https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Cruel%2C_inhuman_or_degrading_treatmentCruel, inhuman or degrading treatment - Revision history2026-08-19T01:42:26ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cruel,_inhuman_or_degrading_treatment&diff=423999&oldid=prevAjay Kumar: Created a new article2023-08-31T13:02:46Z<p>Created a new article</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{short description|Human rights concept}}<br />
'''Cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment''' (CIDT) is treatment of persons which is contrary to [[human rights]] or [[dignity]], but is not classified as [[torture]]. It is forbidden by the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], [[Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights]], the [[United Nations Convention against Torture]] and the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-11-05|title=Convention Against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment|url=https://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cat/docs/CAT.C.GC.2.CRP.1.Rev.4_en.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819201508/http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cat/docs/CAT.C.GC.2.CRP.1.Rev.4_en.pdf |archive-date=2008-08-19 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Nations|first=United|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights|url=https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights|access-date=2021-03-27|website=United Nations|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/cat.aspx|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-26|website=United Nations OHCHR|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327135059/http://www.ohchr.org:80/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CAT.aspx |archive-date=2013-03-27 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=1978-01-18|title=Republic of Ireland v. United Kingdom|url=https://www.law.umich.edu/facultyhome/drwcasebook/Documents/Documents/Republic%20of%20Ireland%20v.%20United%20Kingdom.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914011946/https://www.law.umich.edu/facultyhome/drwcasebook/Documents/Documents/Republic%20of%20Ireland%20v.%20United%20Kingdom.pdf |archive-date=2017-09-14 }}</ref> Although the distinction between torture and CIDT is maintained from a legal point of view, medical and psychological studies have found that it does not exist from the psychological point of view, and people subjected to CIDT will experience the same consequences as survivors of torture.{{sfn|Pérez-Sales|2016|pp=115, 258, 261}} Based on this research, some practitioners have recommended abolishing the distinction.{{sfn|Pérez-Sales|2016|p=278}}<br />
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== Inhuman treatment ==<br />
The [[Equality and Human Rights Commission]] defines inhuman treatment as:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Article 3: Freedom from torture and inhuman or degrading treatment {{!}} Equality and Human Rights Commission|url=https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/human-rights-act/article-3-freedom-torture-and-inhuman-or-degrading-treatment|access-date=2021-03-27|website=www.equalityhumanrights.com}}</ref><br />
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* serious physical assault<br />
* psychological interrogation<br />
* cruel detention conditions or restraints<br />
* physical or psychological abuse in a healthcare setting<br />
* threatening to torture someone<br />
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== Degrading treatment ==<br />
The Equality and Human Rights Commission defines degrading treatment as undignified and [[Humiliation|humiliating]] treatment. Whether treatment is considered degrading is dependent on several factors, including the duration of the treatment; physical and mental effects on the victim; and the victim's age, race, sex, and vulnerabilities.<br />
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== Medical or scientific experimentation without the free consent of the subject ==<br />
The [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]] ('''ICCPR''') in its Article 7 expressly prohibits the medical or scientific experimentation without free consent of its subject(s) and recognizes it as a particular form of torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment. Moreover the Article 4.2 of the ICCPR expressly prohibits derogation from this prohibition in its Article 7 and thus is directly establishing it as [[Peremptory norm]] in this sense making the non-consensual medical or scientific experimentation potentially punishable under the provisions of national penal codes concerning the crimes of torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment in all countries which are parties of the ICCPR and the [[Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment]]. <br />
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==Sources==<br />
*{{cite journal |last1=ASAD |first1=TALAL |title=On Torture, or Cruel, Inhuman, and Degrading Treatment |journal=Social Research |date=1996 |volume=63 |issue=4 |pages=1081–1109 |jstor=40971325 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40971325 |issn=0037-783X}}<br />
*{{cite journal |last1=Başoğlu |first1=Metin |last2=Livanou |first2=Maria |last3=Crnobarić |first3=Cvetana |title=Torture vs Other Cruel, Inhuman, and Degrading Treatment: Is the Distinction Real or Apparent? |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |date=1 March 2007 |volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=277–85 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.64.3.277 |pmid=17339516 |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/article-abstract/482225 |language=en |issn=0003-990X|doi-access=free }}<br />
*{{cite journal |last1=Waldron |first1=Jeremy |title=The Coxford Lecture Inhuman and Degrading Treatment: The Words Themselves |journal=Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence |date=2010 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=269–286 |doi=10.1017/S0841820900004938|doi-access=free }}<br />
*{{cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=Michael |title=The Moral Justifiability of Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment |journal=International Journal of Applied Philosophy |date=2005 |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=161–178 |doi=10.5840/ijap200519215}}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Nowak |first1=Manfred |editor1-first=Andrew |editor1-last=Clapham |editor2-first=Paola |editor2-last=Gaeta |title=The Oxford Handbook of International Law in Armed Conflict |chapter-url=https://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law/9780199559695.001.0001/law-9780199559695-chapter-16 |language=en |chapter=Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment|year=2014 |isbn=9780199559695|doi=10.1093/law/9780199559695.001.0001 }}<br />
*{{cite journal |last1=Bojosi |first1=Kealeboga N. |title=The death row phenomenon and the prohibition against torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment |journal=African Human Rights Law Journal |date=2004 |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=303–333}}<br />
*{{cite journal |last1=Liebling |first1=Alison |title=Moral performance, inhuman and degrading treatment and prison pain |journal=Punishment & Society |date=2011 |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=530–550 |doi=10.1177/1462474511422159|s2cid=147386708 }}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Pérez-Sales |first1=Pau |authorlink=Pau Pérez-Sales |title=Psychological Torture: Definition, Evaluation and Measurement |date=2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-20647-7 |language=en}}<br />
*{{cite journal |last1=Weissbrodt |first1=David |last2=Heilman |first2=Cheryl |title=Defining Torture and Cruel, Inhuman, and Degrading Treatment |journal=Law and Inequality: A Journal of Theory and Practice |date=2011 |volume=29 |pages=343}}<br />
*{{cite journal |last1=de Frouville |first1=O. |title=The Influence of the European Court of Human Rights' Case Law on International Criminal Law of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment |journal=Journal of International Criminal Justice |date=2011 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=633–649 |doi=10.1093/jicj/mqr020}}<br />
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== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
{{torture-stub}}<br />
[[Category:Human rights abuses]]<br />
[[Category:Torture]]</div>Ajay Kumar