparadevatha \|archivedate=27 September 2013 ~~\|df=~~ }}</ref> that depict the cultural heritage of North Malabar, especially of ancient [[Kolathunad]]. Theyyam depicts [[Ganas\|Shiva bhutaganas]], [[Kali]] and other deities and cultural heroes. The drama is enacted based on ancient stories and the language used is "Tottam pattu", a primitive form of Malayalam. Theyyam shows the Buddhist influence from centuries ago. Theyyam is usually held from October to May every year. The colour of Theyyam is typically red. Velan is described in the [[Sangam literature]] 500 CE. It could have been a tribal ritual art which evolved under Buddhism and the Brahminic revival of Hinduism. This art form is addressed as "Kaliyattom" North of Pazhayangadi Puzha, Kannur, as "Theyyam" South of the river and as "Thira" around Thalassery.<ref>{{cite web\|title=History of Theyyam\|url=http://www.keralatourism.org/bekal/theyyam-history.php\|publisher=Kerala Tourism\|accessdate=28 July 2013\|year=2012}}</ref>		[[Theyyam]] is a ritual performance art form<ref>{{cite web\|title=The Science of "Theyyam" \|url=http://www.theyyamcalendar.com/history/thaiparadevatha \|publisher=theyyamcalendar \|accessdate=28 July 2013 \|year=2010 \|url-status=dead\|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927171018/http://www.theyyamcalendar.com/history/thaiparadevatha \|archivedate=27 September 2013 }}</ref> that depict the cultural heritage of North Malabar, especially of ancient [[Kolathunad]]. Theyyam depicts [[Ganas\|Shiva bhutaganas]], [[Kali]] and other deities and cultural heroes. The drama is enacted based on ancient stories and the language used is "Tottam pattu", a primitive form of Malayalam. Theyyam shows the Buddhist influence from centuries ago. Theyyam is usually held from October to May every year. The colour of Theyyam is typically red. Velan is described in the [[Sangam literature]] 500 CE. It could have been a tribal ritual art which evolved under Buddhism and the Brahminic revival of Hinduism. This art form is addressed as "Kaliyattom" North of Pazhayangadi Puzha, Kannur, as "Theyyam" South of the river and as "Thira" around Thalassery.<ref>{{cite web\|title=History of Theyyam\|url=http://www.keralatourism.org/bekal/theyyam-history.php\|publisher=Kerala Tourism\|accessdate=28 July 2013\|year=2012}}</ref>

	[[File:Muchilottu Bhagavathi.jpg\|thumbnail\|Muchilottu Bhagavathi Theyyam]]		[[File:Muchilottu Bhagavathi.jpg\|thumbnail\|Muchilottu Bhagavathi Theyyam]]
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	[[File:Thalassery Pier.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Kadal palam]]		[[File:Thalassery Pier.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Kadal palam]]

	Thalassery is one of the major centres of Vadakkan Kalari. Kalari Payattu had a revival after a resurgence of public interest from Thalassery in 1920. A public protest was led by C V Narayanan Nair.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.commonlii.org/in/journals/NALSARLawRw/2011/11.pdf~~\|format=PDF~~\|website=Commonlii.org \|title=COLONIALISM AND THE MAKING OF CRIMINAL CATEGORIES IN BRITISH INDIA \|first=Santhosh \|last=Abraham\|accessdate=2016-08-07}}</ref>		Thalassery is one of the major centres of Vadakkan Kalari. Kalari Payattu had a revival after a resurgence of public interest from Thalassery in 1920. A public protest was led by C V Narayanan Nair.<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.commonlii.org/in/journals/NALSARLawRw/2011/11.pdf\|website=Commonlii.org \|title=COLONIALISM AND THE MAKING OF CRIMINAL CATEGORIES IN BRITISH INDIA \|first=Santhosh \|last=Abraham\|accessdate=2016-08-07}}</ref>

	== Archaeological excavations ==		== Archaeological excavations ==

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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
The British had considerable impact on the '''culture of Thalassery'''. As an ancient trade center, the trading and business relations that existed with the Europeans and the Arabs brought people and ideas from many other lands. The [[Christian missionary|Christian missionaries]] and the educational reforms they brought played an important role in transforming society. The migration to Travancore during Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan's invasion was another factor, resulting in less social distance between upper and lower castes from the 18th to mid-20th centuries. This effect did not reach the Travancore Cochin area, which was not under the Madras Presidency, where inequality was greater.

[[File:Muchilottu Bhagavathy Theyyam.jpg|thumbnail|"Mukathezhuthu"-The face painting of Theyyam, the religious ritual art form in Thalassery]]

In the colonial era Thalassery was the centre of learning in north Kerala. The first Malayalam newspapers, novels and short stories in Malayalam were written there. Earlier, the well known romantic poem in Malayalam, "Veenapoovu" (Fallen Flower) of Kumaran Asan was published from Thalassery. It was the birthplace of the Communist movement in Kerala. ''Rajya Samacharam'', the first Malayalam newspaper, was published from Thalassery.<ref>[http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2005021101990300.htm&date=2005/02/11/&prd=fr&] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606113901/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2005021101990300.htm&date=2005%2F02%2F11%2F&prd=fr& |date=6 June 2011 }}</ref>

The Government of Kerala has included Thalassery in its heritage city project. The project includes the preservation of historial structures.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160823021130/https://www.keralatourism.org/news/206/thalassery-heritage-circuit]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120514031041/http://www.kannuruniversity.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=155&Itemid=134]</ref>

== Circus ==
Vishnu Pant Chhatre's Great Indian Circus's was established 1880 in Bombay, the first circus establishment in India. A tour of Thalassery led to the meeting of Chhatre with [[Keeleri Kunhikannan]] a martial arts trainer.{{sfn|Menon|2007|p=436}} Keeleri Kunhikannan established the first dedicated circus school in India in 1901. He is known as "the father of Kerala Circus". A Circus Academy was inaugurated in Thalassery in 2010.<ref>{{cite news|title=Circus is trying to regain its lost sheen in Thalassery|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-08-17/news/27572035_1_indian-circus-cinema-hall-academy|accessdate=11 September 2013|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=17 August 2010}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
Before the 1900s, the majority of the population who were in lower middle class society had small houses coconut leave thatched roofs and stone. The soil strength of north Kerala is high when compared to southern region so the traditional houses of upper class society was built using well finished stone walls where as in southern regions was mainly built using woods. The royal proclamation by the Maharaja of Travancore in 1817 and 1857 abolishing the restriction of clay tiles as roofing material to the noble class resulted in the widespread use of clay tile roofing by common man throughout Kerala. In the middle of 19th century Mangalore tiles became a common roofing material throughout Kerala. There was no influence of exotic architecture in the region <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tony Joseph, Charles W Moore|title=The Architecture of Kerala an Introduction|journal=University of Texas, Austin}}</ref>
In the modern era majority of the house holds are individual concrete apartments and there are few flat habitation coming up in the region.

== Cuisine ==
{{Main|Thalassery biriyani}}
[[File:Thalassery Falooda.jpg|thumbnail|Thalassery Falooda]]
Thalassery is known for its [[biryani]] (in local dialect, biri-yaa-ni)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mysingaporekitchen.com/2012/11/thalassery-biriyani.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-07-04 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055629/http://www.mysingaporekitchen.com/2012/11/thalassery-biriyani.html |archivedate=2013-09-21 |df= }}</ref> Unlike other biriyani cuisines [[Thalassery biryani]] uses [[Kaima]]/[[Jeerakasala]] rice instead of the usual [[basmati rice]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://myexperimentswithfood.blogspot.in/2011_09_01_archive.html |title=My Experiments With Food |website=Myexperimentswithfood.blogspot.in |accessdate=2016-08-07}}</ref> The influence of Arabian/Mughal culture is evident, especially in the dishes of the Muslim community, although many have become popular among all communities.

Thalassery Falooda is a regional variant of the Persian dessert. This is a cocktail of fruit salad, dry fruits such as [[Raisin|black current]], [[pistachio]], [[cashew]], [[almond]] (badam), rose milk and vanilla ice cream.

Thalsserry has produced a lot of good cricketers to Kerala Team.

The Asian Green Mussel ([[Perna viridis]]) cuisines are favored in Thalassery dishes. The mussel is called Kallu-mma-kaya (fruit on the stone). They grow on rocks in contact with sea. Other dishes include Kallummakaya porichathu (fried mussel), Arikkadukka (mussel fried in rice batter), pickled mussels. Elambakka mussels are also popular.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/farmers-urge-to-take-up-mussel-culture/article815757.ece Farmers urge to take up mussel culture]. ''[[The Hindu]]'' (6 October 2010).</ref> The green mussel's popularity led farmers to employ [[aquaculture]] in local rivers to increase supplies.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/promoting-mussel-farming-among-the-resourcepoor/article1779754.ece Promoting mussel farming among the resource-poor]. ''The Hindu'' (8 January 2007).</ref> Thalassery natives are known for their generous honouring and serving dishes for guests.<ref name=cuisine1/>

Another Thalassery dish is Kozhi-kkalu, made of sliced and fried [[tapioca]]. Pappadam-Pazham kuzhakkal, Aval um Poriyum kuzhakkal are other popular dishes.<ref name=cuisine1/>

Muttamala, Taripoli, Pazham nirachatu (fried banana filled with grated coconut sugar or jaggery), Unnakaya, Kaayi pola, Chatti pathiri and Ari pathiri are other local dishes. [[Porridge]]s such as Mutaari kachiyatu (ragi porridge), are popular.<ref name=cuisine1>{{cite news|title=Thalassery to Kochi via food|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/thalassery-to-kochi-via-food/article5397538.ece|accessdate=17 December 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=27 November 2013}}</ref>

== Theyyam ==
[[Theyyam]] is a ritual performance art form<ref>{{cite web|title=The Science of "Theyyam" |url=http://www.theyyamcalendar.com/history/thaiparadevatha |publisher=theyyamcalendar |accessdate=28 July 2013 |year=2010 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927171018/http://www.theyyamcalendar.com/history/thaiparadevatha |archivedate=27 September 2013 |df= }}</ref> that depict the cultural heritage of North Malabar, especially of ancient [[Kolathunad]]. Theyyam depicts [[Ganas|Shiva bhutaganas]], [[Kali]] and other deities and cultural heroes. The drama is enacted based on ancient stories and the language used is "Tottam pattu", a primitive form of Malayalam. Theyyam shows the Buddhist influence from centuries ago. Theyyam is usually held from October to May every year. The colour of Theyyam is typically red. Velan is described in the [[Sangam literature]] 500 CE. It could have been a tribal ritual art which evolved under Buddhism and the Brahminic revival of Hinduism. This art form is addressed as "Kaliyattom" North of Pazhayangadi Puzha, Kannur, as "Theyyam" South of the river and as "Thira" around Thalassery.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of Theyyam|url=http://www.keralatourism.org/bekal/theyyam-history.php|publisher=Kerala Tourism|accessdate=28 July 2013|year=2012}}</ref>

[[File:Muchilottu Bhagavathi.jpg|thumbnail|Muchilottu Bhagavathi Theyyam]]

[[File:Kundadi Chamundi Theyyam.JPG|thumbnail|Kundadi Chamundi Theyyam]]

[[File:Vishnumoorthi.JPG|thumbnail|Vishnumoorthi or Chamundi Theyyam]]

== Kalari Payattu ==
[[File:Poothara.JPG|thumbnail|Inside of Kalari]]
[[Kalaripayattu|Kalari payattu]] is a martial art practiced in [[Kerala Dharmapattanam]] (the current [[Dharmadam]]), [[Kadirur]], [[Kadathanad]] (the current [[Vatakara]]) and [[Kuthuparamba]]. The British East India Company established their authority by destroying the traditional military character of the community of Malabar.

The Mysorean invaders destroyed traditional institutions, landholding patterns and supremacy of local rulers, along with the power and prestige of the Malabar militia, leading to the decline of Kalari.<ref name="choorakkodykalari.com">{{cite web|url=http://choorakkodykalari.com/kalari2.html |title=:: Choorakkody Kalari Sangam :: Villiappally |publisher=Choorakkodykalari.com |date= |accessdate=2014-07-22}}</ref> On 20 February 1804, Robert Richards, the Principal Collector of Malabar, wrote to Lord William Bentinck, President and General-in Council, Fort. St. George, asking permission to take action against persons carrying arms, either imposing death penalty or deportation for life. Lord Bentinck issued an order on 22 April 1804, that those who concealed weapons or disobeyed the orders of the British against [[carrying arms]], would be deported. At the time of the Pazhassi rebellion, British soldiers raided rebel homes to confiscate their arms.<ref>Robert Richards, Papers on the Administration of Malabar District</ref><ref name="thalassery.info">[http://www.thalassery.info/personality/cv_narayanan.htm Thalassery – Personalities – C.V. Narayanan Nair]. Thalassery.info (27 June 1944).</ref>
[[File:Thalassery Pier.jpg|thumb|right|Kadal palam]]

Thalassery is one of the major centres of Vadakkan Kalari. Kalari Payattu had a revival after a resurgence of public interest from Thalassery in 1920. A public protest was led by C V Narayanan Nair.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.commonlii.org/in/journals/NALSARLawRw/2011/11.pdf|format=PDF|website=Commonlii.org |title=COLONIALISM AND THE MAKING OF CRIMINAL CATEGORIES IN BRITISH INDIA |first=Santhosh |last=Abraham|accessdate=2016-08-07}}</ref>

== Archaeological excavations ==
=== Cheraman Perumal-Chera Empire Fort ===
The sister of the last Cheraman Perumal, Sreedevi is believed to have resided in Dharmapattanam (the present Dharmadam), near Thalassery.<ref>Kerala Muslim History – P A Syed Mohammed</ref>{{Page needed|date=July 2016}} The fort was located in a strategic hilly area where a 360 degree view of land and sea tens of kilometres in radius is clearly visible. The relics is seen in the campus of Govt. Brennan College.<ref>[http://www.brennencollege.org/about-us/campus-and-location.html Campus and Location | Brennen College, Dharmadam] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925050658/http://www.brennencollege.org/about-us/campus-and-location.html |date=25 September 2013 }}. Brennencollege.org.</ref> The relics of the Chera Empire fort are seen in that hill near the college premises especially near to the water tank area.<ref name="Ramunny1993">{{cite book|author=Murkot Ramunny|title=Ezhimala: The Abode of the Naval Academy|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=7Hue54bWk6IC|p=17}}|date=1 January 1993|publisher=Northern Book Centre|isbn=978-81-7211-052-9|pages=17–}}</ref>

=== Megalithic laterite dome ===
A [[laterite]] dome of the [[megalithic age]] was discovered in [[Kodiyeri]], near Thalassery.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/megalithic-laterite-dome-found-at-kodiyeri/article1458349.ece Megalithic laterite dome found at Kodiyeri]. ''The Hindu'' (15 February 2011).</ref> Kannur University Anthropology Department head S. Gregory, who led the excavation, said similar excavations were done earlier in Sreekandapuram 40 years before. A rock-cut cave of mostly of megalithic age was found near the Jagannath Temple in Thalassery.<ref>[http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/New-project-to-protect-megalithic-sites/2013/08/12/article1730599.ece New project to protect megalithic sites]. The New Indian Express (12 August 2013).</ref>

=== Pier cannons ===
In June 2013 several cannons estimated to be 250 to 300 years old were unearthed near Thalassery Pier.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130928194226/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-08/kozhikode/39833317_1_cannons-calicut-university-archaeology-department Thalassery cannons may be of Seven Years' War vintage – Times Of India]. ''The Times of India''. (8 June 2013).</ref> It was one of the largest finds of cannons in Kerala.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/a-solid-reminder-of-thalasserys-colonial-past/article4790419.ece A ‘solid’ reminder of Thalassery’s colonial past]. ''The Hindu'' (7 June 2013).</ref>

In India the British East India Company first used cannons in Thalassery, during the local rebellion led by Kurungoth Nair, according to Kurup.<ref name="m.timesofindia.com">[http://m.timesofindia.com/city/kozhikode/Thalassery-cannons-may-be-of-Seven-Years-War-vintage/articleshow/20484730.cms Thalassery cannons may be of Seven Years' War vintage – TOI Mobile | The Times of India Mobile Site]. ''The Times of India''. (8 June 2013).</ref>
[[File:Chatayam-Kannur.jpg|thumb|[[Sri Narayana Jayanthi|Chatayam celebrations]] (Birth anniversary of [[Narayana Guru|Shri Narayana Guru]]), is unique in Kannur and Thalassery wherein the natives light lamps in their houses, similar to Deepavali in reverence to the consecration of Jagannath temple on 13th February 1908 by Sri Narayana Guru<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralawindow.net/templesofkannur.html |title=Welcome to Kerala window |website=Keralawindow.net |date= |accessdate=2016-08-07}}</ref>]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Thalassery]]
[[Category:Culture of Kannur district]]